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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION – SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
v. :
:
P.B.B., : No. 1482 MDA 2019
:
Appellant :
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered April 17, 2019,
in the Court of Common Pleas of Lebanon County
Criminal Division at No. CP-38-CR-0000585-2017
BEFORE: PANELLA, P.J., KUNSELMAN, J., AND FORD ELLIOTT, P.J.E.
MEMORANDUM BY FORD ELLIOTT, P.J.E.: FILED JUNE 15, 2020
P.B.B.1 appeals from the April 17, 2019 judgment of sentence entered
in the Court of Common Pleas of Lebanon County after he was convicted in a
jury trial of one count each of involuntary deviate sexual intercourse (“IDSI”)
with a child, indecent assault (complainant less than 13 years of age),
corruption of minors, and endangering welfare of children.2 The trial court
imposed an aggregate sentence of 15 to 30 years of incarceration. We affirm.
The trial court set forth the following:
In late August or early September 2017, K.B.
disclosed to her parents that she had been sexually
1In order to protect the minor victim’s identity, we have redacted the caption
by removing appellant’s name and identifying him only by initials. See
Pa.Super.Ct. I.O.P. 424(A).
2 18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 3123(b), 3126(7), 6301(a)(1)(i), and 4304(a)(1),
respectively.
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abused by her grandfather, [appellant]. K.B.’s
parents reported the disclosure to Children and Youth
Services (hereinafter “CYS”). On February 8, 2017,
CYS went to the home of K.B. At this time, K.B.’s
parents spoke with their middle child, B.B., about why
CYS had been at their home. During this
conversation, B.B. disclosed to his mother that
[appellant] had also sexually abused him. B.B.’s
disclosure was reported to CYS.
Due to the disclosures of K.B. and B.B., both children
and their younger brother, S.B., were scheduled for
forensic interviews at the Children’s Resource Center.
During these interviews, both K.B. and B.B. disclosed
being sexually abused by [appellant]. S.B. did not
make any disclosures. Both K.B. and B.B.’s interviews
go into detail about the alleged abuse.
Due to the information disclosed on B.B.’s interview,
a search warrant was obtained and executed on
February 27, 2017. At the same time, Detective
Todd Hirsch prepared and filed the Criminal Complaint
in this matter. An arrest warrant was issued on
February 27, 201[7]. On February 28, 2017,
Detective Hirsch called [appellant] and asked him to
come into the station for an interview. [Appellant]
complied and the interview between [appellant] and
Detective Hirsch was audio and video recorded. At
the beginning of the interview, Detective Hirsch
informed [appellant] that he was not under arrest and
read him his Miranda[3] warnings. When Detective
Hirsch advised [appellant] that he had the right to
have an attorney present, [appellant] stated,
“[B]ased on where this is going now, I am going to
have a lawyer.” After clarification of this statement
and another set of Miranda warnings, the interview
continued. Detective Hirsch continued to ask
questions until [appellant] said, “I think I’m done.” At
this point Detective Hirsch asked [appellant], “So you
want a lawyer at this time?” [Appellant] replied, “I
think I’m going to lawyer up.” Detective Hirsch then
3 Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).
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stopped the interview and [appellant] was placed
under arrest.
[Appellant] was charged with [the aforementioned
crimes]. The parties filed various pretrial matters
including [appellant’s] request to suppress the
statements made during the interview with
Detective Hirsch on February 28, 2017. The [trial
c]ourt denied [appellant’s] motion and decided the
cases of B.B. and K.B. should be separated and tried
individually. The first trial with K.B. resulted in a hung
jury and the [trial c]ourt declared a mistrial.
Prior to trial, [appellant] filed a Motion in Limine
regarding the allegations made by K.B. On
October 22, 2018, the [trial c]ourt heard argument on
[appellant’s] motion. During his argument,
[appellant] outlined his concerns that B.B.’s first
disclosure to his mother, [E.B.] (hereinafter
“Mother”), was a result of [Mother’s] speaking to B.B.
about CYS visiting the home.
