In Re: Cumberland Bail Bonding

04/06/2020
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF TENNESSEE
AT NASHVILLE
February 11, 2020 Session

IN RE: CUMBERLAND BAIL BONDING

Appeal by Permission from the Court of Criminal Appeals
Circuit Court for Van Buren County
No. 88CC1-2008-CV-1383 Larry B. Stanley, Jr., Judge

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No. M2017-02172-SC-R11-CD
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We granted this appeal to determine whether a trial court may suspend a bonding
company for violating a local rule of court requiring an agent of the bonding company to
be present at court appearances of defendants for whom the bonding company serves as
surety. We conclude that the local rule does not conflict with state statutes and is not
arbitrary, capricious, or unreasonable, and that the trial court did not err by suspending
the bonding company for violating the local rule. Accordingly, the judgment of the Court
of Criminal Appeals is reversed, and the judgment of the trial court is reinstated.

Tenn. R. App. P. 11 Appeal by Permission; Judgment of the Court of Criminal
Appeals Reversed and Trial Court’s Judgment Reinstated

CORNELIA A. CLARK, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which JEFFREY S. BIVINS,
C.J., and SHARON G. LEE, HOLLY KIRBY, and ROGER A. PAGE, JJ., joined.

Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; Andrée Sophia Blumstein,
Solicitor General; Zachary T. Hinkle, Deputy Attorney General; and Lisa Zavogiannis,
District Attorney General, for the appellant, State of Tennessee.

William A. Lockhart, Manchester, Tennessee, for the appellee, Cumberland Bail
Bonding.
 OPINION

I. Factual and Procedural Background

The facts of this appeal are straightforward and undisputed. Cumberland Bail
Bonding (“Cumberland”) served as surety for two defendants in the 31st Judicial District
of Tennessee, which includes Van Buren County. Rule 26.05(B) of the Local Rules of
the 31st Judicial District states: “A bonding company shall notify the defendant/principal
of each court appearance. An agent of the bonding company shall be present for the
defendant’s court appearance.”1 The defendants for whom Cumberland served as surety
failed to appear on September 25, 2017, before the Circuit Court for Van Buren County.
Cumberland also failed to have an agent present at that court appearance as Local Rule
26.05(B) required. As a result, by an order filed on September 26, 2017, the circuit court
concluded that Cumberland had violated Local Rule 26.05(B) and suspended
Cumberland from “writing any additional bonds” pending a hearing.2

Cumberland filed a motion for reinstatement,3 and the circuit court held a hearing
on October 11, 2017. By an order filed on October 23, 2017, the circuit court denied
Cumberland’s motion for reinstatement and ruled that Cumberland “shall remain
suspended in Van Buren County.”4

1
As of November 1, 2018, this text now appears in Rule 27.05(B) of the Local Rules of the 31st
Judicial District.
2
Another local rule of the 31st Judicial District—Local Rule 26.08(B)(3)—authorized the circuit
court to “take appropriate disciplinary action” including suspension for a bonding agent’s “fail[ure] to
comply with any local rules.” This text now appears in Local Rule 27.08(B)(3).

3
Cumberland’s motion for reinstatement is not in the record on appeal, nor does the record
contain a transcript of the hearing on the motion. The record does contain, however, the circuit court’s
orders, and these orders recite the facts necessary to resolve the issues on appeal.
4
Counsel for Cumberland stated during oral argument in response to questioning from this Court
that Cumberland was reinstated in March 2018, although the reinstatement order is not in the record on
appeal. We agree with counsel for the parties that Cumberland’s reinstatement does not moot this appeal
because the issue presented falls within an exception to the mootness doctrine—capable of repetition but
evading review. State v. Rodgers, 235 S.W.3d 92, 97 (Tenn. 2007) (citation omitted) (“A court may
review the merits of an appeal . . . when the appeal involves issues capable of repetition yet evading
review.”). We also note that Cumberland’s initial 2008 “Petition for Approval of Bonding Company to
Write Bonds” pertained to the 31st Judicial District, which includes both Warren and Van Buren
Counties. The record on appeal does not include the order granting Cumberland’s petition, and neither
party to this appeal has raised any issue regarding Cumberland’s ability to write bonds in Warren County.

