Thomas v. Hyundai

[Cite as Thomas v. Hyundai, 2020-Ohio-3030.]

COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA

SHANNON THOMAS, :

Plaintiff-Appellant, :
No. 108212
v. :

HYUNDAI OF BEDFORD, ET AL.:

Defendants-Appellees. :

JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION

JUDGMENT: AFFIRMED
RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: May 21, 2020

Civil Appeal from the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
Case No. CV-18-903250

Appearances:

Friedman & Associates, and Avery Friedman; Klebanow
Law, L.L.C., and Jared S. Klebanow, for appellant.

Zashin & Rich Co., L.P.A., Stephen S. Zashin, and David P.
Frantz, for appellees.

ON RECONSIDERATION1

1
The original decision in this appeal, Thomas v. Hyundai of Bedford, 8th Dist.
Cuyahoga No. 108212, 2020-Ohio-185, released on January 23, 2020, is hereby vacated.
This opinion, issued upon reconsideration, is the court’s journalized decision in this
appeal. See App.R. 22(C); see also S.Ct.Prac.R. 7.01.
KATHLEEN ANN KEOUGH, J.:

Plaintiff-appellant, Shannon Thomas (“Thomas”), appeals from the

trial court’s judgment that granted the motion of defendants-appellees, Migdal 1,

L.L.C., d.b.a. Hyundai of Bedford, Joe Delguidice, and Kyle Pisani (“appellees”), to

stay proceedings pending arbitration. We affirm.

I. Background

On December 15, 2017, Thomas signed an arbitration agreement with

his then-employer, Migdal 1, L.L.C. The arbitration agreement provided that

[a]s the exclusive means of initiating adversarial proceedings to resolve
any Covered Dispute, and pursuant to the Federal Arbitration Act (9
U.S.C. §1, either Migdal or Employee may demand that the dispute be
resolved by final and binding arbitration using the procedures
described in this Agreement, and each party hereby consents to all
Covered Disputes being so resolved.

The agreement defined “Covered Disputes” as

any actual or alleged claim or liability, regardless of its nature, that
Migdal or its owners, managers, members, officers, employees, agents,
or insurers may wish to bring against Employee, or that Employee may
wish to bring against Migdal or any of Migdal’s owners, managers,
members, officers, employees, agents, or insurers.

The agreement excluded from consideration as a “Covered Dispute” any claim by an

employee for unemployment compensation or workers’ compensation benefits, any

claim relating to a violation of the National Labor Relations Act, or any other claim

that under law cannot be the subject of a pre-dispute arbitration agreement.

The agreement provided that in any arbitration conducted pursuant

to the agreement, either Migdal or the employee “may seek and recover any amount
or type of damages or other legal or equitable relief that could have been recovered

had the action been brought in a court.” The agreement further provided that the

arbitrator’s award would be “final and binding forever” on both the employee and

Migdal, and neither Migdal nor the employee could appeal the arbitrator’s decision.

In September 2018, Thomas filed a two-count complaint against

Migdal, Pisani, and Delguidice. Thomas’s complaint asserted claims for race

discrimination (Count 1) and retaliation (Count 2) under Ohio Revised Code

Chapter 4112. Count 1 alleged that Thomas was discriminated against on the basis

of his race while he was employed by Migdal,2 and Count 2 alleged that Migdal,

Pisani, and Delguidice retaliated against Thomas by demoting him and not paying

him in the same manner as white employees when he complained about the

discrimination.

Appellees answered the complaint and then filed a motion to stay

proceedings pending arbitration and for costs and sanctions. Thomas filed a brief

opposing the motion. The trial court subsequently granted the motion to stay

proceedings pending arbitration and denied the motion for costs and sanctions.

This appeal followed.

2 Thomas, an African-American male, alleged in his complaint that employees
regularly used the “N-word” around him; one employee used a water balloon to act as if
he were spraying urine on Thomas; Thomas was paid half the pay of white managers;
Thomas’s pay was reduced even though white managers’ pay remained the same; white
managers were allowed to take a car from the lot home at night but Thomas was not
afforded the same privilege; white employees were paid a revenue bonus but Thomas was
not; management took no action when an employee told Thomas “I don’t fight n---ers, I
kill them”; and management did not discipline the same employee when he brought a gun
to work and was overheard threatening to shoot Thomas.
II. Law and Analysis

In his sole assignment of error, Thomas contends that the trial court

erred in granting appellees’ motion to stay proceedings pending arbitration. He

asserts that he cannot be compelled to arbitrate his discrimination and retaliation

claims because Ohio’s public policy commitment to challenging racial bias in the

workplace, as codified in R.C. Chapter 4112, “is so strong * * * that it permits direct

access to the courts without any administrative prerequisite.” (Appellant’s Brief, p.

