United States v. Cink

U NITED S TATES AIR F ORCE
C OURT OF C RIMINAL APPEALS
________________________

No. ACM 39594
________________________

UNITED STATES
Appellee
v.
Dylan R. CINK
Senior Airman (E-4), U.S. Air Force, Appellant
________________________

Appeal from the United States Air Force Trial Judiciary
Decided 12 June 2020
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Military Judge: Christopher M. Schumann.
Approved sentence: Dishonorable discharge, confinement for 6 years,
forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and reduction to E-1. Sentence ad-
judged 14 September 2018 by GCM convened at Kirtland Air Force Base,
New Mexico.
For Appellant: Captain M. Dedra Campbell, USAF.
For Appellee: Lieutenant Colonel Joseph J. Kubler, USAF; Major Anne
M. Delmare, USAF; Mary Ellen Payne, Esquire.
Before J. JOHNSON, POSCH, and KEY, Appellate Military Judges.
Chief Judge J. JOHNSON delivered the opinion of the court, in which
Judge POSCH joined. Judge KEY filed a separate opinion concurring in
part and in the result.
________________________

This is an unpublished opinion and, as such, does not serve as
precedent under AFCCA Rule of Practice and Procedure 30.4.
________________________

J. JOHNSON, Chief Judge:
A general court-martial composed of a military judge alone convicted Ap-
pellant, in accordance with his pleas pursuant to a pretrial agreement (PTA),
 United States v. Cink, No. ACM 39594

of one specification of involuntary manslaughter in violation of Article 119,
Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), 10 U.S.C. § 919. 1 The military judge
sentenced Appellant to a dishonorable discharge, confinement for eight years,
forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and reduction to the grade of E-1. In ac-
cordance with the terms of the PTA, the convening authority approved confine-
ment for only six years, in addition to the dishonorable discharge, forfeitures,
and reduction.
Appellant raises three issues on appeal: (1) whether the military judge
erred by considering unsworn statements written by the victim’s grandchil-
dren pursuant to Rule for Courts-Martial (R.C.M.) 1001A because they were
not offered by the grandchildren themselves or through a designee, and be-
cause the grandchildren did not qualify as “victims” for purposes of the rule;
(2) whether Appellant is entitled to relief due to the conditions of his post-trial
confinement; and (3) whether Appellant is entitled to a new post-trial process
because the Government failed to serve him with a copy of the record of trial. 2
We find no error that substantially prejudiced Appellant’s material rights, and
we affirm the findings and sentence.

I. BACKGROUND
On the afternoon of 18 June 2016, Appellant drove his brother and a friend
in Appellant’s pickup truck from his hometown of Palacios, Texas, to a beach
approximately 40 miles away. There the trio drank alcohol and barbequed. Ap-
pellant later stated he drank between 10 and 12 beers over the course of about
four hours. At around 1800, Appellant received a call to return for a family
dinner to celebrate the Father’s Day weekend. Appellant and the others packed
their belongings, and Appellant began driving back to Palacios.
At approximately 1855, Appellant approached an intersection with a
clearly visible stop sign. Appellant failed to stop and collided with a sport util-
ity vehicle (SUV) traveling on the intersecting road. A witness in another ve-
hicle with a clear view estimated Appellant was traveling 55 miles per hour
and did not slow down at all before entering the intersection.
There were four occupants in the SUV: DA, the driver; her mother LAR, in
the front passenger seat; and two of DA’s children, 7-year-old PA and 13-year-
old EA, in the back seat. LAR died at the scene from blunt force injuries to her

1All references in this opinion to the Uniform Code of Military Justice, Military Rules
of Evidence, and Rules for Courts-Martial are to the Manual for Courts-Martial,
United States (2016 ed.).
2Appellant personally raises issue (3) pursuant to United States v. Grostefon, 12 M.J.
431 (C.M.A. 1982).

