NOT DESIGNATED FOR PUBLICATION
No. 121,089
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS
In the Matter of the Marriage of
BRETT D. BROWNBACK,
Appellee,
and
KYRA E. BROWNBACK,
Appellant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Appeal from Linn District Court, TERRI L. JOHNSON, judge. Opinion filed May 8, 2020.
Affirmed.
Sara S. Beezley and Sarah A. Mills, of Girard, for appellant.
Michael P. Whalen, of Law Office of Michael P. Whalen, of Wichita, for appellee.
Before GREEN, P.J., POWELL and SCHROEDER, JJ.
PER CURIAM: Brett Duane Brownback petitioned for divorce from Kyra Elaine
Brownback. Following a bench trial, the district court ordered they share residency of
K.B., the parties' minor son, finding this was in the child's best interests. Kyra now
appeals the district court's shared residency order, arguing the district court abused its
discretion. After a review of the record, we disagree and affirm.
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FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
This case has taken a long and winding path to our court, and the record is replete
with changes of counsel, motions to compel discovery, numerous continuances, and
repeated objections—in short, considerable conflict all too common in divorce
proceedings. Much of the facts and procedural history of this case are not pertinent to the
child residency issue before us and, therefore, need not be repeated as the parties are well
acquainted with them. Instead, we will focus on the relevant facts bearing on the child
residency issue.
Brett and Kyra began dating in college, roughly 7 years before they were married,
and subsequently began living together in 2009 while still in college. They moved into
their first house in 2012 and were married on September 20, 2014. K.B. was born in
January 2017. Their marriage was not to be a long one.
On August 25, 2017, just before Brett was to file for divorce, Brett and Kyra got
into an argument. According to Kyra's testimony at trial, Brett wanted to take K.B. to see
his great-grandfather the next morning and leave at 5 a.m., but Kyra worried that was too
early and offered to bring K.B. later in the day. Kyra also asked what Brett would do with
K.B. when Brett was hauling cattle and K.B. was in the truck with no air conditioner.
Kyra testified Brett was in a mental state that night that scared her.
Previously, there had been water on the kitchen floor from the freezer thawing, but
Kyra had cleaned it up. Brett was holding a package of frozen food and threw it at Kyra.
He then pushed Kyra into the kitchen cabinets, and Kyra hit her eye on the corner of the
cabinet. Crying and bleeding, Kyra tried to get K.B. and leave the house, but Brett
prevented her from taking the child. Kyra left the house alone. Because she was afraid
Brett might hurt K.B., Kyra later returned with the police to collect K.B. and some of her
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things. Brett was arrested and subsequently charged with domestic battery. Following the
completion of an anger management course, the charge was dismissed.
Brett's recollection of these events is different. According to Brett, they were
cleaning out the refrigerator because it had stopped working when he asked Kyra if it was
okay if he took K.B. to his grandfather's the next morning. Kyra told Brett he could not
take their son and K.B. would just stay with her. Brett asked Kyra why she thought he
was a bad dad, and Kyra told him, "Your family doesn't deserve to see him." Brett had a
package of thawed bacon in his hand and threw it against the cabinets behind her. Kyra
spun around, slipped on the water that was all over the floor, and fell. Kyra was bleeding
from a cut on her eye. Brett filled a baggie full of ice and tried to help her, but Kyra
refused. Brett did not let Kyra take K.B. because Brett thought she was hysterical and
would just throw him in the front seat of her car and take off flying down the driveway.
Kyra also testified to other incidents of domestic violence that occurred during
their relationship. One night, when living together in college, Brett came home drunk and
tried to enter Kyra's locked door while holding a knife. After K.B.'s birth, Kyra was
standing by K.B. in his swing, and Brett began yelling at her. He pushed her, and, to keep
from falling on K.B., Kyra fell into a cabinet and almost landed on their dog. Another
time, while Kyra was sitting in a glider recliner holding K.B., Brett pushed the swing
back and yelled in her face. Although Brett was not asked about those specific incidents,
at trial Brett denied any other incidents of domestic violence occurred other than the one
in their kitchen.
Brett filed a petition for divorce on August 28, 2017. As part of his divorce
petition, Brett asked the district court to award joint legal custody of K.B. with Brett
designated as the residential parent. Along with his petition, Brett asked the district court
for an ex parte temporary order providing for a shared parenting time schedule based
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upon Brett's proposed parenting plan. The district court issued the ex parte temporary
order two days later, but it did not mention child custody.