The [trial c]ourt decided Mother could testify that CYS
was in the home, but she could not reference why they
were in the home or anything about the allegations of
K.B. This was allowed to provide some type of context
as to why B.B. made a sudden disclosure to [M]other
about [appellant]. The [trial c]ourt allowed the
Commonwealth to introduce evidence that: (1) CYS
was at the home to investigate a complaint;
(2) Mother explained to B.B. what the complaint was
about; (3) While doing this, she brought up the
concepts of good touch and bad touch; (4) That as
this was occurring, B.B.’s demeanor changed and he
made a disclosure; and (5) what the actual disclosure
was. At [t]rial, Mother made the following testimony:
[CYS] had been to our house in the day
prior, so we took [B.B.] downstairs to
make sure he had an understanding of the
visit, to make sure he understood why it
was [CYS’s] job to come to the house and
talk to him . . . [.] It seemed a little out
of sorts to have a stranger come to the
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house and want to speak to you, see your
room, take your photo, so we just gave
him an explanation of why it was their job
to do so. . . [.]
As I’m talking about the body and your
body as being your body, his head starts
to go down. And then I started to hear
sniffling and nose-snotting, and I say
“[B.B.], what is going on? What is
wrong?” and then he said, you know, his
Pop-Pop touched him in these ways. . . [.]
And he said that Pop-Pop would tickle
him, and lay on top of him and not get off
of him. And he said he would lay on top
of him and do what our dog does to our
leg, which is like a dog-humping motion
that a dog does to your leg.
At this point, a sidebar was held and [appellant] made
an objection to the testimony and requested a mistrial
due to Mother’s testimony. The objection was
overruled, Mother’s testimony was not stricken from
the record, and no curative instruction was given.
During the [t]rial, B.B. testified about the abuse that
occurred. B.B. testified [appellant] would hurt him by
“putting his front part up my butt” and would use a
“white lotion on his boy part” that [appellant] would
get from a desk drawer near where the abuse
occurred. B.B. also testified that while the abuse had
occurred more than once until the age of ten, he was
unable to remember how many times the abuse had
happened. B.B. was twelve at the time of testimony.
During deliberations, the [j]ury asked whether CYS
was in the home of B.B. before disclosure and if so,
why were they there. The [trial c]ourt informed the
[j]ury that this was information they could not have
and that they could not make a determination solely
based on the trial c]ourt’s decision to not give the
[j]ury this information. The jury convicted [appellant]
of all charges. Sentencing was pushed out until 2019
so the parties could have a second trial involving K.B.
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In March 2019, a second trial involving K.B. was held.
Again, the jury was unable to reach a unanimous
decision and the [trial c]ourt declared a second
mistrial. After a discussion with the family, the
decision was made to dismiss the matter involving
K.B. and move forward with sentencing for the trial of
B.B.
Trial court opinion, 8/13/19 at 2-5 (record citations omitted; ellipses in
original).
Following imposition of sentence, appellant filed post-sentence motions,
which the trial court denied. Appellant then filed a timely notice of appeal.
The trial court ordered appellant to file a concise statement of errors
complained of on appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b). Appellant timely
complied. The trial court then filed an order of court stating that it addressed
all of appellant’s claimed errors in the August 13, 2019 opinion that it filed
when it denied appellant’s post-sentence motions. (Order of court, 9/19/19.)
Appellant raises the following issues for our review:
[1.] Did the trial court err in denying [] appellant’s
pre-trial motion regarding the suppression of his
statements after invoking his right to counsel?
[2.] Did the trial court err in overruling [appellant’s]
timely objection and request for a mistrial
regarding the testimony of [Mother] that [CYS
was] in the home of B.B. before his disclosure
of these underlying allegations?
[3.] Did the jury in this matter err when finding []
appellant guilty of all counts without sufficient
evidence to support said conviction?
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[4.] Did the jury in this matter err and reach a
verdict that was contrary to and against the
weight of the evidence?
[5.] Did the trial court err when not taking into
consideration all the requisite factors when
imposing its sentence?
Appellant’s brief at 7 (extraneous capitalization omitted).
Appellant first complains that the trial court erred when it denied his
motion to suppress statements made to Detective Hirsch. Appellant contends
that when he said, “Based on where this is going, I am going to have a lawyer,”
he invoked his right to counsel, but Detective Hirsch did not cease the
interrogation. (Appellant’s brief at 23.)