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 Cumberland appealed the trial court’s decision to the Court of Criminal Appeals.
Cumberland conceded that it violated Local Rule 26.05(B), but it asserted that the local
rule is inconsistent with Tennessee statutes and is arbitrary and capricious. In re
Cumberland Bail Bonding, No. M2017-02172-CCA-R3-CD, 2019 WL 1076887, at *1
(Tenn. Crim. App. Mar. 7, 2019), perm. app. granted (Tenn. Aug. 16, 2019). The Court
of Criminal Appeals acknowledged that trial courts have “inherent power” and “wide
discretion” to regulate bonding companies and bail bondsmen and stated that a trial
court’s regulation of a bail bonding company should not be overturned “absent a showing
that [the regulation is] arbitrary, capricious, or illegal.” Id. at *2 (citations omitted)
(internal quotation marks omitted). The Court of Criminal Appeals upheld the first part
of Local Rule 26.05(B) requiring a bonding company to give notice to a defendant of an
upcoming court appearance, describing it as “sound,” but the intermediate appellate court
ruled that the second part of Rule 26.05(B)—the part requiring an agent of the bonding
company to attend all court appearances—is “arbitrary, capricious, and illegal.” Id. As
the basis for this conclusion, the intermediate appellate court described the agent
attendance requirement as “redundant,” commenting that it is “not apparent why the
bonding company’s presence [at the court appearance] should also be required” since it
“would have presumably notified the defendant” of the court appearance. Id.

The State then applied to this Court for permission to appeal pursuant to
Tennessee Rule of Appellate Procedure 11. We granted the State’s application.

II. Standard of Review

Cumberland concedes that it violated Local Rule 26.05(B) and argues only that the
local rule is invalid and unenforceable because it is inconsistent with statutes and is
arbitrary and capricious. These arguments present questions of law which we review de
novo. See State v. Dycus, 456 S.W.3d 918, 924 (Tenn. 2015) (citations omitted) (stating
that de novo review applies to issues of statutory interpretation); Thomas v. Oldfield, 279
S.W.3d 259, 261 (Tenn. 2009) (citation omitted) (stating that interpretation of the
Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure is a question of law to which de novo review
applies).

III. Analysis

Tennessee Supreme Court Rule 18 requires trial courts to adopt written uniform
local rules of procedure addressing certain subjects and additionally provides that “[e]ach
judicial district may also adopt other uniform rules not inconsistent with the statutory
law, the Rules of the Supreme Court, the Rules of Appellate Procedure, the Rules of Civil
Procedure, the Rules of Criminal Procedure, the Rules of Juvenile Procedure, and the
Rules of Evidence.” Tenn. Sup. Ct. R. 18(a); see also Tenn. Code Ann. § 16-3-407
(2009) (stating that trial courts in Tennessee are authorized “[to] adopt additional or
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supplementary rules of practice and procedure not inconsistent with or in conflict with
the rules prescribed by the supreme court”). “[A]ny local rule that is inconsistent with a
statute or a procedural rule promulgated by the Supreme Court shall be invalid.” Tenn.
Sup. Ct. R. 18(c). See, e.g., Glisson v. Mohon Int’l, Inc./Campbell Ray, 185 S.W.3d 348,
354–55 (Tenn. 2006) (holding a local rule invalid because it was contrary to a Tennessee
Rule of Civil Procedure); State v. Thomas, 813 S.W.2d 395, 397 (Tenn. 1991) (holding a
local rule unenforceable because it contravened Tennessee Supreme Court Rule 8). Our
first task then is to determine whether Local Rule 26.05(B) contravenes a statute, as
Cumberland argues.

Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-11-125 provides:

(a) In addition to the requirements of part 3 of this chapter regulating
professional bondsmen, approval of a professional bondsman or other
surety may be withheld, withdrawn or suspended by any court if, after
investigation, it appears that a bondsman:

(1) Has been guilty of violating any of the laws of this state
relating to bail bonds;

(2) Has a final judgment of forfeiture entered against the
bondsman which remains unsatisfied;

(3) Is guilty of professional misconduct as described in § 40-
11-126; or

(4) If applying for approval as a professional bondsman, has
been convicted in any state of the United States of two (2) or
more misdemeanors which are equivalent to Tennessee Class
A or Class B misdemeanors; provided, however, that the
misdemeanor convictions shall have occurred within five (5)
years of the date the application for approval is filed.

(b) Any court withholding, withdrawing or suspending a bondsman
or other surety under this section shall notify the bondsman in writing of
the action taken, accompanied by a copy of the charges resulting in the
court’s action. If, within twenty (20) days after notice, the bail bondsman
or surety files a written answer denying the charges or setting forth
extenuating circumstances, the court shall call a hearing within a reasonable
time for the purpose of taking testimony and evidence on any issues of fact
made by the charges and answer. The court shall give notice to the bail
bondsman, or to the insurer represented by the bondsman, of the time and
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 place of the hearing. The parties shall have the right to produce witnesses,
and to appear personally with or without representation by counsel. If,
upon a hearing, the court determines that the bail bondsman is guilty as
alleged in the charges, the court shall thereupon withhold, withdraw or
suspend the bondsman from the approved list, or suspend the bondsman for
a definite period of time to be fixed in the order of suspension.