On the same day Brett filed for divorce, in a separate case, Kyra sought a
protection from abuse (PFA) order against Brett and obtained a temporary ex parte order
granting her temporary residential custody of K.B. Kyra later dismissed her PFA. On
September 11, Kyra answered Brett's divorce petition and counter-petitioned for divorce.
Like Brett, she too sought residency of K.B.
The district court ordered Brett and Kyra to participate in mediation at their
request. The district court also modified the temporary order and designated Kyra as the
residential parent. But the district court's order allowed the parties to modify the
parenting time schedule provided they mutually agreed. The district court also appointed
a guardian ad litem (GAL) at Kyra's request to aid the parties in agreeing to a parenting
plan.
Ultimately, the GAL proposed a parenting plan which granted Brett and Kyra joint
legal custody with Kyra as the residential parent. This recommendation prompted Kyra to
seek modification of the temporary order, and the district court held a hearing on Kyra's
motion on January 14 and February 5, 2019. The hearing was continued until March 7
and 8, 2019, and the hearing on Kyra's motion was combined with the bench trial on the
parties' divorce which would allow for a final determination of child custody and
parenting time.
At the trial, both Brett and Kyra testified extensively about their marriage and
parenting of K.B. Jessica Allison testified she provided Brett and Kyra with marriage
counseling and Brett with anger management counseling. She stated she never saw Brett
become angry or uncontrollable in their sessions. Jacob Crahan, one of the police officers
who responded to the domestic violence incident, testified he noticed Kyra had cuts and
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marks on her face. Following the bench trial, the district court took the matter under
advisement. In the meantime, the district court ordered the parties to follow the GAL's
proposed parenting plan.
The district court issued its child custody order on March 29, 2019. The district
court considered the factors in K.S.A. 2018 Supp. 23-3201 to determine custody and
residency of K.B. in accordance with the best interests of the child. The district court
found Kyra's testimony not credible. In particular, the district court found the testimony
about the fight at the refrigerator to be evidence that some domestic violence occurred
during the marriage. The district court stated it had significant concerns that Brett and
Kyra would not foster K.B.'s relationship with the other parent's extended family. Brett
and Kyra were ordered to communicate exclusively through Our Family Wizard—a
messaging platform for parents—to limit messages to one per day and required the
parties to respond to a message within 24 hours of receipt. The district court ordered joint
legal custody of K.B. to Brett and Kyra, but, contrary to the GAL's recommendation, it
refused to designate a residential parent due to concerns that the residential parent would
use the child's residency as a weapon against the other parent. Instead, the district court
ordered a shared parenting time schedule with the parties to alternate weekly K.B.'s
residency. The child would spend one week with Brett and then one week with Kyra.
During the week K.B. resided with one parent, the other parent would exercise parenting
time on Tuesday from 2:30 p.m. to 7 p.m.
Kyra filed a timely notice of appeal on April 8, 2019.
Following the filing of her notice of appeal, Kyra sought reconsideration of the
district court's child residency order. However, prior to the district court ruling on Kyra's
motion, she filed her docketing statement with our court and perfected her appeal. As a
consequence, the district court ruled on June 26, 2019, that it lacked jurisdiction to
consider Kyra's motion but made additional factual findings in case our court disagreed.
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The next day the district court issued a decree granting the divorce. On July 26, 2019,
Kyra filed an Amended Notice of Appeal based on the district court's June 26 order.
DID SUBSTANTIAL EVIDENCE SUPPORT THE DISTRICT COURT'S
ORDER FOR SHARED RESIDENCY OF K.B.?
Kyra argues on appeal the district court abused its discretion with its shared
residency order because the evidence presented at trial did not support the district court's
weighing of the factors in K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 23-3203. Specifically, Kyra argues a
district court should not order shared residency when the parties do not communicate
well and are not committed to cooperating to make shared residency work—a difficult
task for her and Brett by her own admission. Kyra also argues the evidence in the record,
especially the evidence of domestic violence, when applied to the factors in K.S.A. 2019
Supp. 23-3203 supports granting her residency of K.B. instead. Not surprisingly, Brett
disputes this analysis and counters Kyra is improperly asking us to reweigh the evidence.
"'When an initial custody issue lies only between the parents, the paramount
consideration of the court is the welfare and best interests of the child.'" Cheney v. Poore,
301 Kan. 120, 128, 339 P.3d 1220 (2014). The district court is in the best position to
make this determination, and its judgment will not be disturbed absent an abuse of
discretion. An abuse of discretion exists when the district court's action (1) is one where
no reasonable person would take the view adopted by the trial court; (2) is based on an
error of law; or (3) is based on an error of fact. 301 Kan. at 128. The party alleging an
abuse of discretion occurred has the burden to establish an abuse of discretion existed. In
re P.J., 56 Kan. App. 2d 461, 466, 430 P.3d 988 (2018).