Our standard of review for challenges to the denial of a suppression
motion is as follows:
[We are] limited to determining whether the
suppression court’s factual findings are supported by
the record and whether the legal conclusions drawn
from those facts are correct. Because the
Commonwealth prevailed before the suppression
court, we may consider only the evidence of the
Commonwealth and so much of the evidence for the
defense as remains uncontradicted when read in the
context of the record as a whole. Where the
suppression court’s factual findings are supported by
the record, we are bound by these findings and may
reverse only if the court’s legal conclusions are
erroneous. Where . . . the appeal of the
determination of the suppression court turns on
allegations of legal error, the suppression court’s legal
conclusions are not binding on an appellate court,
whose duty it is to determine if the suppression court
properly applied the law to the facts. Thus, the
conclusions of law of the courts below are subject to
our plenary review.
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Commonwealth v. McAdoo, 46 A.3d 781, 783-784 (Pa.Super. 2012),
appeal denied, 65 A.3d 413 (Pa. 2013) (citations omitted).
“The scope of review from a suppression ruling is limited to the
evidentiary record created at the suppression hearing.” Commonwealth v.
Neal, 151 A.3d 1068, 1071 (Pa.Super. 2016) (citation omitted). “Once a
motion to suppress evidence has been filed, it is the Commonwealth’s burden
to prove, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the challenged evidence
was not obtained in violation of the defendant’s rights.” Commonwealth v.
Wallace, 42 A.3d 1040, 1047-1048 (Pa. 2012) (citations omitted); see also
Pa.R.Crim.P. 581(H).
At the outset, we note that the trial court determined that appellant was
not in custodial interrogation at the time that he made his statements. (Trial
court opinion, 8/13/19 at 7.) This was legal error.
Statements made during custodial interrogation are
presumptively involuntary, unless the accused is first
advised of . . . Miranda rights. Commonwealth v.
DiStefano, 782 A.2d 574, 579 (Pa.Super. 2001),
appeal denied, 569 Pa. 716, 806 A.2d 858 (2002).
Custodial interrogation is “questioning initiated by law
enforcement officers after a person has been taken
into custody or otherwise deprived of [his] freedom of
action in any significant way.” Miranda, supra at
444, 86 S.Ct at 1612, 16 L.Ed.2d at 706. “The
Miranda safeguards come into play whenever a
person in custody is subjected to either express
questioning or its functional equivalent.”
Commonwealth v. Gaul, 590 Pa. 175, 180, 912 A.2d
252, 255 (2006), cert. denied, 552 U.S. 939, 128
S.Ct. 43, 169 L.Ed.2d 242 (2007). Thus,
“Interrogation occurs where the police should know
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that their words or actions are reasonably likely to
elicit an incriminating response from the suspect.”
Commonwealth v. Ingram, 814 A.2d 264, 271
(Pa.Super. 2002), appeal denied, 573 Pa. 671, 821
A.2d 586 (2003). “In evaluating whether Miranda
warnings were necessary, a court must consider the
totality of the circumstances . . . .” Gaul, supra.
Commonwealth v. Gonzalez, 979 A.2d 879, 888-889 (Pa.Super. 2009),
quoting Commonwealth v. Williams, 941 A.2d 14, 30 (Pa.Super. 2008)
(en banc).
Whether a person is in custody for
Miranda purposes depends on whether
the person is physically denied of [her]
freedom of action in any significant way or
is placed in a situation in which [she]
reasonably believes that [her] freedom of
action or movement is restricted by the
interrogation. Moreover, the test for
custodial interrogation does not depend
upon the subjective intent of the law
enforcement officer interrogator. Rather,
the test focuses on whether the individual
being interrogated reasonably believes
[her] freedom of action is being restricted.
Commonwealth v. Clayton Williams, 539 Pa. 61,
74, 650 A.2d 420, 427 (1994) (internal citations
omitted). See also Commonwealth v. Mannion,
725 A.2d 196, 202 (Pa.Super. 1999) (en banc)
(stating whether person is in custody for Miranda
purposes must be evaluated on case-by-case basis
with due regard for facts involved); Commonwealth
v. Peters, 434 Pa.Super. 268, 642 A.2d 1126, 1130
(1994) (en banc), appeal denied, 538 Pa. 668, 649
A.2d 670 (1994) (stating: “Among the factors the
court utilizes in determining, under the totality of the
circumstances, whether the detention became so
coercive as to constitute the functional equivalent of
a formal arrest are: the basis for the detention; the
duration; the location; whether the suspect was
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transferred against [her] will, how far, and why;
whether restraints were used; the show, threat or use
of force; and the methods of investigation used to
confirm or dispel suspicions”; fact that defendant was
focus of investigation is relevant for determination of
whether defendant was in “custody” but does not
require per se Miranda warnings).
