NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS MAY 11 2020
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
EMPLOYERS MUTUAL CASUALTY No. 19-15835
COMPANY, an Iowa corporation,
D.C. No. 3:18-cv-08110-DWL
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v. MEMORANDUM*
DOREEN N. MCPAUL, Attorney General
of the Navajo Nation, in her official
capacity; CYNTHIA THOMPSON, Judge,
in her official capacity as tribal judge of the
Navajo Nation District Court; RUDY
BEDONIE, Judge, in his official capacity as
current tribal judge of the Navajo Nation
District Court,
Defendants-Appellants.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of Arizona
Dominic Lanza, District Judge, Presiding
Submitted May 7, 2020**
Portland, Oregon
*
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
**
The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
Before: WATFORD and HURWITZ, Circuit Judges, and BATTAGLIA, *** District
Judge.
The Navajo Nation sued Employers Mutual Casualty Co. (“EMC”) and two
of EMC’s insureds, among others, in tribal court. The suit alleged that the insureds
had caused a gasoline leak on tribal lands and that EMC had declined to defend them
in the tribal court litigation nor indemnify them against any resulting liability. EMC
moved to dismiss the claims against it for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. The
tribal court denied the motion, and the Navajo Nation Supreme Court denied a writ
of prohibition. EMC then brought this action in district court against officials of the
Navajo Nation, challenging the tribal court’s jurisdiction. The district court granted
summary judgment in favor of EMC. We have jurisdiction of the appeal by the
Navajo Nation defendants under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and affirm.
1. Because it is not contested that EMC’s relevant conduct—negotiating
and issuing general liability insurance contracts to non-Navajo entities—occurred
entirely outside of tribal land, tribal court jurisdiction cannot be premised on the
Navajo Nation’s right to exclude. See Window Rock Unified Sch. Dist. v. Reeves,
861 F.3d 894, 898, 904–05 (9th Cir. 2017) (construing Article II of the treaty
establishing the Navajo Reservation as allowing regulation of non-tribal defendants’
conduct on tribal land). The insurance contracts, which do not mention liability
***
The Honorable Anthony J. Battaglia, United States District Judge for
the Southern District of California, sitting by designation.
2
arising from activities on the reservation, bear no “direct connection to tribal lands.”
Knighton v. Cedarville Rancheria of N. Paiute Indians, 922 F.3d 892, 902 (9th Cir.
2019).
2. Tribal jurisdiction also cannot lie under the second exception in
Montana v. United States, because EMC’s conduct did not take place “within [the]
reservation.” 450 U.S. 544, 566 (1981); see also Water Wheel Camp Recreational
Area, Inc. v. LaRance, 642 F.3d 802, 815 (9th Cir. 2011) (per curiam) (noting that a
tribe generally lacks authority over non-Indians beyond the reservation’s borders).1
Moreover, EMC’s refusal to defend and indemnify its insureds does not “imperil the
subsistence of the tribal community.” Plains Commerce Bank v. Long Family Land
& Cattle Co., 554 U.S. 316, 341 (2008) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also
Yellowstone Cty. v. Pease, 96 F.3d 1169, 1177 (9th Cir. 1996) (noting that
speculative harm is “insufficient to constitute the requisite imperilment”).
AFFIRMED.
1
The Navajo Nation defendants agree that the first Montana exception does not
apply. Their attempt to analogize tribal jurisdiction to personal jurisdiction therefore
fails because the Due Process Clause analysis applicable to personal jurisdiction
relates only to determining whether a consensual relationship exists under the first
exception. See Smith v. Salish Kootenai Coll., 434 F.3d 1127, 1138 (9th Cir. 2006)
(en banc).
3