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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No. 19-12618
Non-Argument Calendar
________________________
Agency No. A202-086-560
MARIA FELICITA BAUTISTA-LOPEZ,
Petitioner,
versus
U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,
Respondent.
________________________
Petition for Review of a Decision of the
Board of Immigration Appeals
________________________
(May 11, 2020)
Before BRANCH, LAGOA, and HULL, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
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Maria Felicita Bautista-Lopez seeks review of a final order of the Board of
Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) affirming the Immigration Judge’s (“IJ”) denial of
her application for asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under the
United Nations Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or
Degrading Treatment or Punishment (“CAT”). She argues that the BIA committed
numerous errors in concluding she was not entitled to asylum or withholding of
removal, which include (1) determining that the original social groups that she
proposed to the IJ are not cognizable under the Immigration and Nationality Act
(“INA”); (2) concluding she had not established that she is a member of each of
those groups; and (3) affirming the IJ’s conclusion that she had not established the
El Salvadoran government was unable or unwilling to protect her. She further
argues that the BIA erred in failing to address her request that it consider whether
the additional social groups that she proposed on appeal were cognizable or remand
the case to the IJ to examine the issue. Finally, she asserts that she is entitled to
CAT relief, given her reasonable fear that she would be tortured if she returned to
El Salvador and that the government would acquiesce in her torture. After a
review of the record, we deny the petition.
I. Background
Bautista-Lopez, a native and citizen of El Salvador, entered the United
States without valid entry documents or inspection by an immigration officer on
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September 1, 2014. She was immediately detained and later participated in a
credible fear interview regarding abuse by her former partner, Rolando Alonzo
Vasquez (“Rolando”).
An asylum officer served Bautista-Lopez with a notice to appear which
charged that she was removable pursuant to INA § 212(a)(7)(A)(i)(I), 8 U.S.C.
§ 1182(a)(7)(A)(i)(I), as an applicant for admission without a valid entry
document. She conceded removability as charged. Bautista-Lopez filed an
application for asylum and withholding of removal. She also requested CAT
relief.
At the merits hearing, Bautista-Lopez, with the assistance of a Spanish
interpreter, testified to the following. She feared to return to El Salvador because
Rolando, a romantic partner with whom she had lived in El Salvador, threatened to
kill her on numerous occasions. She was severely beaten in January 2014, when
Rolando slapped her several times, dunked her head in a sink full of water, and
pushed her down the stairs, which caused her to fracture her ankle. There were
several incidents prior to that one in which Rolando beat her, slapped her, pulled
her hair, and hit her with a closed fist. Bautista-Lopez left Rolando to live with her
parents on three occasions: (1) for a couple of weeks in December 2013; (2) for
four weeks in January 2014, after she had broken her ankle; and (3) from June to
August 2014. Whenever she left Rolando, he would call and tell her that he would
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take her back by force and threaten to harm her family if she did not return to him.
Bautista-Lopez and her parents did not go to the police because they feared that he
would carry out his threats and because Rolanda had “connections” with the Maras
gang in El Salvador. Bautista-Lopez also did not believe that the Salvadoran
police would protect her because they do “nothing” to protect people. Instead, they
immediately release those they detain, and the aggressor typically returns even
angrier towards his victim.
The IJ denied Bautista-Lopez’s application for asylum, withholding of
removal, and CAT relief, concluding that her testimony was not credible and she
failed to provide any persuasive corroborating evidence. The IJ further concluded
that, even if Bautista-Lopez was credible and reasonably corroborated her claims,
she still was not statutorily eligible for asylum based on five additional findings.
First, the IJ found that the harm that she had suffered did not rise to the level of
persecution required by the INA. Second, addressing only one of Bautista-Lopez’s
three proposed social groups 1—“El Salvadoran women in domestic relationships
who are unable to leave”—the IJ concluded that her proposed social group was
legally cognizable under Matter of A-R-C-G-, 2 but she did not show that she was a
1
In her pre-hearing brief, Bautista-Lopez proposed that she fell in three proposed social
groups: (1) “El Salvadoran women who are viewed as property by virtue of their position in a
domestic relationship”; (2) “El Salvadoran women in domestic relationships who are unable to
leave”; and (3) “El Salvadoran women in domestic relationships.”
2
Matter of A-R-C-G-, 26 I. & N. Dec. 388, 389 (BIA 2014).
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member of that group because she had previously left Rolando and therefore had
the ability to leave him. Third, the IJ found that she failed to show that her
membership in her proposed social group was the central reason for the abuse.
Fourth, the IJ found that she failed to demonstrate that she had a well-founded fear
of future persecution. Fifth, the IJ found that she did not demonstrate that the
Salvadoran government was unable or unwilling to protect her. The IJ further
concluded that, because Bautista-Lopez did not show that she was eligible for
relief under the lower burden of proof for an asylum claim, she could not establish
that she was entitled to withholding of removal. The IJ determined that Bautista-
Lopez’s CAT claim failed as well, given that the Salvadoran government’s efforts
to combat violence against women, although not entirely successful, supported a
finding that it would not acquiesce in such conduct.