Williams, 941 A.2d at 30-31 (brackets in original).
Here, the record reflects that Detective Hirsch contacted appellant and
asked to meet with him. (Notes of testimony, 10/26/17 at 55.) Appellant
agreed. (Id.) The meeting took place in an office “located a short distance
down the hallway from the [District Attorney’s] office.” (Id. at 56.) The digital
video recording (“DVR”) of the interview, which was admitted into evidence at
the suppression hearing as Commonwealth Exhibit 3, reveals that the room in
which the interview took place was very small, and it appears as though the
door was closed when the interview took place. In addition to
Detective Hirsch, a caseworker from CYS was present. (Id.) When the three
entered the room, appellant was told to sit down at the table, which he did.
(Id. at 57; see also DVR, Commonwealth Exhibit 3.) Detective Hirsch told
appellant that a microphone and camera were already in the room and asked
if he could audio and video record the interview. (Notes of testimony,
10/26/17 at 57.) Appellant agreed. (Id.) Detective Hirsch then provided
appellant with Miranda warnings. (Id. at 59; see also DVR, Commonwealth
Exhibit 3.)
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Under the totality of the circumstances, the detention was coercive and
the functional equivalent of a formal arrest.4 Therefore, the trial court erred
when it concluded appellant was not in custody at the time he made his
statements.
We must now determine whether appellant invoked his right to counsel
when he stated, “Based on where this is going now, I am going to have a
lawyer.”
[W]hen an accused has invoked his right to have
counsel present during custodial interrogation, a valid
waiver of that right cannot be established by showing
only that he responded to further police-initiated
custodial interrogation even if he has been advised of
his rights. The [United States Supreme Court has]
explained that an accused, having expressed his
desire to deal with the police only through counsel, is
not subject to further interrogation by the authorities
until counsel has been made available to him, unless
the accused himself initiates further communication,
exchanges, or conversations with the police. The
purpose behind this rule is to prevent police from
badgering a defendant into waiving his previously
asserted Miranda rights.
4 We note that in addition to arguing that he was in custodial interrogation,
appellant also claims that because Detective Hirsch had initiated criminal
proceedings against him prior to the interview, appellant’s Sixth Amendment
right to counsel attached. (Appellant’s brief at 20-27.) In Commonwealth v.
McCoy, 975 A.2d 586 (Pa. 2009), our supreme court affirmed the legal
principle that the Sixth Amendment right to counsel attaches at the initiation
of adversarial judicial proceedings. Adversarial judicial proceedings trigger
when a criminal defendant initially appears before a judicial officer, learns of
the charge against him, and his liberty is subject to restriction. Id. at 590.
Here, although Detective Hirsch had filed a criminal complaint, appellant had
not appeared before a judicial officer, learned of the charges against him, and
his liberties had yet to be restricted.
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The U.S. Supreme Court has held that in order to
avoid difficulties of proof and to provide guidance to
officers conducting interrogations, the determination
of whether the right to counsel was invoked by the
accused is an objective inquiry. Effective assertion of
the Fifth Amendment right to counsel requires, at a
minimum, some statement that can reasonably be
construed to be an expression of a desire for the
assistance of an attorney in dealing with custodial
interrogation by the police. However, if the accused
makes an ambiguous or equivocal reference that
would lead an officer, in light of the circumstances, to
believe only that the suspect might be invoking the
right to counsel, police interrogation need not cease.
The accused must articulate his desire to have counsel
present sufficiently clearly that a reasonable police
officer in the circumstances would understand the
statement to be a request for an attorney.
Commonwealth v. Martin, 101 A.3d 706, 725-26 (Pa. 2014), cert. denied
sub nom. Martin v. Pennsylvania, 136 S.Ct. 201, 193 L. Ed. 2d 155 (2015)
(quotation marks, emphasis, and internal citations omitted).
