UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
MDEWAKANTON BAND OF SIOUX IN
MINNESOTA et al.,
Plaintiffs,
Civil Action No. 19-402 (TJK)
v.
DAVID L. BERNHARDT et al.,
Defendants.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
This is an action for a writ of mandamus requiring the Department of the Interior to list
the Mdewakanton Band of Sioux in Minnesota as a federally recognized Indian tribe. Plaintiffs
argue that the United States has already recognized the Mdewakanton Band through various
treaties and congressional acts, and therefore, Interior is required to list it as federally
recognized. Defendants have moved to dismiss, arguing, among other things, that the
Mdewakanton Band has failed to exhaust administrative remedies. For that reason, as explained
below, the Court will grant the motion.
I. Background
Plaintiffs filed this suit in February 2019, seeking a writ of mandamus to require the
Department of the Interior (“Interior”) to list the Mdewakanton Band of Sioux in Minnesota (the
“Mdewakanton Band”) as a federally recognized Indian tribe. ECF No. 1 (“Compl.”).
According to the complaint, the individual plaintiffs, Terri Robertson-Torgerson, Ross
Torgerson, and Ross Torgerson’s unnamed minor child, are lineal descendants of members of the
Mdewakanton Band who lived in Minnesota in the 1800s before the Civil War. Id. ¶¶ 11–20,
37–46. Plaintiffs allege that although the Mdewakanton Band has not completed Interior’s
administrative process to acknowledge its status, it is a federally recognized tribe, having
attained that status through various nineteenth-century treaties and congressional acts, and
therefore, Interior has violated the Federally Recognized Indian Tribe List Act of 1994 (“List
Act”) by failing to list it. Id. ¶¶ 155–209. In this lawsuit, they seek a writ of mandamus to
correct that alleged error.
The complaint recounts the Mdewakanton Band’s complicated history. The
Mdewakanton Band were one of four tribes making up the Dakota Sioux, until the Dakota Sioux
split into two separate entities, the upper tribes and the lower tribes. Id. ¶ 68. The Mdewakanton
Band were part of the lower tribes. Id. From 1851 to 1858, the lower tribes and the United
States entered into a series of peace treaties in which the tribes ceded or sold land to the United
States in exchange for compensation or the creation of reservations. Id. ¶¶ 71–79. In each of
these treaties, the Mdewakanton Band was recognized as a distinct entity capable of negotiating
with the United States. See id. ¶¶ 71–74, 78–79, 80–82. In 1854, the Lake Pepin Reservation
was also set aside for Dakota “mixed-bloods”—mainly Mdewakanton Band members. Id.
¶¶ 80–92. Plaintiffs allege that Thomas A. Robertson, ancestor of petitioners, was a holder of
and eligible for scrip to the Lake Pepin Reservation. Id. ¶ 19.
In 1862, the United States and several Sioux tribes—including parts of the Mdewakanton
Band—engaged in an armed conflict known as the Sioux Uprising. See DeCoteau v. Dist. Cty.
Court for Tenth Judicial Dist., 420 U.S. 425, 431 (1975); Compl. ¶ 93. But some Sioux,
including Robertson, did not participate in the uprising and instead helped rescue settlers who
had been captured. Compl. at 3, ¶¶ 94–95. In February 1863, the United States abrogated parts
of its treaties with the Sioux tribes that participated in the uprising but reaffirmed a promise of
land for those who had helped rescue settlers. Id. ¶¶ 99–100; see Mdewakanton Sioux Indians of
2
Minnesota v. Zinke, 264 F. Supp. 3d 116, 119–21 (D.D.C. 2017). The abrogation did not affect
the Lake Pepin Reservation. Compl. ¶¶ 66, 104–05. In 1888, 1889, and 1890, Congress again
set aside land for the Mdewakanton who did not participate in the uprising. Id. ¶¶ 138–43.
