MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be FILED
regarded as precedent or cited before any Mar 27 2020, 8:54 am
court except for the purpose of establishing
CLERK
the defense of res judicata, collateral Indiana Supreme Court
Court of Appeals
estoppel, or the law of the case. and Tax Court
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Talisha R. Griffin Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Marion County Public Defender Agency Attorney General of Indiana
Appellate Division
Myriam Serrano
Indianapolis, Indiana Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Justin Ross Tomlinson, March 27, 2020
Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No.
19A-CR-2640
v. Appeal from the Marion Superior
Court
State of Indiana, The Honorable Christina R.
Appellee-Plaintiff. Klineman, Judge
Trial Court Cause No.
49G17-1909-F6-37330
Bailey, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-2640 | March 27, 2020 Page 1 of 12
Case Summary
[1] Justin Tomlinson (“Tomlinson”) appeals his conviction of invasion of privacy,
enhanced to a Level 6 felony.1 We affirm.
Issues
[2] Tomlinson raises the following two restated issues on appeal:
1. Whether the trial court abused its discretion when it
denied Tomlinson’s request to admit two exhibits into
evidence.
2. Whether the State presented sufficient evidence to support
his conviction.
Facts and Procedural History
[3] In September of 2019, Tomlinson was charged with domestic battery and
incarcerated in the Marion County Jail. On September 20, 2019, a no contact
order was issued prohibiting Tomlinson from having contact with his wife,
Tracy Tomlinson (“Tracy”). On September 22, at 8:56 a.m., Tomlinson used
his inmate pin number to make a telephone call from the Marion County Jail.
That call was recorded. On September 23, the no contact order was lifted. At
4:45 p.m. on September 23, Tomlinson again used his inmate pin number to
1
Ind. Code § 35-36-1-15.1(a)(11).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-2640 | March 27, 2020 Page 2 of 12
make a telephone call to the same telephone number he had called the day
before. The September 23 phone call was also recorded.
[4] Based on the telephone call Tomlinson made on September 22, on September
23 the State charged Tomlinson with invasion of privacy, as a Class A
misdemeanor, and also filed an Information alleging that Tomlinson had a
previous unrelated conviction that would elevate the misdemeanor to a Level 6
felony.
[5] On October 10, the court held a bench trial. Tracy testified that she did not
have a telephone conversation with Tomlinson on September 22. She testified
that she was at work from 6:22 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. on September 22 and her
employer does not allow its employees to have their cellular telephones inside
the workplace. During Tracy’s testimony, Tomlinson attempted to admit into
evidence three documents—Exhibits A, B, and C. Tracy testified that
Defendant’s Exhibit A was an employment record from Amazon that showed
her “hourly rate, [her] work days[,] and[,] for September 22nd[, her] clock-in at
the start of shift, [her] clock-out for lunch, [her] return from lunch, as well as
[her] end of shift, and it is notarized and signed by Sherita Edge, [the] head HR
lady.” Tr. at 8. Tracy testified that Defendant’s Exhibit B was “a print[] out
from the Amazon computer at work” showing her “clock-in and clock-out” on
September 22, 2019. Id. at 8-9. And Tracy testified that Defendant’s Exhibit C
was Amazon’s “phone policy stating that [its employees] cannot have any
electronic devices whatsoever inside the building.” Id. at 9. The State objected
to the admission of Defendant’s Exhibits A through C on the grounds that they
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-2640 | March 27, 2020 Page 3 of 12
lacked a proper foundation. The trial court sustained the State’s objection as to
Exhibits A and B, but overruled its objection to Exhibit C, which was admitted
into evidence.
[6] Per stipulation of the parties, the State entered into evidence and played for the
court its Exhibit 2, which consisted of the audio recordings of Tomlinson’s
telephone conversations from jail on September 22 and 23. In the September 22
conversation, which was two minutes long, Tomlinson refers to the person he
called as “T.T.” Ex. at 16. In the September 23 conversation, Tomlinson
repeatedly refers to the person he called as “Tracy” or “Trace.” Id.