Here, the record reflects that at the beginning of the interview,
Detective Hirsch read appellant his Miranda warnings and went over the
Miranda warnings form, which appellant signed. (Notes of testimony,
10/26/17 at 59; see also DVR, Commonwealth Exhibit 3.) During this time,
appellant stated, “Based on where this is going now, I am going to have a
lawyer.” (Notes of testimony, 10/26/17 at 67-68; see also DVR,
Commonwealth Exhibit 3.) At that point, Detective Hirsch asked appellant if
he was invoking his right to remain silent or if he wanted the interview to
continue. (DVR, Commonwealth Exhibit 3.) Appellant stated that he would
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continue the interview at which time Detective Hirsch again provided appellant
with his Miranda warnings. (Id.)
The trial court determined that appellant’s statement, that “based on
where this is going now, I am going to have a lawyer,” was ambiguous because
it “implied that [appellant] would acquire counsel at some point in the future.”
(Trial court opinion, 8/13/19 at 7.) There is support in the record for that
conclusion. (See DVR, Commonwealth Exhibit 3.) We further note that
In Davis v. United States, 512 U.S. 452, 114 S. Ct.
2350, 129 L. Ed. 2d 362 (1994), the United States
Supreme Court explained that, when invoking a right
to counsel under Miranda, a suspect must do so
unambiguously. Id. at 459. If a suspect makes a
statement regarding the right to counsel that is
ambiguous or equivocal, the police are not required to
end the interrogation, nor are they required to ask
questions designed to clarify whether the suspect is
invoking his Miranda rights. Id. at 461-62. In
Davis, the Court concluded that the suspect’s
statement, “Maybe I should talk to a lawyer,” was not
a request for counsel, and, therefore, law enforcement
agents were not required to cease questioning. Id. at
462.
Commonwealth v. Frein, 206 A.3d 1049, 1065 (Pa. 2019).
Here, when appellant made the statement, “Based on where this is going
now, I am going to have a lawyer,” Detective Hirsch did cease questioning in
an attempt to clarify whether appellant was invoking his Miranda rights.
Appellants’ constitutional right to counsel was not violated.
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Appellant next complains that the trial court abused its discretion when
it denied his motion for a mistrial after Mother testified that CYS was present
in the family home prior to B.B.’s disclosure of sexual abuse.
In criminal trials, declaration of a mistrial serves to
eliminate the negative effect wrought upon a
defendant when prejudicial elements are injected into
the case or otherwise discovered at trial. By nullifying
the tainted process of the former trial and allowing a
new trial to convene, declaration of a mistrial serves
not only the defendant’s interest but, equally
important, the public’s interest in fair trials designed
to end in just judgments. Accordingly, the trial court
is vested with discretion to grant a mistrial whenever
the alleged prejudicial event may reasonably be said
to deprive the defendant of a fair and impartial trial.
In making its determination, the court must discern
whether misconduct or prejudicial error actually
occurred, and if so, . . . assess the degree of any
resulting prejudice. Our review of the resulting order
is constrained to determining whether the court
abused its discretion. Judicial discretion requires
action in conformity with the law on facts and
circumstances before the trial court after hearing and
consideration. Consequently, the court abuses its
discretion if, in resolving the issue for decision, it
misapplies the law or exercises its discretion in a
manner lacking reason.
Commonwealth v. Tucker, 143 A.3d 955, 961 (Pa.Super. 2016) (citations
omitted; brackets in original). The grant of a mistrial is an extreme remedy
that is required “only when an incident is of such a nature that its unavoidable
effect is to deprive the appellant of a fair and impartial tribunal.”
Commonwealth v. Johnson, 719 A.2d 778, 787 (Pa.Super. 1998)
(en banc) (citation omitted).
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Here, the record reflects that the trial court heard pre-trial oral
argument on defense counsel’s motion in limine to preclude the
Commonwealth from eliciting testimony from Mother that CYS visited the
family home prior to B.B.’s disclosure because it was investigating sexual
abuse allegations lodged against appellant by B.B.’s sister, K.B. (Notes of
testimony, trial, 10/22/18 at 10-25.) Following oral argument, the trial court
ruled that:
[Mother] can testify that [CYS was] there to
investigate an allegation, a report, and [Mother] was
explaining what the deal was and that is when [B.B.]
broke down and cried. That is when he said what he
said. . . . I think it gets you to the point that there
was a complaint made, and no one has to know who
that was about. . . . You can say there was a
complaint made with [CYS] and what the complaint
was. You can say someone made sexual abuse
allegations and they were there to investigate that.