Plaintiffs allege that these acts only applied to individuals who had severed their tribal
relations, such as other parts of the Mdewakanton that remained in Minnesota after the uprising,
and not to their ancestors. Id. at 3, ¶¶ 52–53, 101, 138–43. They therefore assert that Robertson
and his descendants, having never severed their tribal relations, retain federal recognition as an
Indian tribe through pre-uprising treaties as well as the February 1863 Act. Id. ¶¶ 101, 107–08,
144–45. Under the List Act’s stipulation that tribes “may be recognized by Act of Congress,”
Plaintiffs allege that the Mdewakanton Band is a federally recognized tribe, but Interior has
simply not listed it as such. Id. ¶¶ 157–63; ECF No. 10 at 18–23.
Before filing this suit, the Mdewakanton Band allegedly submitted a petition under 25
C.F.R. § 83 “seeking reaffirmation” as an acknowledged tribe. Compl. ¶¶ 6, 200. That
regulation, known simply as Part 83, was promulgated by Interior under the Indian
Reorganization Act and sets out procedures for Indian groups to obtain formal recognition.
Id. ¶ 149. Because 25 C.F.R. § 83.3 states that it “applies only to indigenous entities that are not
federally recognized Indian tribes,” Plaintiffs assert that Part 83 does not apply to them because
they are recognized, just not listed—but that they still submitted a Part 83 petition out of an
“abundance of caution.” Id. ¶¶ 150–51, 200. Interior did not act on the petition. Id. ¶ 7.
Plaintiffs allege that before receiving a response, Interior changed its regulations, disallowing
applications for reaffirmation and leaving the Mdewakanton Band with no recourse because Part
83 does not apply to recognized tribes. Id. ¶¶ 8–9, 149–51, 168, 201, 207, 252. Plaintiffs seek a
3
writ of mandamus requiring Interior to add the Mdewakanton Band to their list. 1 They do not
seek review of Interior’s inaction on their 2014 petition under the Administrative Procedure Act
(APA).
Defendants moved to dismiss the complaint under Federal Rules of Civil Procedure
12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6). ECF No. 8 at 1. They argue that (1) the decision to recognize Indian
tribes is a non-justiciable political question; (2) the Court lacks jurisdiction because Plaintiffs’
petition is untimely; and (3) Plaintiffs failed to exhaust administrative remedies. See generally
ECF No. 8. Plaintiffs oppose the motion. ECF No. 10. Plaintiffs also filed a motion for leave to
file a surreply, claiming that Defendants raised a new argument in their reply brief. See ECF No.
13; ECF No. 12. Defendants oppose. ECF No. 14.
II. Legal Standard
To survive a rule 12(b)(1) motion to dismiss for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction, the
plaintiff must prove by a preponderance of the evidence that the Court has jurisdiction. Lujan v.
Defs. of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 561 (1992). Because subject-matter jurisdiction concerns the
Court’s power to hear the claim, the Court must give the plaintiff’s factual allegations closer
scrutiny when resolving a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(1) than one under Rule 12(b)(6).
Macharia v. United States, 334 F.3d 61, 64 (D.C. Cir. 2003).
To survive a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), “a complaint must contain sufficient
factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft
1
In Count II of their complaint, Plaintiffs seek “in the alternative” a declaratory judgment and
injunction adding the Mdewakanton Band to the list. Compl. ¶¶ 210, 253–55. But “a request for
injunctive relief is a remedy and does not assert any separate cause of action.” Dentons US LLP
v. Republic of Guinea, 208 F. Supp. 3d 330, 341 (D.D.C. 2016) (internal quotation marks and
citation omitted). As such, this count need not be considered independently from Plaintiffs’
request for mandamus relief.
4
v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570
(2007)). The Court must “accept the well-pleaded factual allegations as true and draw all
reasonable inferences from those allegations in the plaintiff’s favor.” Arpaio v. Obama, 797 F.3d
11, 19 (D.C. Cir. 2015). But “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action,
supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678.