[7] Two police officers also testified at the bench trial. Indianapolis Metropolitan
Police Department (“IMPD”) Detective Steven Renzulli (“Det. Renzulli”)
testified that he was familiar with Tracy’s voice, having spoken with her before
for over three minutes and having reviewed the recording of that prior
conversation. He testified that, on September 23, he listened “multiple times”
to the recordings of his prior conversation with Tracy and the recordings in
State’s Exhibit 2. Tr. at 16. He compared those recordings and recognized
Tracy’s voice as the person Tomlinson was speaking with in each of the
recorded telephone conversations in State’s Exhibit 2. Det. Renzulli also
testified that Tomlinson had called the same telephone number on each date,
and that the number he called was the telephone number the IMPD had in their
records for Tracy. IMPD Officer Jesse Darling (“Officer Darling”) testified that
he also was familiar with Tracy and her voice from having listened to her speak
with a medic and a reporting officer on September 9, 2019, for a total of
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-2640 | March 27, 2020 Page 4 of 12
approximately ten to fifteen minutes. Officer Darling testified he had listened
to the recordings of the two telephone conversations in State’s Exhibit 2 and
that it was Tracy’s voice on each of those recordings. He testified that he was
“certain” Tomlinson’s September 22 telephone call was to Tracy. Tr. at 21.
[8] The trial court found Tomlinson guilty of invasion of privacy, as a Class A
misdemeanor. It also found that he had a prior conviction and, therefore,
sufficient evidence to support the elevation of the crime to a Level 6 felony.
The court sentenced Tomlinson to a term of 180 days, with 136 days
suspended. Tomlinson had a credit of forty-four days already served. This
appeal ensued.
Discussion and Decision
Exclusion of Exhibits
[9] Tomlinson challenges the trial court’s decision to exclude from evidence his
proffered Exhibits A and B. We review the admission or exclusion of evidence
for an abuse of discretion, and we will reverse the trial court’s decision only
when its action is clearly against the logic and effect of the facts and
circumstances before it. E.g., Speybroeck v. State, 875 N.E.2d 813, 818 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2007).
[10] Tomlinson attempted to introduce Exhibits A and B through Tracy—i.e., the
sponsoring witness—who testified that the documents in each of those exhibits
were records from her employer, Amazon. Under Indiana Rule of Evidence
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-2640 | March 27, 2020 Page 5 of 12
803(6), a business record may be admissible as an exception to the rule against
hearsay if:
(A) the record was made at or near the time by—or from
information transmitted by—someone with knowledge;
(B) the record was kept in the course of a regularly conducted
activity of a business, organization, occupation, or calling,
whether or not for profit;
(C) making the record was a regular practice of that activity;
(D) all these conditions are shown by the testimony of the
custodian or another qualified witness, or by a certification that
complies with Rule 902(9) or (10) or with a statute permitting
certification; and
(E) neither the source of information nor the method or
circumstances of preparation indicate a lack of trustworthiness.
[11] To properly lay a foundation for the admission of a business record,
the proponent of the exhibit may call a witness who has a
functional understanding of the record-keeping process of the
business with respect to the specific entry, transaction, or
declaration contained in the document. Rolland v. State, 851
N.E.2d 1042, 1045 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006). The sponsor of an
exhibit need not have personally made it, filed it, or have
firsthand knowledge of the transaction represented by it; rather,
the sponsor need only show that the exhibit was part of certain
records kept in the routine course of business and placed in the
records by one who was authorized to do so and who had
personal knowledge of the transaction represented at the time of
entry. Embrey v. State, 989 N.E.2d 1260, 1264–65 (Ind. Ct. App.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-2640 | March 27, 2020 Page 6 of 12
2013); see also Sandleben v. State, 22 N.E.3d 782, 795 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2014) (“[A] sponsor must still testify about how the record
was made, who filed it, and that the person who filed it was both
authorized to do so and had personal knowledge of the
transaction.”), trans. denied.
Williams v. State, 64 N.E.3d 221, 225 (Ind. Ct. App. 2016).
[12] Tracy testified to none of the above regarding Defendant’s Exhibits A and B.
Regarding Exhibit A, she testified only that it was “an employment record from
Amazon” which showed her hourly rate, work days, and the times at which she
clocked in and out for her shift and her lunch on September 22, 2019. Tr. at 8.