Bautista-Lopez appealed to the BIA. 3 The BIA affirmed the IJ’s decision. It
concluded that the IJ did not clearly err in finding that she was not a member of her
proposed group, “El Salvadoran women in domestic relationships who are unable
3
Matter of A-B-, 27 I. & N. Dec. 316, 316 (2018) overruled Matter of A-R-C-G- while
Bautista-Lopez’s appeal was pending. Recognizing this, Bautista-Lopez provided two additional
proposed social groups to the BIA: “El Salvadoran women” and “El Salvadoran women in a
domestic relationship who oppose male domination.” She asserted that, if the BIA found that the
groups she originally proposed were not cognizable in light of Matter of A-B-, it should remand
her case to the IJ to consider whether she was persecuted on account of her membership in either
of the additional social groups.
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to leave,” because she was not “unable to leave” her relationship. 4 And the BIA
agreed with the IJ’s conclusion that Bautista-Lopez had not established that the
Salvadoran government was unable or unwilling to protect her because the IJ did
not clearly err in finding that Bautista-Lopez provided insufficient evidence to
“convincingly demonstrate” that the laws and customs in El Salvador would
prevent her from obtaining protection.
The BIA also affirmed the IJ’s rejection of Bautista-Lopez’s remaining
claims. The BIA concluded that, because Bautista-Lopez failed to establish her
eligibility for asylum, her withholding of removal claim failed as well. It also
determined that Bautista-Lopez was not entitled to CAT relief because the IJ did
not clearly err in finding that she failed to establish that she would more likely than
not be tortured by or with the acquiescence of a public official or person acting in
an official capacity in El Salvador. This petition for review followed.
II. Standard of Review
We review only the decision of the BIA, except to the extent that it adopted
the IJ’s decision or expressly agreed with the IJ’s reasoning. Gonzalez v. U.S.
4
The BIA listed the three social groups that Bautista-Lopez initially proposed and
determined that those groups lacked particularity. In a footnote, the BIA further determined that
two of the three social groups that Bautista-Lopez had originally proposed—“El Salvadoran
women who are viewed as property by virtue of their position in a domestic relationship” and “El
Salvadoran women in domestic relationships who are unable to leave”—were impermissibly
circular. The BIA did not address the two additional social groups that Bautista-Lopez had
raised for the first time in her brief to the BIA.
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Att’y Gen., 820 F.3d 399, 403 (11th Cir. 2016). “In this case, because the BIA
agreed with the IJ’s findings, and made additional observations, we review both
decisions.” Rodriguez v. U.S. Atty. Gen., 735 F.3d 1302, 1308 (11th Cir. 2013).
With respect to a petition for review of a BIA decision, we review
conclusions of law de novo and factual determinations under the substantial
evidence standard. Gonzalez, 820 F.3d at 403. Whether a particular social group
is cognizable under the INA is a legal issue reviewed de novo. Id. Questions
regarding whether the BIA gave reasoned consideration to an issue are also
reviewed de novo. Jeune v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 810 F.3d 792, 799 (11th Cir. 2016).
Under the substantial evidence standard, we review the evidence in the light most
favorable to the agency’s decision and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of
that decision. Silva v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 448 F.3d 1229, 1236 (11th Cir. 2006). The
agency’s decision will be affirmed “if it is ‘supported by reasonable, substantial,
and probative evidence on the record considered as a whole.’” Id. (quoting
Sepulveda v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 401 F.3d 1226, 1230 (11th Cir. 2005)). We cannot
“reweigh the evidence from scratch” and will reverse findings of fact “only when
the record compels a reversal.” Id. (quotation marks omitted).
I. Discussion
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To establish eligibility for asylum, the applicant bears the burden of proving
that she is a refugee under the INA. See 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B); Sepulveda, 401
F.3d at 1230. The INA defines a “refugee” as:
any person who is outside any country of such person’s
nationality . . . and who is unable or unwilling to return to, and is
unable or unwilling to avail himself or herself of the protection of,
that country because of persecution or a well-founded fear of
persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a
particular social group, or political opinion . . . .
8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A). To meet this burden, an applicant must provide
credible evidence establishing past persecution, or a well-founded fear of future
persecution, on account of a statutorily protected ground. Li Shan Chen v. U.S.
Att’y Gen., 672 F.3d 961, 964−65 (11th Cir. 2011). Under either route, an
applicant also must show that she was unable to avail herself of the protection of
her home country. Lopez v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 504 F.3d 1341, 1345 (11th Cir. 2007).
This requirement stems from the statutory definition of “refugee,” which
encompasses only those who are “unable or unwilling” to avail themselves of the
government’s protection. 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A); see also 8 C.F.R.
§ 208.13(b)(1), (b)(2)(i)(C). An applicant’s failure to report persecution by a
private actor to the local authorities is “generally fatal” to her claim, though it may
be excused if the she convincingly demonstrates that the government would have
been unable or unwilling to protect her. Lopez, 504 F.3d at 1345; Ayala v. U.S.
Att’y Gen., 605 F.3d 941, 950 (11th Cir. 2010).