III. Analysis
A. Political Question Doctrine
Defendants argue that this Court lacks jurisdiction over Plaintiffs’ claim because
“whether to recognize an Indian tribe is a political question to be addressed by the political
branches of the government—not the judiciary.” ECF No. 8-1 at 19; see Baker v. Carr, 369 U.S.
186, 217 (1962). “[A]pplication of the political question doctrine is a limited and narrow
exception to federal court jurisdiction.” Starr Int’l Co. v. United States, 910 F.3d 527, 533 (D.C.
Cir. 2018). This case does not fall into that exception. Defendants concede that a final decision
by Interior on a tribe’s recognition is reviewable under the APA, a position at odds with the
notion that the political question doctrine deprives the Court of jurisdiction over the matter. 2 See
ECF No. 8-1 at 20–21. And the D.C. Circuit has exercised its jurisdiction on several occasions
to consider cases such as this one, and at no time has it hinted that the issue presented is subject
to the political question doctrine. The Circuit has merely instructed, for example, that deference
is warranted to the views of the political branches, see Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma. v. Babbitt,
2
In addition, the List Act explicitly states that “Indian tribes . . . may be recognized by . . . a
decision of a United States court.” Federally Recognized Indian Tribe List Act of 1994, Pub. L.
No. 103-454, 108 Stat. 4791, Section 103 (1994) (codified at 25 U.S.C. § 5130 (note)). The List
Act does not provide an independent cause of action. Burt Lake Band of Ottawa & Chippewa
Indians v. Zinke, 304 F. Supp. 3d 70, 81 (D.D.C. 2018). But even so, this provision belies the
notion that tribal recognition is committed solely to the political branches.
5
117 F.3d 1489, 1496 (D.C. Cir. 1997), and that an administrative agency with a process to decide
the matter should be allowed to do so in the first instance, see James v. U.S. Dep’t of Health &
Human Servs., 824 F.2d 1132, 1137–38 (D.C. Cir. 1987) (“In cases such as this, where Congress
has delegated certain initial decisions to the Executive Branch, exhaustion of available
administrative remedies is generally a prerequisite to obtaining judicial relief[.]” (emphasis
added)). For these reasons, the political question doctrine does not bar Plaintiffs’ suit. 3
B. Exhaustion of Administrative Remedies
Defendants also argue that the case should be dismissed under Rule 12(b)(6) because the
Mdewakanton Band failed to exhaust its administrative remedies. 4 ECF No. 8-1 at 14–18.
Defendants claim that Plaintiffs failed to avail themselves of Interior’s Part 83 process to gain
federal recognition as an Indian tribe and must do so before seeking judicial review. Id. at 14.
Plaintiffs rejoin that the Part 83 process is both legally inadequate and futile because it does not
apply to previously recognized tribes, and in any event, they exhausted their administrative
3
Defendants also argue that the Court lacks jurisdiction because Plaintiffs’ claims are “barred by
the jurisdictional six-year statute of limitations in 28 U.S.C. § 2401(a).” ECF No. 8-1 at 9. But
since the parties completed briefing on this motion, the D.C. Circuit has held that § 2401(a)’s
time bar “is nonjurisdictional and subject to equitable tolling,” overruling prior precedent.
Jackson v. Modly, 949 F.3d 763, 778 (D.C. Cir. 2020). Because the statute of limitations is not
jurisdictional and Defendants prevail on administrative exhaustion grounds, the Court need not
address Defendants’ statute of limitations argument.
4
Defendants argue in passing that Part 83’s exhaustion requirement is jurisdictional. See ECF
No. 12 at 22 (referring to Defendant’s three arguments for dismissal as “threshold jurisdictional
issues”). Without a clear statement from Congress to the contrary, courts must treat statutory
limitations as nonjurisdictional. Sebelius v. Auburn Reg’l Med. Ctr., 568 U.S. 145, 153 (2013).