(c) The clerk of the court and the sheriff of the county shall be
notified of the action of the court and the offending bondsman stricken
from the approved list.

(d) Any applicant for approval whose application has been denied,
withheld, suspended or revoked shall have the right of appeal to the next
highest court having criminal jurisdiction, and the appeal shall be heard de
novo.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-11-125 (2018). Cumberland argues that Local Rule 26.05(B) is
inconsistent with this statute because it adds a basis for suspension—failure to attend all
court appearances—that this statute does not include. Cumberland says the statutory
grounds for suspension expressed in section 40-11-125(a) are exclusive. As a result,
Cumberland asserts that trial courts lack inherent authority to promulgate local rules, like
Local Rule 26.05(B), that provide other grounds for suspension of bondsmen. The State
replies that section 40-11-125(a) is not exclusive but is rather supplementary to the
inherent authority of trial courts to regulate bonding companies by adopting local rules,
such as Local Rule 26.05(B). We agree with the State.

First, Local Rule 26.05(B) does not conflict with any statute. No statute requires
or dispenses with a bondsman’s presence at court appearances. The subject simply is not
addressed in a statute.

Second, Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-11-125 does not establish
exclusive grounds for suspension of bondsmen. This statute was enacted as part of the
Release from Custody and Bail Reform Act of 1978 (“the 1978 Act”). See Act of
February 15, 1978, ch. 506, § 38, 1978 Tenn. Pub. Acts 18. Section 40-11-125 has been
amended once since its enactment and that amendment has no relevance to the issue in
this appeal. See Act of April 16, 2013, ch. 169, § 1, 2013 Tenn. Pub. Acts 407. In
another portion of the 1978 Act, the General Assembly has declared its intent that
Tennessee Code Annotated sections 40-11-101 to 40-11-144 “shall be supplemental to
the laws providing for and regulating professional bail bondsmen, who may continue to
secure the bail bonds provided in §§ 40-11-101 — 40-11-144, but only as provided in §
40-11-122, and consistently with all other laws and regulations pertaining to those laws.”
Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-11-103(a) (2018) (emphasis added). This declared intent has
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remained unchanged since the statute’s enactment in 1978. Thus, based on the General
Assembly’s expressed declaration of intent, we conclude that section 40-11-125 is
supplemental to other laws providing for and regulating professional bail bondsmen and
does not establish exclusive grounds for suspension.5 We therefore reject Cumberland’s
argument that Local Rule 26.05(B) is invalid because it conflicts with section 40-11-125.

It follows, therefore, that we also reject Cumberland’s related argument that
section 40-11-125 divests trial courts of inherent authority to regulate bonding
companies. To the contrary, we read the General Assembly’s declaration that section 40-
11-125 is supplemental to existing laws and regulations pertaining to bail bondsman as
embracing this Court’s decision in Taylor v. Waddey, 334 S.W.2d 733 (Tenn. 1960),
which held that trial courts have “inherent power” to adopt “reasonable regulations”
governing bondsmen who appear before them, id. at 736, and that this inherent power
exists “beyond and regardless of any statute on the question,” id. at 737. In Taylor, the
judges of the Davidson County General Sessions Court suspended a bondsman and his
company from writing bonds in Davidson County. Id. at 734. When the appeal arrived
in this Court, the record did not include any information about the bondsman’s
misconduct. Id. at 734–35. It showed only that the circuit court had overturned the
suspension because the bondsman had complied with all relevant statutes. Id.

This Court reversed the circuit court’s decision and held that courts have inherent
authority to regulate bondsmen appearing before them and may suspend bondsmen for
violating local rules even if bondsmen have complied with statutory requirements. Id. at
736. The Taylor Court stated that, in exercising their inherent authority, trial courts may
adopt “reasonable regulations” and “requirements” governing bondsmen. Id. “So long as
these regulations . . . are not capricious, arbitrary or solely without basis of right, then
these acts may be properly supervised by the court in its ministerial capacity as here.” Id.
Although the Taylor decision preceded the 1978 Act, the Court reasoned that, by enacting
statutes relating to bondsmen, the General Assembly had not “attempt[ed] to take away
the inherent right of the court[s] to properly administer [their] affairs” nor had it intended
“to interfere with the courts and tell them what their inherent powers are and are not.”
Id.; cf. In re Indem. Ins. Co. of N. Am., 594 S.W.2d 705, 707–08 (Tenn. 1980) (holding
that courts could inquire into the solvency of an insurance company acting as bondsman
that was in good standing with the Commissioner of Insurance and that had complied
with relevant statutes). Rather, said the Taylor Court, statutes merely address what a
bondsman must do “in such and such an instance” and do not, “by any stretch of the

