NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the
internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-1856-18T2
PEDRO MEDINA,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
OFFICER DENNIS MCFADDEN,
RECORDS OFFICER OF THE
CARTERET POLICE DEPARTMENT,
and MIDDLESEX COUNTY
PROSECUTOR'S OFFICE,
Defendants-Respondents.
_________________________________
Submitted May 19, 2020 – Decided June 9, 2020
Before Judges Yannotti and Firko.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
Division, Middlesex County, Docket No. L-1703-18.
Pedro Medina, appellant pro se.
Respondents have not filed a brief.
PER CURIAM
Plaintiff Pedro Medina appeals from a September 28, 2018 Law Division
order, which dismissed his complaint with prejudice and denied his request for
a record under the Open Public Records Act (OPRA), N.J.S.A. 47:1A-1 to -13
and common law right-of-access. We affirm.
I.
Plaintiff was tried before a jury and found guilty on three counts of first-
degree aggravated sexual assault, N.J.S.A. 2C:14-2(a); three counts of second-
degree sexual assault, N.J.S.A. 2C:14-2(b); three counts of second-degree
endangering the welfare of a child, N.J.S.A. 2C:24-4(a); and one count of
second-degree attempted sexual assault, N.J.S.A. 2C:5-1 and 14-2(b). State v.
P.L.M., No. A-2368-05 (App. Div. Apr. 17, 2009) (slip op. at 1). The three
victims were under the age of thirteen. One of the victims of the assault was
A.M. He was sentenced to forty-eight years of imprisonment and required to
serve eighty-five percent of his sentence before becoming eligible for parole,
pursuant to the No Early Release Act (NERA), N.J.S.A. 2C:43-7.2.
On appeal, we rejected four of defendant's six arguments and remanded to
the trial court to determine: (1) whether evidence of A.M.'s prior sexual history
was improperly excluded; and (2) whether defendant was improperly sentenced.
State v. P.L.M., No. A-2368-05 (App. Div. June 18, 2007) (slip op. at 42-43).
A-1856-18T2
2
On remand, the same judge who presided over the trial conducted a Rule 104
hearing on these issues. State v. P.L.M., No. A-2368-051 (App. Div. Apr. 17,
2009) (slip op. at 2).
Following the hearing, the judge again rejected defendant's claims and
concluded there was insufficient evidence of A.M.'s sexual history to warrant
piercing the Rape Shield Law, N.J.S.A. 2C:14-7. The judge found there was no
basis for admitting an alleged conversation between A.M. and her therapist,
Linda Shaw, M.D., regarding "prior sexual partners," because A.M.'s credibility
was not at issue. Defendant's motion for a new trial was denied and the judge
reimposed the same sixteen-year term of imprisonment, subject to NERA, as to
the conviction involving A.M.
Plaintiff appealed a second time, arguing the judge, on remand, violated
his constitutional right to present evidence and infringed upon his right under
the Confrontation Clause by excluding evidence of A.M.'s prior sexual history.
We denied both of plaintiff's claims based "largely on the [trial] judge's findings
of fact." State v. P.L.M., No. A-2368-05 (App. Div. Apr. 17, 2009) (slip op. at
7). Additionally, we noted that the judge aptly found: (1) there was no proof
A.M. had been sexually active; (2) there was no proof A.M. reported prior sexual
1
Both appeals were referenced with the same docket number.
A-1856-18T2
3
partners to Dr. Shaw, other than what appears in the doctor's notes; and (3)
A.M.'s grandmother denied making threats to A.M. regarding an exam for
virginity. We also rejected plaintiff's request for resentencing.
On August 22, 2016, plaintiff filed a request under OPRA with the
Middlesex County Prosecutor's Office (MCPO) seeking an "unedited-original"
copy of A.M.'s diary. He argued that if A.M. recorded any sexual abuse in her
diary, it may "point the finger" at someone else and exonerate him. Relying on
the provision of OPRA which provides that the public is not entitled to access
to records of criminal investigations, the prosecutor denied the request by way
of a letter dated September 30, 2016. The prosecutor explained that A.M.'s diary
was a "criminal investigatory record," and not a public record that can be
released, citing Kovalcik v. Somerset Cty. Prosecutor's Office, 206 N.J. 581,
591 (2011) in support of its position.
The September 30 letter also stated that the Government Records Council
(GRC) held in Janeczko v. Division of Criminal Justice, GRC Complaint Nos.