"'[Our] function is not to delve into the record and engage in the emotional and analytical
tug of war between two good parents over [their child]. The district court [is] in a better
position to evaluate the complexities of the situation and to determine the best interests of
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the child []. Unless we were to conclude that no reasonable judge would have reached the
result reached below, the district court's decision must be affirmed.' In re Marriage of
Bradley, 258 Kan. 39, 45, 899 P.2d 471 (1995)." In re Marriage of Vandenberg, 43 Kan.
App. 2d 697, 701, 229 P.3d 1187 (2010).
When an appellant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence used to support a
district court's findings regarding a child's best interests, we review "the evidence in a
light most favorable to the prevailing party below to determine if the court's factual
findings are supported by substantial competent evidence and whether those findings
support the court's legal conclusion." 43 Kan. App. 2d at 704. Substantial evidence is any
"'legal and relevant evidence as a reasonable person might accept as sufficient to support
a conclusion. . . . [We do] not weigh conflicting evidence, pass on credibility of
witnesses, or redetermine questions of fact." Geer v. Eby, 309 Kan. 182, 190-91, 432
P.3d 1001 (2019).
Here, the district court declined to name a residential parent because it feared the
residential parent would use that fact against the nonresidential parent. Instead, the
district court ordered shared residency of K.B. The district court's parenting plan required
K.B. to alternate weekly residency with each parent, with the nonresidential parent
exercising parenting time on Tuesday from 2:30 p.m. to 7 p.m.
Kyra first argues the district court erred by ordering shared residency when it was
clear the parents could not cooperate in parenting K.B. Kyra cites to a number of cases
and an academic treatise by Linda D. Elrod to support her argument that shared residency
should not be ordered without cooperative parents. See 2 Elrod, Kansas Law and
Practice: Kansas Family Law § 12:14 (2018-19 ed.). But the cases Kyra cites do not
support that argument. Kyra first relies on In re A.F., 13 Kan. App. 2d 232, 767 P.2d 846
(1989), for its discussion on shared residency. But A.F. is distinguishable because the
issue there involved statutorily required permanency planning for a child after the
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termination of parental rights and the shared residency involving monthly transitions
between two sets of grandparents. Our case involves a different statute and two parents
who retain their parental rights.
Kyra also relies upon In re Marriage of Davis, No. 109,756, 2014 WL 802300
(Kan. App. 2014) (unpublished opinion), and In re Marriage of Malan and Packard, No.
98,109, 2007 WL 3085368 (Kan. App. 2007) (unpublished opinion), to show certain
district courts take the position that shared residency is not in the best interests of the
child. But in neither case did the district court nor our court find shared residency is never
appropriate. Instead, the district courts took fact-specific approaches to the cases before
them and found shared residency was not appropriate under the facts of those cases. Our
court affirmed, finding the district courts' decisions did not amount to an abuse of
discretion. Davis; 2014 WL 802300, at *3; Malan, 2007 WL 3085368, at *2.
Kyra tries to persuade us these cases establish that shared residency is an abuse of
discretion when the parents do not want a shared arrangement, as is the case here. We
disagree. The legal standard is what is in the best interests of the child and whether the
district court's determination of those best interests is one with which a reasonable person
could agree. Only if no reasonable person could agree with the district court's judgment
may we set it aside. See Cheney, 301 Kan. at 128.