5
On the other hand, unlike section 40-11-125, statutes do provide the exclusive method of
enforcing the forfeiture of bail bonds. See In re Rader Bonding Co., 592 S.W.3d 852, 859–60 (Tenn.
2019) (discussing the statutes that apply to the forfeiture of bail bonds).

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imagination[,] attempt to cover the whole field of what is necessary for a bondsman
before he is allowed to make bonds in various courts.” Taylor, 334 S.W.2d at 736.

We agree and hold that, rather than abrogating the Taylor holding as Cumberland
contends, the General Assembly embraced it by expressly declaring from 1978 to the
present that Sections 40-11-101 through 40-11-144 are supplemental to existing law.
Indeed, this Court has often recited the rule that the General Assembly is presumed to
know the “state of the law” when enacting legislation, including “the manner in which
the courts have construed the statutes it has enacted.” Lee Med., Inc. v. Beecher, 312
S.W.3d 515, 527 (Tenn. 2010) (citations omitted); see also Carter v. Bell, 279 S.W.3d
560, 564 (Tenn. 2009) (“We must presume that the General Assembly is aware of
prior . . . decisions of the courts when enacting legislation.” (citing Ki v. State, 78 S.W.3d
876, 879 (Tenn. 2002)). Had the General Assembly intended to abrogate Taylor and
remove the inherent authority of trial courts to regulate bondsmen, the General Assembly
easily could have declared section 40-11-125 to be exclusive rather than supplementary
to existing law. See Cooper v. Logistics Insight Corp., 395 S.W.3d 632, 639 (Tenn.
2013) (“[W]e have long adhered to the rule that when a prior decision has addressed the
construction and operation of a statute, the principle of stare decisis will apply unless the
General Assembly acts to change the statute.” (citation omitted)); Heirs of Ellis v. Estate
of Ellis, 71 S.W.3d 705, 712 (Tenn. 2002) (“Without some clear indication to the
contrary, we simply will not presume that the [L]egislature intended to change the
common law by implication.” (citation omitted)). Not only did the General Assembly
declare that section 40-11-125 is supplementary to existing law, it also implicitly
recognized that trial courts have inherent authority to regulate bondsmen by conferring
upon courts of record the responsibility of preparing a list of professional bondsmen who
are “approved and qualified as solvent.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-11-124(a) (2018); see
also id. § 40-11-405 (“Nothing in [part 4 of chapter 11, which was adopted in 1996,] shall
be construed as altering or infringing upon the right of the trial judge to approve
bondsmen who are licensed under this part. An appeal from a trial judge’s failure to
approve a licensed bondsman shall be taken as provided by law.” (emphasis added)).

We therefore conclude that Rule 26.05(B) does not conflict with section 40-11-
125 or any statute and that section 40-11-125 is supplemental to other laws and did not
abrogate Taylor, which recognized the inherent authority of trial courts to regulate
bondsmen.

Our next and final task, therefore, is to determine whether Rule 26.05(B) is, in the
words of Taylor, a “reasonable regulation” or “capricious, arbitrary or solely without
basis of right.” 334 S.W.2d at 736. If it is the former, then Cumberland’s suspension

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must stand, as Cumberland has conceded that it violated Local Rule 26.05(B).6 If it is the
latter, then Rule 26.05(B) and Cumberland’s suspension for violating it are invalid. We
agree with the State that Cumberland has failed to show that Local Rule 26.05(B) is
arbitrary, capricious, or unreasonable.