10). He further contends that the arbitration agreement cannot be enforced because

it is unconscionable.

This court reviews a trial court’s decision to grant a motion to stay

litigation pending arbitration for an abuse of discretion. Avery v. Acad. Invest.,

L.L.C., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 107550, 2019-Ohio-3509, ¶ 9.

Ohio courts recognize a presumption favoring arbitration that arises

when the claim in dispute falls within the scope of the arbitration provision. Wallace

v. Ganley Auto Group, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 95081, 2011-Ohio-2909, ¶ 13.

Indeed, Ohio law requires a stay of proceedings when an arbitrable dispute has been

improperly brought before a court. See, e.g., McGuffey v. LensCrafters, Inc., 141

Ohio App.3d 44, 50, 749 N.E.2d 825 (12th Dist.2001) (noting that a trial court

“shall” stay proceedings pending arbitration once it is satisfied that an issue is

arbitrable); Sasaki v. McKinnon, 124 Ohio App.3d 613, 618, 707 N.E.2d 9 (8th

Dist.1997) (“The Ohio Arbitration Act, which strongly favors arbitration, compels

the court to review the arbitration clause at issue and, if the court is satisfied that
the dispute or claim is covered by the arbitration clause, give effect to the clause and

stay the proceedings pursuant to R.C. 2711.02.”). In light of this strong presumption

favoring arbitration, any doubts regarding arbitration should be resolved in its favor.

Ignazio v. Clear Channel Broadcasting, Inc., 113 Ohio St.3d 276, 2007-Ohio-1947,

865 N.E.2d 18, ¶ 18.

Despite this strong policy favoring arbitration, Thomas contends that

he should not be compelled to arbitrate his race discrimination and retaliation

claims. As support for his argument, Thomas first directs us to Justice Ruth Bader

Ginsburg’s dissent in Epic Sys. Corp. v. Lewis, 584 U.S. __, 138 S.Ct. 1612, 200

L.Ed.2d 889 (2018), wherein Justice Ginsburg stated:

It would be grossly exorbitant to read the FAA [Federal Arbitration Act]
to devastate Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 * * * and other laws
enacted to eliminate, root and branch, class-based employment
discrimination * * *. With fidelity to the Legislature’s will, the Court
could hardly hold otherwise.

Id. at 1648. Thomas suggests that this statement by Justice Ginsburg stands for the

proposition that after Epic Sys., individual, non-class action claims brought

pursuant to R.C. Chapter 4112 are not arbitrable.

We fail to see any connection between Epic Systems and this case.

The issue decided in Epic Systems was whether the Federal Arbitration Act permits

employers to include class-action waivers in arbitration agreements with their

employees, even though the National Labor Relations Act allows employees to

engage in “concerted activities” for their “mutual aid and protection.” Id. at 1633.

The majority held that class-action waivers in arbitration agreements are
enforceable; Justice Ginsburg would have answered the question with a “resounding

no.” Id. As aptly stated in Thomas’s brief, “Epic Systems had nothing to do with

individual, non-class action cases like Shannon Thomas’s case.” (Appellant’s Brief,

p. 9).

The excerpt Thomas quotes from Justice Ginsburg’s dissent does not

support his argument that after Epic Systems, non-class action discrimination

claims are immune from arbitration. To the contrary, reading the paragraph as a

whole, it explains Justice Ginsburg’s belief that the majority’s holding in Epic

Systems does not threaten an individual litigant’s ability to pursue disparate impact

or pattern-or-practice claims, even though such claims may require proof on a

group-wide basis.

We also find no merit to Thomas’s assertion that this is a case of “first

impression” after Epic Systems involving non-class action claims for workplace

discrimination subject to an arbitration agreement. In Jones v. Carrols, L.L.C., 9th

Dist. Summit No. 28918, 2019-Ohio-211, Jones argued that the arbitration

agreement he had signed requiring him to arbitrate claims against his employer was

against public policy because it contained a class-action waiver. The Ninth District

disagreed, noting that in Epic Systems, the Supreme Court held that arbitration

agreements requiring individualized arbitration instead of class or collective

proceedings did not violate the National Labor Relations Act, and that the Federal

Arbitration Act required enforcement of the agreements. Id. at ¶ 27, citing Epic

Systems, __ U.S. __, 138 S.Ct. at 1616, 200 L.Ed.2d 889. Notably, as relevant to
Thomas’s argument, the Ninth District also rejected Jones’s other arguments

regarding the enforceability of the arbitration agreement, and held, even after Epic

Systems, that Jones’s individual, non-class action claims for, among other things,

race and age discrimination, were subject to arbitration under the arbitration

agreement. Id. at ¶ 47.