Kyra makes the argument the evidence did not support the district court's findings
on the factors listed in K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 23-3203. K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 23-3203(a) lists
the factors a district court must use to determine residential custody of a child:
"In determining the issue of legal custody, residency and parenting time of a child, the
court shall consider all relevant factors, including, but not limited to:
"(1) Each parent's role and involvement with the minor child before and after
separation;
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"(2) the desires of the child's parents as to custody or residency;
"(3) the desires of a child of sufficient age and maturity as to the child's
custody or residency;
"(4) the age of the child;
"(5) the emotional and physical needs of the child;
"(6) the interaction and interrelationship of the child with parents, siblings,
and any other person who may significantly affect the child's best interests;
"(7) the child's adjustment to the child's home, school, and community;
"(8) the willingness and ability of each parent to respect and appreciate the
bond between the child and the other parent and to allow for a continuing relationship
between the child and the other parent;
"(9) evidence of domestic abuse, including, but not limited to:
(A) A pattern or history of physically or emotionally abusive behavior or
threat thereof used by one person to gain or maintain domination and control
over an intimate partner or household member; or
(B) an act of domestic violence, stalking or sexual assault;
"(10) the ability of the parties to communicate, cooperate and manage parental
duties;
"(11) the school activity schedule of the child;
"(12) the work schedule of the parties;
"(13) the location of the parties' residences and places of employment;
"(14) the location of the child's school;
"(15) whether a parent is subject to the registration requirements of the Kansas
offender registration act, K.S.A. 22-4901 et seq., and amendments thereto, or any
similar act in any other state, or under military or federal law;
"(16) whether a parent has been convicted of abuse of a child, K.S.A. 21-3609,
prior to its repeal, or K.S.A. 21-5602, and amendments thereto;
"(17) whether a parent is residing with an individual who is subject to
registration requirements of the Kansas offender registration act, K.S.A. 22-4901 et
seq., and amendments thereto, or any similar act in any other state, or under military
or federal law; and
"(18) whether a parent is residing with an individual who has been convicted
of abuse of a child, K.S.A. 21-3609, prior to its repeal, or K.S.A. 21-5602, and
amendments thereto."
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Kyra goes through the factors she believes apply and discusses how the evidence
tilts these factors in favor of her being awarded residency of K.B. But Kyra fails to show
how the district court's findings are unsupported by substantial evidence. Instead, she
focuses her argument on how the statutory factors weigh in her favor. The problem with
her argument is that she is asking us to reweigh the evidence and award her residency.
That is not our role. See In re Marriage of Whipp, 265 Kan. 500, 502, 962 P.2d 1058
(1998) ("[A]n appellate court should only look to evidence supporting the decision of the
trial court and determine if there was an abuse of discretion.").
Moreover, a district court need not make specific factual findings on the record
about each factor listed in K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 23-3203. See In re Marriage of Dacus, No.
116,124, 2017 WL 2403345, at *6 (Kan. App. 2017) (unpublished opinion). Instead, the
district court is to determine which of the statutory factors apply and consider how they
bear on the child custody question at issue. The district court should analyze all relevant
factors, but its final order does not need to "catalogue each of them or recapitulate in
detail the evidence pertinent to each." Peralta-Diaz v. Ortega, No. 120,291, 2020 WL
593938, at *8 (Kan. App. 2020) (unpublished opinion), petition for rev. filed March 9,
2020; see Vandenberg, 43 Kan. App. 2d at 703.
To determine if substantial evidence exists to support the district court's order, we
examine the reasons provided in the district court's custody order and analyze the record
to determine if there is substantial evidence to support those findings. In this case, there
are two orders to consider: the original custody order and the order on Kyra's motion to
reconsider. Following the district court's custody order, Kyra filed a notice of appeal and
then a motion asking the district court to reconsider its findings. The district court
eventually issued an order denying Kyra's motion to reconsider based on its lack of
jurisdiction but also provided additional reasoning for its original custody award. Because
Kyra had already filed a notice of appeal to this court, there is a question whether the
district court had jurisdiction to issue another order.
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The filing of a timely notice of appeal and docketing of that appeal with an
appellate court divests the district court of jurisdiction in the case. In the time between the
filing of a notice of appeal and its docketing, the district court and appellate court have
simultaneous jurisdiction, but once the appeal is docketed the district court loses its
jurisdiction over the case. At that point, only the appellate court has jurisdiction to change
the district court's order. In re Care & Treatment of Emerson, 306 Kan. 30, 34-35, 392
P.3d 82 (2017).
Here, the district court filed its custody order on March 29, 2019. Kyra filed a
timely notice of appeal on April 8, 2019, and her motion to reconsider on April 18, 2019.
Kyra perfected her appeal by filing her docketing statement on April 24, 2019. At this
point, the district court lost its jurisdiction to hear her motion. In its order on the motion
to reconsider, the district court noted that it lacked jurisdiction to modify its custody
order. But, in an abundance of caution, it went on to make additional factual findings.
The district court was correct that it lacked jurisdiction to modify its custody order.
Therefore, its additional findings were made without jurisdiction and cannot be
considered by us. Our determination of whether substantial evidence supports the district
court's findings must rise and fall on the findings made in the district court's original child
custody order.
In its child custody order, the district court listed the nonexhaustive statutory
factors found in K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 22-3203 and specifically found the parties did not
present any evidence about the last four factors—all of which involved child abuse or
offender registration requirements. The district court stated it considered all the evidence
including the testimony and exhibits in reaching its custody decision.
The district court noted the difficulties it and the parties had in establishing a
parenting time schedule. Although the district court did not go through the statute factor
by factor, a reading of the order reveals the district court discussed several factors.