Here, no party has pointed to such a statement. Indeed, the Part 83 regulations are just that—
regulations—rather than statutes passed by Congress. As a result, the Court will consider
Defendants’ motion to dismiss for failure to exhaust administrative remedies under Rule 12(b)(6)
rather than Rule 12(b)(1). Because the facts supporting Defendants’ administrative exhaustion
argument are apparent from the face of the complaint, the Court may consider them on a motion
to dismiss. See Duffy v. Dodaro, No. 16-cv-1178 (RDM), 2020 WL 1323225, at *8 n.2 (D.D.C.
Mar. 21, 2020).
6
remedies by filing their 2014 petition for “reaffirmation.” ECF No. 10 at 37–44. The Court
agrees with Defendants that Plaintiffs have failed to exhaust the required Part 83 procedures.
Interior’s Part 83 provides the procedures for an Indian group to seek formal federal
recognition. See 25 C.F.R. § 83.1 et seq. “Federal ‘recognition’ of an Indian tribe is a term of
art that conveys a tribe's legal status vis-à-vis the United States–it is not an anthropological
determination of the authenticity of a Native American Indian group.” Mackinac Tribe v. Jewell,
87 F. Supp. 3d 127, 131 (D.D.C. 2015), aff’d, 829 F.3d 754, 757 (D.C. Cir. 2016). Part 83
requires that tribes prove substantially continuous identification as a tribal entity, distinct
community, political influence and authority, governing documents or procedures, descent from
a historical tribe, unique membership to the petitioning tribe, and lack of congressional
termination to become federally recognized. Id. at 132 n.2. Recognized tribes are then eligible
to receive federal benefits. See id. at 143; 25 C.F.R. § 83.2.
Plaintiffs argue that they are ineligible for Part 83. They claim that because the
Mdewakanton Band is recognized through treaties with the United States and acts of Congress,
not only does the List Act require Interior to list them as a federally recognized tribe, but they
cannot avail themselves of the Part 83 procedures because they only apply to unrecognized
tribes. See Compl. at 3, ¶¶ 9, 150, 168, 207, 252; ECF No. 10 at 15, 19, 26, 29, 32, 42. On the
latter point, though, the pertinent regulations say otherwise. While Part 83 “applies only to
indigenous entities that are not federally recognized Indian tribes,” “federally recognized Indian
tribe” is defined, for these purposes, as “an entity listed on the Department of the Interior's list
under the Federally Recognized Indian Tribe List Act of 1994.” 25 C.F.R. §§ 83.3, 83.1. And
this Circuit has repeatedly rejected the argument Plaintiffs advance here, holding instead that
unlisted tribes claiming historical recognition, including through treaties, must still avail
7
themselves of the Part 83 process before seeking judicial review. See Mackinac Tribe v. Jewell,
829 F.3d 754, 757 (D.C. Cir. 2016); Muwekma Ohlone Tribe v. Salazar, 708 F.3d 209, 218 (D.C.
Cir. 2013) (“In fact, the Part 83 process applies to a petition of a previously recognized tribe that
seeks current recognition on that basis.”); James, 824 F.2d at 1137–38. In fact, another court in
this District has already applied those cases’ reasoning to the Mdewakanton Band in
Mdewakanton Sioux Indians of Minnesota v. Zinke, 264 F. Supp. 3d at 127–128 & n.17.
Plaintiffs’ argument that Part 83 does not apply to them runs headlong into this precedent. 5
Their argument that exhaustion would be futile fares no better. Plaintiffs argue that
recent regulatory changes eliminated their ability to apply for “reaffirmation,” and thus left them
without administrative recourse because—in their view, anyway—they are already federally
recognized. ECF No. 10 at 40–42; see Boivin v. U.S. Airways, Inc., 446 F.3d 148, 157 (D.C. Cir.