Thomas next contends the trial court erred in staying proceedings

pending arbitration because there is “Ohio precedent which affords Ohio workers

the choice to go to arbitration or to the court of common pleas under O.R.C. Section

4112.” (Appellant’s Brief, p. 9.) But Thomas’s citations to Thomas v. GE Co., 131

Ohio App.3d 825, 723 N.E.2d 1139 (1st Dist.1999), and Luginbihl v. Milcor L.P., 3d

Dist. Allen No. 1-01-162, 2002-Ohio-2188, as support for this argument are not on

point. Both Thomas and Luginbihl stand for the proposition that a union cannot, in

a collective bargaining agreement, prospectively waive a member’s right to select a

judicial forum for the resolution of the member’s statutory claims, even if the

collective bargaining agreement contains a grievance procedure that culminates in

binding arbitration. Thomas at 831; Luginbihl at ¶ 28. That is so because statutory

discrimination rights are distinct from contractual collective bargaining rights and

are independent of the arbitration process. Haynes v. Ohio Turnpike Comm., 177

Ohio App.3d 1, 2008-Ohio-133, 893 N.E.2d 850, ¶ 17-18 (8th Dist.); Luginbihl at

¶ 29. Thus, the employee is not required to proceed to arbitration under the

collective bargaining agreement and may proceed in state court with his or her

discrimination and retaliation claims. Thomas at 831.
 This case does not involve a collective bargaining agreement,

however, or a union acting on Thomas’s behalf. Instead, it involves an arbitration

agreement that Thomas signed on his own behalf in which he agreed to submit his

claims to arbitration. Despite Thomas’s failure to so acknowledge, there are

numerous cases from Ohio courts holding that an employee’s race discrimination

and retaliation claims brought pursuant to R.C. Chapter 4112 are arbitrable where

the employee has signed an arbitration agreement. See, e.g., Doe v. Contemporary

Servs. Corp., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 107229, 2019-Ohio-635; Jones, 9th Dist.

Summit No. 28918, 2019-Ohio-211; Wolfe v. J.C. Penney Corp., 10th Dist. Franklin

No. 18AP-70, 2018-Ohio-3881; Hay v. Summit Funding, Inc., 4th Dist. Ross No.

16CA3577, 2017-Ohio-8261; Rivera v. Rent A Ctr., Inc., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.

101959, 2015-Ohio-3765; Melia v. OfficeMax N. Am., Inc., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.

87249, 2006-Ohio-4765; Butcher v. Bally Total Fitness Corp., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga

No. 81593, 2003-Ohio-1734.

In short, Thomas’s argument that his race discrimination and

retaliation claims are not arbitrable is without merit. Thomas correctly asserts that

Ohio has a strong public policy against workplace discrimination. However,

consistent with the case law cited above and Ohio’s public policy in favor of

arbitration, it is apparent that claims asserting workplace discrimination and

retaliation, such as Thomas’s, are subject to arbitration when the claims fall with the

scope of the arbitration agreement, which they do here.
 The dissent, relying on this court’s decision in Arnold v. Burger King,

8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 101465, 2015-Ohio-4485, finds that the arbitration

agreement is not enforceable because Thomas’s claims “are outside the scope of the

arbitration agreement,” and arbitration of his claims would be against public policy.

In Arnold, an employee asserted claims against her employer and her

supervisor for sexual harassment, negligent retention, emotional distress, assault,

intentional tort, and discrimination, all of which arose out of a workplace rape by

the supervisor. Id. at ¶ 5. The defendants moved to compel arbitration, which the

trial court denied. Id. at ¶ 8. This court affirmed on appeal, finding that the

plaintiff’s claims were outside the scope of the arbitration agreement and, for many

reasons, the agreement was also procedurally and substantively unconscionable. Id.

at ¶ 35, 74-77, and 85-103.

Arnold is distinguishable from this case, however. The Arnold court

began its analysis regarding the scope of the arbitration agreement by noting that

“principles of equity require that greater scrutiny be given to arbitration provisions

that do not involve parties of equal sophistication and bargaining power.” Id. at

¶ 25. The Arnold court concluded that increased scrutiny of the arbitration

agreement in that case was necessary because the plaintiff was an “entry-level

employee,” as opposed to the corporate defendant, which owned and operated

numerous Burger King franchises. Id. at ¶ 1. Such a pronounced disparity in

bargaining power is not the situation in this case, however. Thomas was the Finance

Manager at Migdal; thus, he was a professional with a management position who,
unlike an entry-level employee, may be assumed to well understand the implications

of signing an arbitration agreement.