2002-79 and 2002-80, that the criminal investigatory records exception applies
to all investigations "resolved and unresolved" and "without reference to the
status of the investigation." The prosecutor stated the record requested was not
a public record under OPRA and could not be released.
A-1856-18T2
4
On November 6, 2017, under the "Right to Know Law," 2 plaintiff
requested from the records office of the Carteret Police Department "[a]
complete copy of the Carteret Police case file number 0307083569 including a
copy of A.M.'s diary obtained from Teresa Quinones by Carteret Police
Department and [MCPO]," which was denied.
On February 23, 2018, plaintiff appealed the decisions denying his OPRA
and right-of-access requests by filing a Law Division complaint. Defendants,
Officer Dennis McFadden and the MCPO, filed a motion to dismiss the
complaint. On September 28, 2018, the judge conducted a hearing on
defendants' motion. It is unclear whether the judge placed any findings on the
record.
Following the hearing, the judge entered two orders. The first order
granted MCPO's motion to dismiss plaintiff's right-of-access complaint with
prejudice; the second order denied plaintiff's OPRA request for A.M.'s diary and
his application to proceed as indigent. The judge did not file a written statement
of reasons.
2
We construe plaintiff's "Right to Know" request as a right-of-access request.
A-1856-18T2
5
On appeal, plaintiff argues that: (1) the MCPO improperly withheld
A.M.'s diary during the criminal proceedings under N.J.S.A. 41:1A-1.1; (2) the
MCPO's failure to turn over the diary, either prior to trial or at the Rule 104
remand hearing, constituted a discovery violation under Rule 3:13-2; and (3)
because A.M. and Dr. Shaw's testimony at the remand hearing were in conflict
with A.M.'s prior testimony, the diary was a critical piece of evidence needed to
ascertain the truth.
We note that although plaintiff is appealing from the dismissal of his
complaint, he has not provided the court with a transcript of the September 28,
2018 motion hearing. Rule 2:5-3(a) requires the appellant to request the
preparation and filing of the transcript. Plaintiff's failure to include this
transcript makes it impossible for this court to determine whether the judge's
factual findings are supported by competent evidence in the record or whether
he properly considered the legal arguments raised. See Newman v. Isuzu Motors
Am., Inc., 367 N.J. Super. 141, 145 (App. Div. 2004).
The record on appeal shall consist of all papers on file in the court below.
R. 2:5-4(a). Moreover, the rule requires an appellant to request a transcript "of
the proceedings before the court . . . from which the appeal is taken . . . ." The
A-1856-18T2
6
transcript must include the entire proceeding, including the reasons given by the
trial judge, unless a written statement of reasons was filed. R. 2:5-3(b).
If an appellant fails to submit a transcript of the proceeding, and the
deficiency prohibits review of a particular claim, the court may decline to
address the issue and dismiss the appeal. Cipala v. Lincoln Tech. Inst., 179 N.J.
45, 55 (2004). Despite this deficiency, dismissal of plaintiff's appeal is not
warranted here. We are satisfied that the pleadings and the record on defendants'
motion to dismiss the complaint provide a sufficient basis for consideratio n of
the merits of plaintiff's appeal.
II.
We review de novo the issue of whether access to public records under
OPRA and the manner of its effectuation are warranted. Drinker Biddle &
Reath, LLP v. N.J. Dep't of Law and Pub. Safety, 421 N.J. Super. 489, 497 (App.
Div. 2011) (quoting MAG Entm't, LLC v. Div. of Alcoholic Beverage Control,
375 N.J. 534, 543 (2005)). We do not disturb factual findings so long as they
are "supported by adequate, substantial and credible evidence." Meshinsky v.
Nichols Yacht Sales, Inc., 110 N.J. 464, 475 (1988) (quoting Rova Farms Resort
v. Inv'rs Ins. Co., 65 N.J. 474, 483-84 (1974)). We apply the same standard of
review "to the court's legal conclusions with respect to whether access to public
A-1856-18T2
7
records is appropriate under the common-law right[-]of[-]access." Drinker
Biddle, 421 N.J. Super. at 497.
OPRA was enacted "to promote transparency in the operation of
government." Sussex Commons Assocs., LLC v. Rutgers, 210 N.J. 531, 541
(2012). In passing OPRA, "the [l]egislature declared it public policy that
government records 'shall be readily accessible for inspection, copying, or
examination by the citizens of this State, with certain exceptions, for the
protection of the public interest,' and that any limitation of the right of action
accorded by OPRA 'shall be construed in favor of the public's right[-]of[-]
access.'" Paff v. Ocean Cty. Prosecutor’s Office, 235 N.J. 1, 17-18 (2018)
(quoting N.J.S.A. 47:1A-1).