She noted that the document was “notarized and signed by Sherita Edge, our
head HR lady.” Id. Regarding Exhibit B, Tracy testified only that it was
“printed out from the Amazon computer at work” and showed the times at
which she clocked in and out for her shift and her lunch on September 22, 2019.
Id. at 9.2 Tracy provided no testimony regarding how the records were made,
who filed them, that the person who filed them was authorized to do so and
had personal knowledge of the transactions, and that the records were kept in
the routine course of business. Therefore, the trial court did not abuse its
discretion when it refused to admit Defendants’ Exhibits A and B into evidence.
2
In response to the court’s additional questioning, Tracy also stated as to Exhibit B, “I printed [it] out at the
computer at work, but I guess it wasn’t uhm updated at the time, so HR got that more accurate and official
from their system. I notice there’s like a two (2) minute differential or something like that.” Id. at 9-10.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-2640 | March 27, 2020 Page 7 of 12
[13] Moreover, even if the court had erred in denial the admission of the exhibits,
that error was harmless.
When evidence is erroneously excluded, reversal is only required
if the error relates to a material matter or substantially affects the
rights of the parties. [Farris v. State, 818 N.E.2d 63, 67 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2004), trans. denied.] In determining whether an error is
harmless, we “must assess the probable impact of that evidence
upon the jury.” Swingley v. State, 739 N.E.2d 132, 134 (Ind.
2000). Where the wrongfully excluded testimony is merely
cumulative of other evidence presented, its exclusion is harmless
error. Sylvester v. State, 698 N.E.2d 1126, 1130 (Ind. 1998), reh’g
denied.
Hill v. State, 51 N.E.3d 446, 450 (Ind Ct. App. 2016).
[14] Here, Defendant’s Exhibits A and B were cumulative of Tracy’s relevant
testimony; that is, she testified as to the times she was at work on September 22,
2019.3 Therefore, any error as to the exclusion of those exhibits was harmless.
Sufficiency of the Evidence
[15] Tomlinson challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support his conviction.
Our standard of review of the sufficiency of the evidence is well-settled.
When an appellate court reviews the sufficiency of the evidence
needed to support a criminal conviction, it neither reweighs
evidence nor judges the credibility of witnesses. Bailey v. State,
907 N.E.2d 1003, 1005 (Ind. 2009). The appellate court only
3
Exhibit A also included Tracy’s salary. However, that information was not relevant and the exhibit was
not offered for the purposes of proving her salary.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-2640 | March 27, 2020 Page 8 of 12
considers “the evidence supporting the judgment and any
reasonable inferences that can be drawn from such evidence.” Id.
(quoting Henley v. State, 881 N.E.2d 639, 652 (Ind. 2008)). A
conviction will be affirmed if there is substantial evidence of
probative value supporting each element of the offense such that
a reasonable trier of fact could have found the defendant guilty
beyond a reasonable doubt. Bailey, 907 N.E.2d at 1005. A
[determination] of guilt may be based upon an inference if
reasonably drawn from the evidence. See Drane v. State, 867
N.E.2d 144, 147 (Ind. 2007).
Tin Thang v. State, 10 N.E.3d 1256, 1258 (Ind. 2014).
[16] Thus, it is not necessary that the evidence
overcome every reasonable hypothesis of innocence; … Drane v.
State, 867 N.E.2d 144 (Ind. 2007). Accordingly, the question on
appeal is whether the inferences supporting the [judgment] were
reasonable, not whether other, “more reasonable” inferences
could have been drawn. Thompson v. State, 804 N.E.2d 1146,
1150 (Ind. 2004). Because reaching alternative inferences is the
function of the trier of fact, we may not reverse a conviction
merely because a different inference might plausibly be drawn
from the evidence. [Id.].
Jones v. State, 22 N.E.3d 877, 879 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014).
[17] To support Tomlinson’s conviction of invasion of privacy, as a Class A
misdemeanor, the State was required to show that he “knowingly or
intentionally violated an order issued under Indiana Code Section 35-33-8-3.2.”