Continuing its analysis, the Arnold court found that in determining

whether a cause of action is within the scope of an arbitration agreement, the Ohio

Supreme Court has adopted the method articulated in Fazio v. Lehman Bros., Inc.,

340 F.3d 386 (6th Cir.2003). Arnold at ¶ 30. “A proper method of analysis is to ask

if an action could be maintained without reference to the contract or relationship at

issue. If it could, it is likely outside the scope of the arbitration agreement.” Fazio

at ¶ 395. Nevertheless, “even real torts can be covered by arbitration clauses ‘[i]f the

allegations underlying the claims “touch matters” covered by the [agreement].’”

(Brackets sic.) Id., quoting Genesco, Inc. v. T. Kakiuchi & Co., Ltd., 815 F.2d 840,

846 (2d Cir.1987).

Thus, we must examine the factual allegations of Thomas’s

complaint, instead of just the causes of action, to determine whether his claims may

be independently maintained without reference to the employment relationship.

We conclude they cannot because, in fact, they arise directly out of that relationship.

Thomas brings his claims pursuant to R.C. 4112.02, which prohibits discriminatory

employment practices. Thus, Thomas’s employment with Migdal is the predicate

upon which his claims are based; they cannot arise under R.C. 4112.02 absent his

employment by Migdal and therefore, cannot be maintained without reference to

the employment relationship. It is simply not true, as posited by the dissent, that

“any individual” could assert the same claims against Migdal based upon the same
facts because the claims are dependent upon that individual being employed by

Migdal.

Furthermore, this case is factually distinguishable from Arnold. The

factual allegations of the complaint are unsupported by any police report or criminal

investigation and rest entirely upon the assertions of the plaintiff. Moreover, the

facts supporting the Arnold court’s conclusion that the plaintiff’s claims were

outside the scope of the arbitration agreement because they were not a foreseeable

result of her employment with Burger King are not present in this case. In Arnold,

the court concluded that it was not “reasonably foreseeable that the arbitration

contract encompassed the conduct in question” because (1) the plaintiff was not a

professional whose education, experience, and marketability gave her an option to

seek employment elsewhere instead of accepting employment that required

arbitration; (2) the employer “possessed unique and superior knowledge of the

employment environment when the [employment agreement] was executed,”

including a class-action suit for hostile work environment and sexual harassment

against the employer that had been ongoing for over ten years when the plaintiff was

raped; and (3) the arbitration agreement was ambiguous. Arnold, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 10145, 2015-Ohio-4485 at ¶ 45-47, and 57.

None of those factors apply here. As discussed earlier, Thomas was

an educated professional who understood the ramifications of signing an arbitration

agreement and who could have sought employment elsewhere if he did not wish to

sign the agreement. Furthermore, there is nothing in the record indicating that
Migdal had unique knowledge of a racist work environment at Hyundai of Bedford.

In fact, although the dissent concludes that Thomas had worked at Hyundai for

seven months before signing the arbitration agreement, at oral argument, defense

counsel asserted, and counsel for Thomas did not dispute, that Thomas worked at

Hyundai for some months, left, and then signed the arbitration agreement when he

was rehired. Thus, Thomas would have been very aware of the work environment

at Hyundai when he signed the agreement. Finally, the agreement is not ambiguous;

it specifically defines “Covered Disputes” such that a signatory to the agreement

would easily understand the claims he was agreeing to arbitrate. Accordingly, unlike

the dissent, we find Arnold distinguishable from this case.

We next consider whether the agreement is unconscionable so as to

prevent its enforcement. Although arbitration is encouraged as a way to settle

disputes, an arbitration clause is not enforceable if it is unconscionable. Felix v.

Ganley Chevrolet, Inc., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga Nos. 86990 and 86991, 2006-Ohio-

4500, ¶ 15. Questions of unconscionability are reviewed under a de novo standard

of review. McCaskey v. Sanford-Brown College, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 97261,

2012-Ohio-1543, ¶ 8. Under a de novo standard, we give no deference to the trial

court’s decision. Brownlee v. Cleveland Clinic Found., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.

97707, 2012-Ohio-2212, ¶ 9.

Unconscionability includes both an absence of meaningful choice on

the part of one of the parties to a contract, together with contract terms that are

unreasonably favorable to the other party. Hayes v. Oakridge Homes, 122 Ohio
St.3d 63, 2009-Ohio-2054, 908 N.E.2d 408, ¶ 20; Collins v. Click Camera & Video,

Inc., 86 Ohio App.3d 826, 834, 621 N.E.2d 1294 (2d Dist.1993). It consists of two

separate concepts: (1) substantive unconscionability; and (2) procedural

unconscionability. Olah v. Ganley Chevrolet, Inc., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 86132,

2006-Ohio-694, ¶ 14.