We just can’t say that it dealt with [K.B.]
Id. at 24.
At trial, Mother testified on direct examination as follows:
Q. So let’s talk about this disclos[ure]. Can you
give the jury an idea of what was going on; like
what did [B.B.] tell you, what was happening?
A. [CYS] had been to our house in the day prior,
so we took [B.B.] downstairs to make sure he
had an understanding of the visit, to make sure
he understood why it was [CYS’s] job to come
to the house and talk to him and --
Q. Can I stop you for a second. Was he asking you
questions?
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A. Not that I recall, just that it seemed a little out
of sorts to have a stranger come to the house
and want to speak to you, see your room, take
your photo, so we just gave him an explanation
of why it was their job to do so.
Notes of testimony, trial, 10/23/18 at 102-103.
At this point, appellant’s counsel requested a sidebar. At sidebar,
appellant’s counsel objected and advanced the following argument:
Your Honor, at this point in time I’m going to object
to the question and the information given. I think it’s
well within what we talked about yesterday with
regard to what was going to be disclosed to this jury
as a result of this disclosure and what was out of
bounds. I think the line was -- in my opinion, the line
has been crossed as a result of that, and I think this
jury has heard too much with regard to why [CYS] was
at the home. I’m asking for a mistrial as a result of
that.
Id. at 103-104.
The record further reflects that the trial court denied appellant’s motion
for mistrial and permitted the Commonwealth to briefly lead the witness to
assure that she did not testify as to the reason why CYS was visiting the home.
(Id. at 104.) Our review of the record demonstrates that the witness never
testified as to the reason CYS was visiting the home.
Appellant nevertheless contends that the trial court abused its discretion
in denying the motion for mistrial because the jury was “left to wonder why
and how it came that CYS was in the home of [B.B.] before [B.B.] even
disclosed any alleged wrongdoing at the hands of [a]ppellant.” (Appellant’s
brief at 28.) To support his claim that the prejudice may reasonably be said
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to have deprived appellant of a fair and impartial trial, appellant notes that
during deliberations, the jury submitted the following question: “[Was CYS]
in [B.B.’s] home before his disclosure?” and, “[I]f so, why?” (Appellant’s brief
at 29; see also notes of testimony, trial, 10/25/18 at 109.)
Questions from the jury are common and do not create a presumption
of jury confusion. Commonwealth v. Weaver, 768 A.2d 331, 335
(Pa.Super. 2001) (citation omitted). Where a jury returns with a question,
the trial court has a duty to provide additional instructions as it deems
necessary for clarification. Id.
Here, the trial court brought the jury back and answered the question,
as well as two others not relevant to this appeal, as follows:
Okay folks, we assembled Counsel and I read your
questions to them. They are now a part of the record.
The steno is here and took those down.
And the answer to you simply is this: I can’t help you
with these questions and I can’t tell you the answers.
That is the simple answer.
As it relates to the trial testimony, both counsel made
objections and some were sustained and overruled,
that is not [--] they don’t keep a running track of that.
That is not a win or a lose thing. That is an, is
evidence relevant thing. And as it relates to some of
these questions that you gave me, there was a prior
discussion on should this come in, is this relevant,
judge you decide. I made a ruling, and it didn’t come
in. You can’t take anything from that, much like you
can’t take anything from someone making an
objection that I either overruled or sustained. You
can’t read into that.
Id. at 112-113.
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Our review of the record supports the trial court’s conclusion that
because Mother did not testify as to the reason why CYS was in the home prior
to B.B.’s disclosure of sexual abuse, there was no prejudicial event that
warranted a mistrial. The record also supports the trial court’s conclusion that
when the jury inquired as to whether CYS was in the home prior to
B.B.’s disclosure and, if so, why, the trial court properly instructed the jury
that it could not answer the question and that the jury was not permitted to
“read into that.” The law presumes that the jury follows the trial court’s
instructions. Commonwealth v. Rush, 162 A.3d 530, 539-540 (Pa.Super.
2017) (citation omitted). We discern no abuse of discretion.