"A [g]overnment record" has been broadly defined by OPRA to include
any record "made, maintained or kept on file in the course of his or its official
business by any officer, commission, agency or authority of the State or of any
political subdivision thereof," or any record "received in the course of his or its
official business by any such officer, commission, agency, or authority of the
State or of any political subdivision thereof. . . ." N.J.S.A. 47:1A-1.1.
"[C]riminal investigatory records" constitute one of multiple categories of
records that are excluded from OPRA's definition of "[g]overnment record[s]."
A-1856-18T2
8
Ibid. A "criminal investigatory record" is defined as "a record which is not
required by law to be made, maintained or kept on file that is held by a law
enforcement agency which pertains to any criminal investigation or related civil
enforcement proceeding." Ibid.
The public agency seeking to exempt disclosure has the burden of proving
that denial of access is authorized by an exception to the statute. N.J.S.A.
47:1A-6. Accordingly, a public agency seeking to withhold a record from
disclosure as a criminal investigatory record must satisfy "both prongs of the
exception" by demonstrating that the record is (1) "not required by law to be
made, maintained or kept on file" and (2) that it pertains or pertained to a
criminal investigation or related criminal enforcement proceeding. N. Jersey
Media Grp., Inc. v. Twp. of Lyndhurst, 229 N.J. 541, 565 (2017).
Plaintiff relies upon Lyndhurst in support of his argument. In Lyndhurst
the Court addressed the "not required by law" prong of N.J.S.A. 47:1A-1.1 in
the context of Use of Force Reports (UFRs) and Motor Vehicle Recorder (MVR)
recordings. Id. at 564-69. The UFRs at issue were prepared in accordance with
a Use of Force Policy that was promulgated by the Attorney General and applied
to law enforcement across the State. Id. at 565. Based on the Attorney General’s
role as the State's chief law enforcement officer, the Court found that the Use of
A-1856-18T2
9
Force Policy had the "force of law for police entities." Ibid. The Court
concluded that Lyndhurst failed to demonstrate that UFRs were "not required by
law to be made" under N.J.S.A. 47:1A-1.1 because the officers were required to
prepare UFRs by order of the Attorney General. Ibid.
However, the Court held differently with respect to the MVR recordings.
Id. at 567-69. When the opinion issued, there was no Attorney General directive
addressing MVR recordings. Id. at 567. Additionally, it was unclear whether
the MVR camera captured the footage automatically or whether it had been
activated by the officers "in an exercise of discretion or in response to an order
at the local level." Ibid. Therefore, the Court determined there was no evidence
that Lyndhurst police officers were "required by law" to make the MVR
recordings in dispute, and accordingly, concluded that the recordings came
under the exemption in N.J.S.A. 47:1A-1.1 for criminal investigatory records.
Id. 567-68.
We have stated repeatedly that there is no legal requirement regarding "the
making, maintaining or keeping on file the results of an investigation by a l aw
enforcement official or agency into the alleged commission of a criminal
offense." River Edge Sav. & Loan Ass'n v. Hyland, 165 N.J. Super. 540, 545
(App. Div. 1979); see also State v. Marshall, 148 N.J. 89, 273-75 (1997); Bent
A-1856-18T2
10
v. Twp. of Stafford Police Dep't, Custodian of Records, 381 N.J. Super. 30, 39
(App. Div. 2005).
Here, A.M.'s diary came into defendants' possession during the course of
the criminal investigation. Moreover, plaintiff conceded in his brief that "A.M.'s
diary constitutes a 'criminal investigatory record.'" Plaintiff asserts A.M.'s diary
is no longer exempt under OPRA because the investigation ended. We reject
plaintiff's argument.
As stated in the MCPO's September 30, 2016 letter denying plaintiff's
request, the GRC has held that the exemption for criminal investigatory records
applies to all investigations, "resolved or unresolved[,] . . . without reference to
the status of the investigation." Janeczko v. Division of Criminal Justice, GRC
Complaint Nos. 2002-79 and 2002-80. Moreover, the plain language of the
statute states that the second prong of the analysis is satisfied if the record
"pertains to any criminal investigation or related civil enforcement proceeding."
N.J.S.A. 47:1A-1.1. There is no requirement that the investigation is continuing
as evidenced by the fact that there is a separate, distinct OPRA exception for
ongoing investigations. N.J.S.A. 47:1A-3.