Substantive unconscionability goes to the unfairness or

unreasonableness of the contractual terms. Featherstone v. Merrill Lynch, Pierce,

Fenner & Smith, Inc., 159 Ohio App.3d 27, 2004-Ohio-5953, 822 N.E.2d 841, ¶ 13

(9th Dist.). When a contractual term is “so one-sided as to oppress or unfairly

surprise” a party, the contractual term is said to be substantively unconscionable.

Neubrander v. Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc., 81 Ohio App.3d 308, 311-312, 610

N.E.2d 1089 (9th Dist.1992).

Procedural unconscionability, on the other hand, concerns the

formation of the agreement, and occurs when one party has such superior

bargaining power that the other party lacks a “meaningful choice” to enter into the

contract. DeVito v. Autos Direct Online, Inc., 2015-Ohio-3336, 37 N.E.3d 194, ¶ 19

(8th Dist.), citing Taylor Bldg. Corp. of Am. v. Benfield, 117 Ohio St.3d 352, 2008-

Ohio-938, 884 N.E.2d 12, ¶ 33. Courts have also characterized it as a lack of

voluntary meeting of the minds due to the circumstances surrounding the execution

of the contract. Collins at 834. In determining procedural unconscionability, courts

should consider factors relating to the bargaining power of each party, “such as age,

education, intelligence, business acumen and experience, relative bargaining power,
who drafted the contract, whether the terms were explained to the weaker party, and

whether alterations in the printed terms were possible.” Id. Generally, no one factor

alone determines whether a contract is procedurally unconscionable. Hayes at ¶ 29.

Instead, a court must consider the totality of the circumstances. Id. at ¶ 30.

A finding of unconscionability requires both procedural and

substantive unconscionability, although procedural and substantive aspects of

unconscionability are often integrally related. DeVito at ¶ 20. Most cases of

unconscionability involve a combination of procedural and substantive

unconscionability, and if more of one is present, then less of the other is required.

Id. “The more substantively oppressive the contract term, the less evidence of

procedural unconscionability is required.” Id., citing 1 E. Allan Farnsworth,

Farnsworth on Contracts, § 4.28, at 585 (3d Ed.2004).

Thomas contends that the arbitration agreement is procedurally

unconscionable because he was “forced” to sign the agreement months after he

began his employment with Migdal, and that Migdal had him “sign off [his] rights

as if there were some bargaining relationship, when there was not.” (Appellant’s

Brief, p. 12.) In short, Thomas contends that he had no “meaningful choice” but to

sign the agreement because he could not reasonably be expected to quit his job and

find new employment.

In its reply to Thomas’s brief in opposition to Migdal’s motion to stay

proceedings pending arbitration, Migdal admitted that Thomas’s continued

employment was conditioned upon his signing the arbitration agreement. (Reply
Brief, p. 7.) Thus we find disingenuous appellees’ repeated assertions to this court

that Thomas was not forced to sign the agreement because he could have revoked

his signature under paragraph 22 of the agreement within seven days of signing.

Nevertheless, the case law is clear that in an at-will employment

situation, Ohio employers may condition employment on the employee’s agreement

to arbitrate disputes. Dacres v. Setjo, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 107638, 2019-Ohio-

2914, ¶ 36; Ignazio v. Clear Channel Broadcasting, Inc., 113 Ohio St.3d 276, 2007-

Ohio-1947, 865 N.E.2d 18 (enforcing arbitration agreement that conditioned

continued employment upon signing the agreement); Overman v. Ganley Ford W.,

Inc., N.D. Ohio No. 1:15 CV 1581, 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 169601, 3-4 (Dec. 17, 2015)

(rejecting plaintiff’s argument that the arbitration agreement should not be enforced

because, among other reasons, “he was forced to sign the Arbitration Agreement to

keep his job”). Thus, Thomas’s argument that the agreement is procedurally

unconscionable because he had no choice but to sign the agreement in order to keep

his job is without merit.

Thomas also contends that the agreement is procedurally

unconscionable because he did not have an opportunity to understand its terms

before signing it. Thomas’s argument is not persuasive. He cites to no evidence to

support this assertion, and our review of the agreement reveals that Thomas signed

the agreement directly below a paragraph, written in bold lettering and all capital

letters, that stated:

I UNDERSTAND THAT, BY SIGNING THIS AGREEMENT, AND
EXCEPT WHERE PROHIBITED BY LAW, I AM GIVING UP
 FOREVER MY RIGHT TO HAVE A COURT AND A JURY DECIDE
CLAIMS THAT I MIGHT WANT TO BRING AGAINST THE OTHER
PARTY, IF THOSE CLAIMS ARE COVERED BY THIS AGREEMENT.
I ALSO UNDERSTAND THAT I SHOULD CONSULT A LAWYER OF
MY CHOICE BEFORE SIGNING THIS AGREEMENT.