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We need not address the majority of Bautista-Lopez’s claims of error
because we affirm the BIA’s determination that petitioner cannot demonstrate
eligibility for asylum based its finding that she failed to prove the Salvadoran
government is unable or unwilling to protect her. 5 Because she cannot meet this
requirement, her claim must fail regardless of her ability to meet other statutory
requirements. Ayala, 605 F.3d at 950 (“[A]n applicant who alleged persecution by
a private actor must prove that he ‘is unable to avail [him]self of the protection of
h[is] home country’ by presenting evidence that he reported the persecution to
local government authorities or that it would have been useless to do so.”) (second
and third alterations in original). Bautista-Lopez did not report the violence or
threats perpetrated by Rolando to the police. As we said in Lopez, a failure to
report is “generally fatal” to an asylum claim. Lopez, 504 F.3d at 1345. Nor is this
a situation where the police were the persecutors, such as in Ayala. 605 F.3d at
950. Instead, Bautista-Lopez suffered from the criminal actions of a private
individual. Therefore, she must have proven that “it would have been useless” to
report the domestic violence to government authorities. Ayala, 605 F.3d at 950.
5
Petitioner also asks that we remand this case to the BIA to address her request to
consider new social groups added on appeal after Matter of A-B- came out. While normally it
would be appropriate to remand for the BIA to determine whether a social group is cognizable
under the INA in the first instance, Gonzales v. Thomas, 547 U.S. 183, 186–87 (2006), we
decline to do so here because such an exercise would be futile, given our affirmance of the BIA’s
other rulings in this case.
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Bautista-Lopez argues that she conclusively demonstrated that the police
were unable or unwilling to protect her based on three pieces of evidence: (1) the
2016 country report for El Salvador, (2) a 2013 declaration from a women’s rights
attorney in El Salvador, and (3) a 2014 letter from an American professor
specializing in international women’s rights. These sources indicate that domestic
violence is a pervasive problem in El Salvador, with less than effective
enforcement to combat the problem. However, these sources also chronicle efforts
taken by the El Salvadoran government to address these problems. Specifically,
there are laws in place that criminalize domestic violence; the government
sponsors public awareness campaigns regarding domestic violence; the
government provides programs for victims of domestic violence, including
shelters; and, as of 2016, the government has established new courts specifically
tasked with resolving complaints of violence against women in at least three major
cities. The record also demonstrates, in sources not relied on by the petitioner, that
the government has formed a task force charged with creating and executing a
national plan to address violence against women generally; the government
“obliges every state institution to tackle violence against women”; and, as early as
2011, the government had established police units that “specialize[] in helping
women victims of violence.”
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Our standard of review compels us to affirm the BIA on the basis of the
substantial evidence in the record that the Salvadoran government has undertaken
efforts to prevent domestic violence and protect victims of it. Even assuming a
reasonable interpretation of the sources discussed above might reach the opposite
conclusion, “[o]ur task is not to determine whether the inferences [Bautista-Lopez]
draws from [the evidence] are reasonable. . . . Our review is more limited.” Silva,
448 F.3d at 1237. As we have stated before,
[u]nder the substantial evidence standard, we cannot look at the
evidence presented to the BIA to determine if interpretations of the
evidence other than that made by the BIA are possible. Rather, we
review the evidence that was presented to determine if the findings
made by the BIA were unreasonable.
Adefemi, 386 F.3d at 1029. Even though the record indicates that domestic
violence is a problem in El Salvador and that the government struggles to control
it, we cannot say the record compels the opposite conclusion of the BIA regarding
the government’s willingness or ability to help Bautista-Lopez. See Matter of
A-B-, 27 I. & N. Dec. at 320 (“The mere fact that a country may have problems
effectively policing certain crimes . . . or that certain populations are more likely to
be victims of crime, cannot itself establish an asylum claim.”) (reversed on other
grounds). We thus affirm the BIA’s conclusion that Bautista-Lopez has not
demonstrated she is eligible for asylum.
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Because Bautista-Lopez fails to meet her burden of asylum, she cannot meet
the more stringent burden required for withholding of removal. See Sepulveda,
401 F.3d at 1232–33; 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(A).
With respect to Bautista-Lopez’s CAT claim, substantial evidence supports
the agency’s conclusion that she failed to demonstrate that the Salvadoran
government would acquiesce in her torture. “Acquiescence of a public official
requires that the public official, prior to the activity constituting torture, have
awareness of such activity and thereafter breach his or her legal responsibility to
intervene to prevent such activity.” 8 C.F.R. § 208.18(a)(7). We have affirmed the
BIA’s holding that a government does not “acquiesce” to torture in circumstances
where it “actively, albeit not entirely successfully, combats” the illegal activities.
Reyes-Sanchez, 369 F.3d 1239, 1243 (11th Cir. 2004). As discussed above, the
materials that Bautista-Lopez attached to her application indicate that the
Salvadoran government actively attempts to combat domestic violence.
Accordingly, we deny Bautista-Lopez’s claim.
PETITION DENIED.
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