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K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 23-3203(a)(5)—Emotional and physical needs of the child
The district court found that pictures admitted into evidence showed a thriving
child who was happy in both parents' care.
K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 23-3203(a)(6)—Interaction of the child with family
K.B. is an only child but has a large extensive family living nearby. The district
court found shared residency appropriate because neither parent seemed to foster K.B.'s
relationships with the other parent's extended family. Kyra testified about the problems
she had with Brett's family. She believed Brett's family did not like her and was too
controlling of K.B. According to Kyra, when she and Brett were still living together,
Brett's parents would walk in unannounced, wake up K.B. from his nap, and only focus
on him while ignoring her. Brett testified Kyra's dad was an alcoholic and the relationship
between Kyra's parents had problems. From the testimonies of both parents, it is
apparent both Brett and Kyra had poor relationships with the other's families. The district
court worried that neither party appreciated the positive role that extended families could
play in K.B.'s life and ordered shared residency in hopes the parties would realize the
benefits of a close extended family. This strikes us as a reasonable conclusion.
K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 23-3203(a)(8)—Willingness of each parent to respect the child's bond
with the other parent
Both Brett and Kyra acknowledged the other was a good parent and it was good
for K.B. to spend time with each parent, but, when the rubber hit the road, both Brett and
Kyra struggled to work with each other to develop a parenting plan. The district court
noted Brett testified Kyra was a great mom but was controlling and overreaching and did
not believe Kyra supported him being an active member in K.B.'s life. Kyra admitted
Brett should probably see K.B. more but she worried he would not take care of K.B.
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appropriately. The district court believed Kyra wanted Brett to have a relationship with
K.B. only on her terms and noted Kyra repeatedly referred to K.B. as "her" son.
Additionally, Brett seemed to want to control Kyra as exhibited by his demand to know
where his son was when in Kyra's care.
K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 23-3203(a)(10)—Ability of parents to communicate and cooperate
The district court noted the parties struggled to communicate with each other and
highlighted the fact there was considerable difficulty in establishing a parenting time
schedule. The district court ordered Brett and Kyra to communicate exclusively through
Our Family Wizard, a communication program for parents, yet noted the problems the
parties had with timely responses on the program. The exhibits of conversations on Our
Family Wizard revealed delays in responding to messages and repeated requests asking to
switch parenting times on the same day. Accordingly, the district court limited messages
to one per day and ordered any message to be responded to within 24 hours. There is
sufficient evidence to support the district court's finding of communication issues
between the parties.
K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 23-3203(a)(9)—Evidence of domestic violence
Kyra accuses the district court of minimizing the domestic violence. A review of
the record shows conflicting evidence concerning any domestic violence. As to the
incident where Brett threw a package of bacon at Kyra, the parties' stories differed
significantly. Kyra testified Brett hit her in the head with the bacon package and pushed
her into the cabinets, injuring her. Brett admitted they argued but claimed he threw a
package of bacon in her direction and that it hit the cabinet, not her. Kyra spun around
and fell because the floor was wet, hurting herself. However, the record also shows Brett
was arrested and charged with domestic battery, but the charges were later dismissed
after Brett successfully completed an anger management class. Additionally, Kyra sought
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a protection from abuse order and was even granted a temporary protection order, but she
later dropped her claim. Kyra also testified about several other incidents of domestic
violence, but Brett denied there were any other incidents.
The district court did not minimize any domestic violence. The district court
concluded at a minimum there was some evidence of domestic violence, given the
testimony of both parties and the bacon package throwing incident, while acknowledging
more domestic violence could exist. The evidence supports the district court's finding.
Brett acknowledged he was angry and threw a package of bacon at Kyra. He
acknowledged the incident led to Kyra being injured. While Kyra testified about other
incidents, Brett denied them. Because the criminal case was dropped and Brett's
counselor did not recommend any additional anger management counseling or treatment,
the district court did not order any additional treatment.
Because there is sufficient evidence to support the district court's findings, our
final question is whether the district court's decision was an abuse of discretion. The
district court worried that whoever was designated as the residential parent would use
that as a weapon over the other parent as both parties sought to control the other parent's
time with K.B. The GAL expressed the same concern. The district court ordered shared
residency to prevent that situation from happening. While we appreciate that reasonable
people could disagree with the district court's decision in this case, considering the
evidence, we cannot conclude that no reasonable person would agree with the district
court's shared residency order as being in K.B.'s best interests. There was no abuse of
discretion by the district court.
Affirmed.
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