In light of the bolded, all-caps admonition that Thomas should consult a lawyer

before signing the agreement, we cannot conclude that Thomas did not have a

reasonable opportunity to understand the terms of the arbitration agreement before

he signed it.

Thomas also claims that the agreement is procedurally

unconscionable because it provides that the arbitrator’s award is final and binding

and not subject to appeal. Thomas cites no legal authority for this argument, but

claims that the “final and binding” nature of the arbitration award makes the

agreement unconscionable because he would have no ability to appeal if he

experienced any bias from the arbitrator. Under this logic, however, almost all

arbitration agreements would be unconscionable, given the ubiquity of agreements

that provide for final and binding arbitration.

Having determined that Thomas failed to establish the procedural

unconscionability of the agreement, we need not examine whether it is substantively

unconscionable. Jones, 9th Dist. Summit No. 28918, 2019-Ohio-211 at ¶ 21.

Accordingly, because Thomas’s claims are arbitrable and he failed to demonstrate

the agreement was unconscionable, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by
staying the proceedings pending arbitration.3 Despite the dissent’s conclusion that

it is against public policy to arbitrate claims such as Thomas’s, we note again that

Ohio has a strong public policy in favor of arbitration, including arbitration of claims

asserting workplace racial discrimination and unlawful retaliatory actions as a result

of the plaintiff’s complaints about such discrimination.

Judgment affirmed.

It is ordered that appellee recover from appellant costs herein taxed.

The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

It is ordered that a special mandate be sent to said court to carry this judgment

into execution.

3 In Dacres v. Setjo, L.L.C., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 107638, 2019-Ohio-2914, a
different panel of this court considered the same arbitration agreement as at issue here
and rejected plaintiff’s claim that it was unconscionable because, as in this case, the
plaintiff failed to demonstrate the agreement was procedurally unconscionable. Id. at
¶ 45. The Dacres court therefore affirmed the trial court’s judgment staying proceedings
pending arbitration without examining whether the agreement was substantively
unconscionable.
 A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27

of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.

KATHLEEN ANN KEOUGH, JUDGE

EILEEN A. GALLAGHER, J., CONCURS;
MARY EILEEN KILBANE, P.J., DISSENTS WITH SEPARATE OPINION

MARY EILEEN KILBANE, P.J., DISSENTING:

I respectfully dissent. I would reverse the trial court’s judgment

granting Migdal’s motion to stay pending submission of Thomas’s claims to

arbitration.

The instant case presents us with a situation where an employee has

alleged to have been repeatedly subjected to racial discrimination together with

racially motivated death threats in a workplace with a record of racial

discrimination. The majority finds that Thomas’s workplace discrimination claims

are arbitrable because they fall within the scope of the arbitration agreement and

Migdal’s arbitration agreement is not unconscionable. I respectfully disagree. In

light of the egregious circumstances of this case, I would find that Thomas’s claims

are outside the scope of the arbitration agreement and the enforcement of Migdal’s

arbitration agreement is against public policy.

In Arnold, this court recognized Ohio’s pro-arbitration stance, but

also recognized that in order for an arbitration agreement to be enforceable, the

agreement must apply to the disputed issue. Id., 2015-Ohio-4485, 48 N.E.2d 69 at
¶ 27, citing Academy of Medicine. The majority finds the Arnold case

distinguishable. I find Arnold instructive.

Arnold is an employment dispute case arising from the alleged rape

of Arnold (the plaintiff-employee) by her supervisor while she was cleaning the

men’s bathroom at a Burger King restaurant. Arnold filed a complaint against

Burger King alleging six causes of action: sexual harassment; respondent

superior/negligent retention; emotional distress; assault; intentional tort; and

employment discrimination. Id. at ¶ 5. In response to Arnold’s complaint, Burger

King sought to compel arbitration, citing to the mandatory arbitration agreement

Arnold executed as a term of her employment. The trial court denied Burger King’s

motion. Id. at ¶ 6, 8.

On appeal, this court affirmed the trial court’s judgment, finding that

Arnold’s claims relating to and arising from the sexual assault exist independent of

the employment relationship because they can be ‘“maintained without reference to

the contract or relationship at issue.’” Id. at ¶ 65, citing Academy of Medicine.