Appellant next challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain his
convictions. It is well settled that when challenging the sufficiency of the
evidence on appeal, that in order to preserve that issue for appeal, an
appellant’s Rule 1925(b) statement must specify the element or elements
upon which the evidence was insufficient. Commonwealth v. Gibbs, 981
A.2d 274, 281 (Pa.Super. 2009), appeal denied, 3 A.3d 670 (Pa. 2010)
(citation and internal quotation marks omitted).
In his Rule 1925(b) statement, appellant frames his sufficiency
challenge as follows: “Based on the testimony and evidence offered by the
Commonwealth, the [j]ury did not have sufficient evidence to convict
[appellant].” (Appellant’s “statement of matters complained of on appeal
pursuant to 1925(b),” 9/18/19 at 1, ¶ 3 (full capitalization omitted).) Because
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appellant failed to specify the element or elements of the crime or crimes upon
which he now claims the evidence was insufficient, appellant waives this issue
on appeal. See Gibbs, 981 A.2d at 281.
Nevertheless, a reading of appellant’s brief on this issue reveals that
appellant challenges the credibility of the victim and offers a theory as to how
appellant’s DNA evidence was found on a couch. (Appellant’s brief at 9.) In
so doing, appellant challenges the weight of the evidence, not its sufficiency.
See Commonwealth v. Wilson, 825 A.2d 710, 713-714 (Pa.Super. 2003)
(reiterating that a sufficiency of the evidence review does not include a
credibility assessment; such a claim goes to the weight of the evidence);
Commonwealth v. Gaskins, 692 A.2d 224, 227 (Pa.Super. 1997).
In his fourth issue, appellant raises a weight of the evidence challenge.
Appellate review of a weight claim is a review of the
exercise of discretion, not of the underlying question
of whether the verdict is against the weight of the
evidence. Because the trial judge has had the
opportunity to hear and see the evidence presented,
an appellate court will give the gravest consideration
to the findings and reasons advanced by the trial
judge when reviewing a trial court’s determination
that the verdict is against the weight of the evidence.
One of the least assailable reasons for granting or
denying a new trial is the lower court’s conviction that
the verdict was or was not against the weight of the
evidence and that a new trial should be granted in the
interest of justice.
Commonwealth v. Clay, 64 A.3d 1049, 1055 (Pa. 2013) (citations omitted;
emphasis omitted).
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The weight of the evidence is exclusively for the finder
of fact who is free to believe all, part, or none of the
evidence and to determine the credibility of the
witnesses. An appellate court cannot substitute its
judgment for that of the finder of fact. Thus, we may
only reverse the . . . verdict if it is so contrary to the
evidence as to shock one’s sense of justice.
Commonwealth v. Devine, 26 A.3d 1139, 1146 (Pa.Super. 2011).
Here, appellant sets forth the same challenges to the victim’s credibility
and offers the same theory as to how appellant’s DNA evidence was found on
a couch that he set forth in his previous challenge. In so doing, appellant
invites this court to assess witness credibility and reweigh the evidence. “The
jury, as fact-finder[, however,] had the duty to determine the credibility of
the testimony and evidence presented at trial.” Commonwealth v. Talbert,
129 A.3d 536, 546 (Pa.Super. 2016) (citation omitted). Appellate courts
cannot and do not substitute their judgment for that of the fact-finder. See
id. Here, a jury of appellant’s peers weighed the evidence and assessed the
credibility of the witnesses and determined that the Commonwealth’s evidence
proved beyond a reasonable doubt that appellant committed IDSI, indecent
assault, corruption of minors, and endangering the welfare of children. After
carefully reviewing the record, we conclude that the jury’s verdict was not so
contrary to the evidence so as to shock one’s sense of justice. Rather, our
review of the record supports our conclusion that the trial court properly
exercised its discretion in denying appellant’s weight of the evidence claim.
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In his final claim, appellant challenges the discretionary aspects of his
sentence.
[T]he proper standard of review when considering
whether to affirm the sentencing court’s
determination is an abuse of discretion. . . . [A]n
abuse of discretion is more than a mere error of
judgment; thus, a sentencing court will not have
abused its discretion unless the record discloses that
the judgment exercised was manifestly unreasonable,
or the result of partiality, prejudice, bias or ill-will. In
more expansive terms, our Court recently offered: An
abuse of discretion may not be found merely because
an appellate court might have reached a different
conclusion, but requires a result of manifest
unreasonableness, or partiality, prejudice, bias, or
ill-will, or such lack of support so as to be clearly
erroneous.