2006) (discussing the futility exception to administrative exhaustion). Although Plaintiffs’
briefing is not a model of clarity on this point—they provide no citations to or explanations of
either the alleged prior reaffirmation procedure or the changes made—they appear to refer to an
informal process outside Part 83 which the D.C. Circuit discussed in Muwekma. 6 708 F.3d at
214–16. If so, Plaintiffs are correct that in 2015, Interior published guidance stating that it would
no longer accept requests for acknowledgment outside Part 83. Requests for Administrative
5
The List Act does provide that tribes can be federally recognized either by an act of Congress
or Interior’s Part 83 process. See Federally Recognized Indian Tribe List Act of 1994, Pub. L.
No. 103-454, 108 Stat. 4791, Section 103 (1994) (codified at 25 U.S.C. § 5130 (note)). But this
Circuit’s precedent holds that exhaustion of the Part 83 process is a prerequisite to judicial
review of historical recognition claims. See Mackinac, 87 F. Supp. 3d at 145 n.11.
6
Plaintiffs’ characterization of this process as a “summary approval procedure . . . outside the
Part 83 process” cannot be squared with their statement that “[i]n 2014, when the petitioners
filed their reaffirmation petition, the Department had a process for Congressionally-recognized
tribes to petition for recognition under Part 83” that was later eliminated. ECF No. 10 at 41–42.
8
Acknowledgment of Federal Indian Tribes, 80 Fed. Reg. 37538-02, 2015 WL 3958642 (July 1,
2015). But even before Interior formally eliminated this informal, alternative avenue, tribes
claiming historical recognition had no legal right to that process and were still required to
petition under Part 83 before suing. Muwekma, 708 F.3d at 214–16. Nothing about the current
administrative scheme changes that requirement or leaves Plaintiffs without administrative
recourse. Indeed, Part 83 explicitly contains “criteria for a previously federally acknowledged
petitioner” by which a tribe may produce evidence that it had “treaty relations with the United
States.” 25 C.F.R. § 83.12. Because Part 83 provides an administrative process to adjudicate
Plaintiffs’ claim that the Mdewakanton Band is federally recognized and should be added to
Interior’s list, resort to administrative remedies is not “clearly useless” and Plaintiffs’ futility
argument fails. Boivin, 446 F.3d at 157 (internal quotation omitted). 7
Finally, Plaintiffs argue that they did exhaust their administrative remedies because they
filed their “reaffirmation” petition in 2014, which Interior failed to act on. ECF No. 10 at 39–40.
Defendants argue that Plaintiffs failed to file a proper Part 83 petition. ECF No. 8-1 at 17; ECF
No. 12 at 15–16. But even assuming that whatever Plaintiffs filed was a proper Part 83 Petition,
“a direct suit in federal court seeking federal recognition . . . is not appropriate relief” for delayed
agency action. Burt Lake Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians v. Norton, 217 F. Supp. 2d 76,
79 (D.D.C. 2002). The APA provides the typical recourse for such delay, and Plaintiffs do not
invoke that statute. Their argument that because Defendants have allegedly taken too long to
respond to their petition, the Court should excuse them from exhausting the administrative
7
Plaintiffs also argue that administrative exhaustion would be futile because Interior is biased
against them. ECF No. 10 at 43–44. But there is no evidence of any such bias before the Court.
9
process, or otherwise consider them to have exhausted it, and directly address the merits of their
claim for recognition through a mandamus action, must also fail. 8
IV. Conclusion
For all these reasons, Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss, ECF No. 8, will be granted.
Plaintiffs’ Motion for Leave to File a Surreply, ECF No. 13, will be denied because Defendants
did not raise new arguments in their reply brief. A separate order will issue.
/s/ Timothy J. Kelly
TIMOTHY J. KELLY
United States District Judge
Date: May 30, 2020
8
Likewise, Plaintiffs’ argument that the delay caused by further administrative proceedings will
irreparably harm them is unpersuasive, especially since they failed to pursue federal benefits for
decades. See ECF No. 10 at 41.
10