In determining whether a claim is within the scope of the arbitration

agreement, the Arnold court stated that:

“[a] proper method of analysis here is to ask if an action could be
maintained without reference to the contract or relationship at issue.
If it could, it is likely outside the scope of the arbitration agreement.”
Acad. of Med., 108 Ohio St.3d 185, 2006-Ohio-657, 842 N.E.2d 488 at
¶ 35 (adopting Fazio protocol for state court arbitrability analysis). See
also Complete Personnel Logistics, Inc. v. Patton, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga
No. 86857, 2006-Ohio-3356, ¶ 15 (“tort claims that may be asserted
independently, without reference to the contract, fall outside the scope
of the arbitration provision”).
 The Academy of Medicine court elaborated on the propriety of
employing the Fazio test in light of the presumption of arbitrability in
Ohio:

The Fazio test does not act as a detriment to arbitration. It
functions as a tool to determine a key question of arbitrability —
whether the parties agreed to arbitrate the question at issue. It
prevents the absurdity of an arbitration clause barring a party to
the agreement from litigating any matter against the other party,
regardless of how unrelated to the subject of the agreement. It
allows courts to make determinations of arbitrability based
upon the factual allegations in the complaint instead of on the
legal theories presented. It also establishes that the existence of
a contract between the parties does not mean that every dispute
between the parties is arbitrable.

(Emphasis added.) Academy of Medicine at ¶ 29.

Id. at ¶ 30-31.

The Arnold court also addressed foreseeability and recognized that if

the claims were not an immediately, foreseeable result of the employment, they were

not within the scope of the clause. Id. at ¶ 45, citing Doe v. Princess Cruise Lines,

Ltd., 657 F.3d 1204, 1219 (11th Cir.2011). The “‘overarching issue is whether the

parties agreed to arbitrate the issue.’” Academy of Medicine, 108 Ohio St.3d 185,

2006-Ohio-657, 842 N.E.2d 488 at ¶ 19, quoting Mitsubishi Motors Corp., 473 U.S.

at 626, 105 S.Ct. 3346, 87 L.Ed.2d 444. “Was it reasonably foreseeable that the

arbitration contract encompassed the conduct in question?” Arnold at ¶ 45, citing

Fazio, 340 F.3d 386 at ¶ 395.

In applying this analysis to the facts in Arnold, the court examined

the factual allegations underlying Arnold’s claim “to determine whether arbitration

of the claims may be independently maintained without reference to the contract or
relationship at issue, bringing them outside of the scope of arbitration.” Id. at ¶ 62,

citing Academy of Medicine at ¶ 35. The Arnold court also determined “whether the

acts complained of were a foreseeable result of Arnold’s employment.” Id., citing

Doe, 657 F.3d at 1218-1219. The Arnold court stated:

The complaint states that Arnold was constantly subjected to ongoing
verbal and unwanted physical conduct that culminated in rape. On
July 21, 2012, Arnold was cleaning the men’s restroom when Matthews
[Arnold’s supervisor] entered, grabbed Arnold by her hair, pushed her
against the door and forced her to give him oral sex. She has incurred
and believes she will continue to incur treatment for her medical and
psychological injuries. The complaint also states that [Burger King]
had actual or constructive knowledge of Matthews’ tendencies and that
he posed a hazard.

The complaint further provides that [Burger King] and supervisor
Matthews retaliated or threatened to retaliate against Arnold,
including termination, due to her attempt to enforce her rights; that
she suffered unrelenting abuse, torment, harassment, threats, and
embarrassment; and that she will require medical care and psychiatric
counseling. It is also asserted that [Burger King] aided, abetted,
incited, compelled, and coerced others to engage in unlawful
discriminatory practices and/or interfere with or to obstruct Arnold.

Based on the underlying facts, we find that Arnold’s claims relating to
and arising from the sexual assault exist independent of the
employment relationship as they may be “maintained without
reference to the contract or relationship at issue.” Academy of
Medicine, 108 Ohio St.3d 185, 2006-Ohio-657, 842 N.E.2d 488, at ¶
24; Fazio, 340 F.3d 386, at ¶ 395, and Winters Law Firm. L.L.C. v.
Groedel, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 99922, 2013-Ohio-5260, ¶ 14. Any
individual could assert the same causes of action based on the
underlying facts.

A patron may, for example based on the asserted facts, pursue an action
for sexual harassment per the Ohio Civil Rights Act that prohibits
discriminatory practices by a proprietor, employer, keeper, or manager
of a place of public accommodation (R.C. 4112.02(G)) that includes a
restaurant. R.C. 4112.02(H)(9). In addition, R.C. 4112.02(I) prohibits
unlawful discrimination for opposing unlawful discriminatory
practices.
 The second step of our scope of agreement analysis is to inquire
whether the claims are a foreseeable result of the employment. Doe,
657 F.3d at 1218-1219. We find that ongoing verbal and physical
contact culminating in sexual assault as well as retaliation, harassment,
or other detrimental acts against Arnold based on the unlawful conduct
is not a foreseeable result of the employment.

Id. at ¶ 63-67.

Similarly, in the instant case, Thomas alleges he was subject to racial

slurs and taunting almost immediately after he began working at Migdal. His

coworkers allegedly regularly used the “n-word” around him and one coworker

allegedly acted as if he was spraying urine on Thomas with a balloon. He further

alleges that following the settlement of two racial discrimination cases filed by

former African-American employees against Migdal, Migdal required its employees

to sign an arbitration agreement forever foregoing their rights in court on a “covered

dispute.”