I.C. § 35-46-1-15.1(a)(11). An order issued under Indiana Code Section 35-33-
8-3.2(a)(4) is one which requires the defendant to refrain from any direct or
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-2640 | March 27, 2020 Page 9 of 12
indirect contact with an individual. The invasion of privacy offense is elevated
to a Level 6 felony “if the person has a prior unrelated conviction for an
offense.” I.C. § 35-46-1-15.1(a). Tomlinson does not dispute that he had a prior
unrelated conviction or that a no contact order as to Tracy was in effect on
September 22, 2019. Rather, he contends only that the evidence was
insufficient to show that he spoke with Tracy in his September 22 telephone call
from the jail.
[18] The State presented testimonial and audio evidence that Tomlinson called
Tracy on September 22, in violation of the no contact order. The audio
evidence consisted of the two recordings of Tomlinson’s telephone calls from
jail on September 22 and 23, which were played for the court. Two police
officers testified that they were familiar with Tracy’s voice and that the female
voice on the audio recording of the September 22 telephone conversation was
hers. Det. Renzulli also testified that Tomlinson called the same telephone
number on both dates and that number was the telephone number the IMPD
had in their records for Tracy. That was sufficient evidence to support
Tomlinson’s conviction.
[19] Tomlinson contends that we should listen to the two audio recordings and
decide for ourselves whether it is the same female voice on both recordings.
The State asserts that to do so would be to reweigh the evidence in
contradiction to our deferential standard of review. However, as our Supreme
Court has pointed out, the act of “reviewing video evidence” does not constitute
impermissible appellate reweighting. Robinson v. State, 5 N.E.3d 362, 366 (Ind.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-2640 | March 27, 2020 Page 10 of 12
20140 (emphasis original). Even more recently, the Court reiterated our
deferential standard of review in appeals relating to sufficiency of the evidence
but articulated and applied a “narrow failsafe” standard of review regarding
video evidence:
We hold that Indiana appellate courts reviewing the sufficiency
of evidence must apply the same deferential standard of review to
video evidence as to other evidence, unless the video evidence
indisputably contradicts the trial court’s findings. A video
indisputably contradicts the trial court’s findings when no
reasonable person can view the video and come to a different
conclusion.
Love v. State, 73 N.E.3d 693, 695 (Ind. 2017). The Court cautioned that, where
the video is “subject to different interpretations, we defer to the trial court’s
interpretation.” Id. at 699-700.
[20] The reasoning of Love applies equally to evidence in the form of audio
recordings; indeed, Love noted that, when determining whether video evidence
is undisputable, one aspect the court must assess is the audio. Id. at 699.4
However, the instant case is not one in which the audio evidence indisputably
contradicts the trial court’s finding, i.e., that Tomlinson’s September 22
telephone call was to Tracy. The audio recordings of the September 22 and 23
4
The State contends that Love’s holding is inapplicable because the audio recordings were not offered to
prove what events took place but only for purposes of voice identification. That may make the recordings
admissible for purposes of hearsay, but it says nothing about the standard of review that should apply.
Moreover, while the September 23 recording was offered solely for purposes of comparison, the September
22 recording was also evidence that Tomlinson violated the no contact order.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-2640 | March 27, 2020 Page 11 of 12
telephone calls do not irrefutably contradict the testimony of the police officers
that the voice on each recording is Tracy’s voice or the other evidence that the
telephone number Tomlinson called on each date was Tracy’s number. This is
not a situation where no reasonable person could listen to the audio evidence
and think anything other than the female voice on the September 22 recording
is not Tracy’s voice. Instead, we have conflicting testimony of Tracy and the
police officers and two audio recordings that do not serve to irrefutably
contradict the police testimony. Therefore, we defer to the trial court’s factual
determination regarding the weight of the evidence and credibility of the
witnesses. Id. at 700.
Conclusion
[21] The trial court did not err in excluding Defendant’s Exhibits A and B from
evidence as Tomlinson failed to lay a proper foundation for their admission.
And the State presented sufficient evidence to support Tomlinson’s conviction.
[22] Affirmed.
Crone, J., and Altice, J., concur.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-2640 | March 27, 2020 Page 12 of 12