As we have noted in the administrative law context, “[t]he ‘arbitrary or capricious’
standard is a limited scope of review[.]” StarLink Logistics Inc. v. ACC, LLC, 494
S.W.3d 659, 669–70 (Tenn. 2016). “In its broadest sense, the arbitrary and capricious
standard requires the reviewing court to determine whether there has been a clear error in
judgment.” Hughes v. New Life Dev. Corp., 387 S.W.3d 453, 479 (Tenn. 2012)
(citing Jackson Mobilphone Co. v. Tenn. Pub. Serv. Comm’n, 876 S.W.2d 106, 110–11
(Tenn. Ct. App. 1993)). We have described the “illegal, arbitrary and capricious”
standard as synonymous with the rational basis test that courts apply when reviewing
legislative functions of administrative bodies. McCallen v. City of Memphis, 786
S.W.2d 633, 641 (Tenn. 1990). We also have declared that under the rational basis test,
legislative action should be deemed valid “‘if any possible reason can be conceived to
justify it.’” Fallin v. Knox Cnty. Bd. of Comm’rs, 656 S.W.2d 338, 342 (Tenn. 1983)
(quoting State ex rel. SCA Chem. Waste Servs., Inc. v. Konigsberg, 636 S.W.2d 430, 437
(Tenn. 1982)). More recently, we have stated that when “‘there is room for two opinions,
a decision is not arbitrary or capricious if it is made honestly and upon due consideration,
even though [a reviewing court] think[s] a different conclusion might have been
reached.’” StarLink Logistics Inc., 494 S.W.3d at 670 (alterations in original) (quoting
Bowers v. Pollution Control Hearings Bd., 13 P.3d 1076, 1083 (Wash. Ct. App. 2000)).

Applying these principles, we conclude that Local Rule 26.05(B) is not arbitrary,
capricious, or unreasonable and that it easily survives rational basis scrutiny. As the State
points out, this local rule serves several conceivable purposes. For example, having an
agent of the bonding company present ensures that the trial court and the prosecution
receive all relevant information the bonding company has about a defendant who fails to
appear. If a bonding agent provides the trial court and the prosecution with a “reasonable
excuse” for the defendant’s failure to appear, then a meritless prosecution for failure to
appear can be avoided, as having a “reasonable excuse” for failing to appear “at the
specified time and place” is a defense to prosecution for failure to appear. Tenn. Code
Ann. § 39-16-609(b)(2) (Supp. 2019). Similarly, having the bonding agent present and
available to provide information about the defendant may conceivably conserve judicial

6
Cumberland has not raised in this appeal any challenge to the manner in which the trial court
applied Local Rule 26.05(B) or to the trial court’s failure to specify the duration of Cumberland’s
suspension in its orders. Cf. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-11-125(b) (stating that when a court suspends a
bondsman under section 40-11-125(a) the suspension shall be “for a definite period of time to be fixed in
the order of suspension”). As previously noted, Cumberland was reinstated in March 2018.

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resources, as a trial court need not enter a conditional judgment of forfeiture “where a
statement of a licensed physician is furnished to the court showing that” a defendant is
prevented from attending court “by some mental or physical disability, or where evidence
of the defendant’s incarceration is furnished to the court.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-11-
201(b) (2018).7

That a bonding agent will not always have information about why a defendant has
failed to appear does not, as Cumberland suggests, render Local Rule 26.05(B) arbitrary
or capricious. First, having a bonding agent present to advise the trial court that the
bonding company lacks information about the defendant’s whereabouts also conceivably
serves to facilitate charging decisions and to conserve judicial resources. Moreover,
under the deferential standard that guides our review, Cumberland must establish that no
rational basis supports Local Rule 26.05(B), and therefore, it should be deemed arbitrary,
capricious, and unreasonable. See McCallen, 786 S.W.2d at 641 (“[A] heavy burden of
proof rests upon the shoulders of the party who challenges the action.”). Where, as here,
a local rule serves multiple conceivable rational purposes, it will not be deemed arbitrary,
capricious, or unreasonable simply because it may not serve all these purposes perfectly
one hundred percent of the time. Were one hundred percent effectiveness the test, no
court rule would survive.

7
We note that similar local rules have been adopted by at least three other Tennessee judicial
districts. For example, in the 15th and 20th Judicial Districts, a bondsman must provide a representative
to appear “as requested” and “be readily available as needed by a court whenever a defendant fails to
appear at the call of the docket.” 15th Jud. Dist. R., App’x 7, R. of Practice for Bail Bonds 6(B); 20th Jud.
Dist. R. of Practice for Bail Bonds 6(E). Likewise, the 19th Judicial District requires a “professional bail
bonding company representative [to] be in the court building and [to] be readily available as needed by a
court whenever a defendant fails to appear at the call of the docket.” 19th Jud. Dist. Bail Bonding R. 7(c).

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 IV. Conclusion

For the reasons stated herein, we conclude that Local Rule 26.05(B) is valid and
enforceable. Therefore, we reverse the judgment of the Court of Criminal Appeals and
reinstate the judgment of the trial court. Costs of this appeal are taxed to Cumberland
Bonding Company, for which execution may issue if necessary.

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CORNELIA A. CLARK, JUSTICE

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