Thomas had been employed for seven months at the time he was

required to sign the arbitration agreement. After he signed the arbitration

agreement, Thomas alleges that he was subject to the outrageous and life-

threatening conduct by his Migdal coworkers. In addition, Migdal management

allegedly took no action after Thomas advised them that a coworker told him, “I

don’t fight n------, I kill them,” nor did management discipline the same employee

when he allegedly brought a gun to work and was overheard threatening to shoot

Thomas. Instead, Thomas alleges he was demoted from finance manager to sales

associate after reporting the life-threatening, racist events to Migdal management.

As Finance Manager, Thomas alleges his pay was half the pay of his fellow white
managers. Thomas claims white managers were paid a revenue bonus, but Thomas

was not, and white managers were allowed to take home a car from the lot, but

Thomas was not afforded the same privilege.

Just as the majority in Arnold found, I would find, based on the

underlying factual allegations, that Thomas’s racial discrimination claim, which

encompasses outrageous life-threatening, criminal conduct, exists independent of

his employment relationship with Migdal as it can be “‘maintained without

reference to the contract or relationship at issue.’” Arnold at ¶ 65, quoting Academy

of Medicine at ¶ 24. Indeed, “[a]ny individual could assert the same causes of action

based on the underlying facts.” Id. The outrageous criminal conduct — death

threats — alleged by Thomas could be asserted by anyone. Death threats are legally

distinct from the contractual relationship between Migdal and Thomas. Arnold at ¶

35, citing Aiken v. World Fin. Corp., 373 S.C. 144, 644 S.E.2d 705 (2007), citing

McMahon v. RMS Electronics, Inc., 618 F.Supp. 189, 191 (S.D.N.Y. 1985).

Additionally, a patron at the car dealership may, based on the asserted facts, pursue

an action for racial discrimination per the Ohio Civil Rights Act that prohibits

discriminatory practices by a proprietor, employer, keeper, or manager of a place of

public accommodation. R.C. 4112.02(G); R.C. 4112.01(H)(9).

With regard to foreseeability, I would find that the alleged death

threats and racism experienced by Thomas as well as the alleged workplace

retaliation is not a foreseeable result of his employment. Arnold at ¶ 67.
 Moreover, the facts and circumstances of the instant case necessitate

a finding that Migdal’s broadly drafted arbitration clause is against policy.

A court may refuse to enforce a contract when it violates public policy.
Marsh v. Lampert, 129 Ohio App.3d 685, 687, 718 N.E.2d 997 (12th
Dist.1998), citing Garretson v. S.D. Myers, Inc., 72 Ohio App.3d 785,
788, 596 N.E.2d 512 (9th Dist.1991). The court in Eagle, 157 Ohio
App.3d 150, 2004-Ohio-829, 809 N.E.2d 1161, explained:

A refusal to enforce a contract on the grounds of public policy may be
distinguished from a finding of unconscionability. Rather than focus on
the relationship between the parties and the effect of the agreement
upon them, public policy analysis requires the court to consider the
impact of such arrangements upon society as a whole.

Id. at ¶ 63.

Moreover, a contract injurious to the interests of the state will not be
enforced. King v. King, 63 Ohio St. 363, 372, 59 N.E. 111 (1900). 17
Ohio Jurisprudence 3d, Contracts, Section 94, at 528 (1980), states:

Public policy is the community common sense and common
conscience, extended and applied throughout the state to matters of
public morals, health, safety, welfare, and the like. Again, public policy
is that principle of law which holds that no one can lawfully do that
which has a tendency to be injurious to the public or against the public
good. Accordingly, contracts which bring about results which the law
seeks to prevent are unenforceable as against public policy. Moreover,
actual injury is never required to be shown; it is the tendency to the
prejudice of the public’s good which vitiates contractual relations.
(Footnotes omitted.)

Hedeen v. Autos Direct Online, Inc., 2014-Ohio-4200, 19 N.E.3d 957, ¶ 44-45 (8th

Dist.).

It is true that Ohio courts have found that an employee’s race

discrimination claims brought under R.C. Chapter 4112 are arbitrable where the

employee has signed an arbitration agreement. I also recognize that Ohio courts,

and indeed this court in Dacres, have found Ohio employers may condition
employment on the employee’s agreement to arbitrate disputes. This case is

different; the facts and circumstances here necessitate a finding that Migdal’s

arbitration clause is against public policy. Arbitration was never intended to shield

such threatening and possibly criminal workplace conduct.

For these reasons, I would reverse the trial court’s ruling granting

Migdal’s motion to stay pending arbitration.