The rationale behind such broad discretion and the
concomitantly deferential standard of appellate review
is that the sentencing court is in the best position to
determine the proper penalty for a particular offense
based upon an evaluation of the individual
circumstances before it.
Commonwealth v. Moury, 992 A.2d 162, 169-170 (Pa.Super. 2010)
(citation omitted; brackets in original).
Challenges to the discretionary aspects of sentencing
do not entitle an appellant to review as of right.
Commonwealth v. Sierra, [752 A.2d 910, 912
(Pa.Super. 2000)]. An appellant challenging the
discretionary aspects of his sentence must invoke this
Court’s jurisdiction by satisfying a four-part test:
[W]e conduct a four-part analysis to
determine: (1) whether appellant has
filed a timely notice of appeal, see
Pa.R.A.P. 902 and 903; (2) whether the
issue was properly preserved at
sentencing or in a motion to reconsider
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and modify sentence, see Pa.R.Crim.P.
[720]; (3) whether appellant’s brief has a
fatal defect, Pa.R.A.P. 2119(f); and
(4) whether there is a substantial
question that the sentence appealed from
is not appropriate under the Sentencing
Code, 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9781(b).
Moury, 992 A.2d at 170 (citation omitted; brackets in original).
Here, appellant filed a timely notice of appeal and a motion to reconsider
the sentence. Appellant’s brief, however, does not include a Rule 2119(f)
statement. Because the Commonwealth did not object, we will proceed to
determine whether appellant raises a substantial question. See
Commonwealth v. Kiesel, 854 A.2d 530, 533 (Pa.Super. 2004) (reiterating
that “when appellant has not included a Rule 2119(f) statement and the
appellee has not objected, this [c]ourt may ignore the omission and determine
if there is a substantial question that the sentence imposed was not
appropriate, or enforce the requirements of 2119(f) sua sponte, i.e., deny
allowance of appeal.”).
The determination of what constitutes a substantial question must be
evaluated on a case-by-case basis. Commonwealth v. Anderson, 830 A.2d
1013, 1018 (Pa.Super. 2003) (citation omitted). A substantial question exists
“only when the appellant advances a colorable argument that the sentencing
judge’s actions were either: (1) inconsistent with a specific provision of the
Sentencing Code; or (2) contrary to the fundamental norms which underlie
the sentencing process.” Sierra, 752 A.2d at 912-13.
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Here, appellant concedes that his sentence falls within the sentencing
guidelines range. (Appellant’s brief at 40.) Nevertheless, appellant complains
that “this sentence is in the top end of the standard range and the [trial] court
offered little explanation as to why it chose the sentence it did for a
seventy-four year old man with no prior criminal record and a remarkable
resume of community service.” (Id.)
Generally, a sentence that falls within the sentencing guidelines fails to
raise a substantial question. See Commonwealth v. Maneval, 688 A.2d
1198, 1199-1200 (Pa.Super. 1997). Moreover, an argument that the trial
court failed to consider mitigating factors in favor of a lesser sentence does
not present a substantial question appropriate for our review.
Commonwealth v. Hanson, 856 A.2d 1254, 1257-1258 (Pa.Super. 2004)
(citation omitted). Furthermore, the trial court had the benefit of a
pre-sentence investigation report and was certainly aware of all relevant
information and alleged mitigating factors. “Our Supreme Court has ruled
that where pre-sentence reports exist, the presumption will stand that the
sentencing judge was both aware of and appropriately weighed all relevant
information contained therein.” Commonwealth v. Griffin, 804 A.2d 1, 8
(Pa.Super. 2002), appeal denied, 868 A.2d 1198 (Pa. 2005), cert. denied,
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45 U.S. 1148 (2005). Therefore, appellant has failed to raise a substantial
question for our review.5
Judgment of sentence affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 6/15/2020
5 Appellant also complains that he is entitled to a lesser sentence because the
trial court imposed sentence when he was 74 years old. (Appellant’s brief
at 40.) Just as we noted in Commonwealth v. Hoag, 665 A.2d 1212, 1214
(Pa.Super. 1995), that a defendant is not entitled to a “volume discount” for
multiple crimes by having all sentences run concurrently, appellant is not
entitled to a seasonal discount because he committed his crimes in the winter
of his life.
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