Our courts do not consider the status of a subject investigation when
determining whether to apply the criminal investigatory records exception to
A-1856-18T2
11
OPRA. Lyndhurst, 229 N.J. at 569 ("The dash-cam recordings also pertained to
the SRT investigation into [the] fatal shooting, . . . [and] therefore fall within
the criminal investigatory records exception."); O'Shea v. Twp. of W. Milford,
410 N.J. Super. 371, 385-86 (App. Div. 2009) ("In the absence of a factual
showing that any of the reports sought in this matter pertained to an actual
criminal investigation . . . there is no basis to consider all such reports . . . .").
Here, it is undisputed that A.M.'s diary is a record of a criminal
investigation, which is exempt from disclosure under the second prong of the
criminal investigatory records exception under OPRA, even though the criminal
investigation is closed. We reject plaintiff's argument that A.M.'s diary is
analogous to an MVR. Therefore, the judge did not err in dismissing plaintiff's
complaint under OPRA.
III.
We also reject plaintiff's contention that he was entitled to access to
A.M.'s diary under the common law. A common law right-of-access to public
records exists parallel to and unrestricted by OPRA. See Mason v. City of
Hoboken, 196 N.J. 51, 67 (2008). A public record under the common law is
"one that is made by a public official in the exercise of his or her public function,
either because the record was required or directed by law to be made or kept, or
A-1856-18T2
12
because it was filed in a public office." Keddie v. Rutgers, 148 N.J. 36, 49
(1997) (citing Higg-A-Rella, Inc. v. Cty. of Essex, 141 N.J. 35, 46 (1995); N.
Jersey Newspapers Co. v. Passaic Cty. Bd. of Chosen Freeholders, 127 N.J. 9,
13 (1992); Nero v. Hyland, 76 N.J. 213, 221-22 (1978)). Compared to OPRA,
the definition of public record under the common law is much broader. Mason,
196 N.J. at 67.
The common law right-to-access, however, is not absolute. Keddie, 148
N.J. at 49-50. An individual seeking public records under the common law must
meet the following requirements. Id. at 50. First, the records sought "must be
common-law public documents." Ibid. Second, "the person seeking access must
'establish an interest in the subject matter of the material.'" Ibid. (quoting S.
Jersey Publ'g Co. v. New Jersey Expressway Auth., 124 N.J. 478, 487 (1991)).
Third, a "citizen's right to access 'must be balanced against the State's interest
in preventing disclosure.'" Ibid. (quoting Higg-A-Rella, 141 N.J. at 46).
When balancing the requestor's interest against the State's interest in
preventing disclosure, the court must consider:
(1) the extent to which disclosure will impede agency
functions by discouraging citizens from providing
information to the government;
A-1856-18T2
13
(2) the effect disclosure may have upon persons who
have given such information, and whether they did so
in reliance that their identities would not be disclosed;
(3) the extent to which agency self-evaluation, program
improvement, or other decision-making will be chilled
by disclosure;
(4) the degree to which the information sought includes
factual data as opposed to evaluative reports of
policymakers;
(5) whether any findings of public misconduct have
been insufficiently corrected by remedial measures
instituted by the investigative agency; and
(6) whether any agency disciplinary or investigatory
proceedings have arisen that may circumscribe the
individual's asserted need for the materials.
Drinker Biddle, 421 N.J. Super. 489, 500 (App. Div.
2011).
Here, plaintiff's failure to include the transcript precludes us from
determining whether the judge balanced the factors. However, we note the
following.
As to the first factor, the record at issue is the diary of a minor female,
which may contain her private, intimate thoughts. Parents may be reluctant to
turn over records setting forth their children's expressions if a member of the
public can gain unfiltered access to such records. This factor weighs strongly
against disclosure.
A-1856-18T2
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As to the second factor, A.M. is now approximately thirty years old. Her
diary may include her thoughts and feelings as a young girl who was sexually
abused. Making this information available now would most likely have a severe
detrimental effect on A.M., who is entitled to maintain the confidentiality of her
past. The remaining factors enumerated in Drinker Biddle are not germane to
our analysis.
Moreover, it is unlikely that the individual who provided the police with
A.M.'s diary ever expected it would later become available to plaintiff or the
public. Therefore, the judge properly dismissed plaintiff's complaint with
prejudice under the common law right-of-access theory.
We have considered plaintiff's other arguments and conclude that they are
without sufficient merit to warrant discussion in a written opinion. R. 2:11-
3(e)(1)(E).
Affirmed.
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