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torso. She was 68 years old. PA suffered a fractured hip; EA suffered a broken
collarbone; and DA suffered a broken tailbone and “disfigur[ing]” bruises on
her leg. Although Appellant’s truck flipped over from the collision, none of its
occupants suffered substantial injuries. However, emergency responders
transported Appellant to a hospital where his blood alcohol concentration
(BAC) was measured at 0.282, or 282 milligrams of ethanol per deciliter. Texas
law defined intoxication as a BAC of 0.080 or greater.
Pursuant to a PTA with the convening authority, Appellant pleaded guilty
to a single charge and specification alleging the involuntary manslaughter of
LAR.

II. DISCUSSION
A. R.C.M. 1001A
1. Additional Background
The Government called DA and her spouse AA to testify as sentencing wit-
nesses. AA testified, inter alia, that his mother-in-law LAR had been “a really
good grandmother” who was “adored” by his ten children. He continued, “they
loved her cooking and they loved spending time with her. . . . [A]nd she loved
spending time with them.” In response to further questioning, AA described
how LAR’s death had negatively affected his children in various ways.
Similarly, DA testified, inter alia, that her ten children—who ranged in age
from 25 years to 9 years at the time of trial—“adored” LAR and would “get very
excited” when she visited them. She testified LAR’s death had been “hard for
everyone. . . . [DA’s children] still come to me and tell me how much they miss
her. The holidays aren’t the same anymore, there’s always an emptiness. . . .
[S]he was the center of our attention.” DA also stated that some of her children
had written letters that they wanted to be considered at Appellant’s court-mar-
tial.
At the conclusion of the Government’s sentencing case, senior trial counsel
advised the military judge that multiple individuals who qualified as victims
of the crime pursuant to Article 6b, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 806b, wished to make
unsworn statements to the court. These were consolidated in one 13-page doc-
ument marked as Court Exhibit 1, which consisted of nine individual state-
ments by DA and eight of her ten children—including PA, but not including
EA. The statements described the negative emotional impact that LAR’s death
had on DA and her children. Senior trial counsel provided Court Exhibit 1 to
the court reporter and copies to the military judge and trial defense counsel.

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Senior defense counsel objected to Court Exhibit 1 on three bases. First,
while conceding that DA and PA (and EA, although she did not provide a state-
ment) qualified as victims for purposes of R.C.M. 1001A, senior defense counsel
suggested it was “not clear” LAR’s remaining grandchildren qualified as vic-
tims, and therefore the Defense objected to seven of the statements. Second,
assuming these remaining grandchildren were victims for purposes of the rule,
senior defense counsel argued the rule required that each statement be intro-
duced by the individual victim, his or her designated representative, or the
victim’s counsel, if any. 3 Third, senior defense counsel argued the content of
some of the statements exceeded their permissible scope under R.C.M. 1001A. 4
Although the Government conceded that some portions of unsworn statements
might exceed the permitted scope, as to the broader issues it maintained that
all of LAR’s grandchildren who offered statements qualified as victims due to
the emotional harm they suffered from her death, and that the proffered state-
ments met the intent of R.C.M. 1001A because it was clear the victims knew
about Appellant’s trial and wanted these statements presented to the court.
In an oral ruling, the military judge agreed with the Government that all
of the grandchildren who offered statements were victims for purposes of
R.C.M. 1001A, in that they suffered direct emotional harm from LAR’s death.
He further found the “spirit and intent” of the procedural requirements of
R.C.M. 1001A had been met. He noted trial counsel had affirmed the victims
received timely, specific notice of Appellant’s court-martial; he found it was
clear based on DA’s testimony and the content of the statements themselves
the victims wanted these statements presented at Appellant’s trial; and he
opined that “[t]o conclude otherwise would deprive these victims of their stat-
utory rights under Article 6b[, UCMJ].” Finally, he stated he would not con-
sider those portions of Court Exhibit 1 that fell outside the definition of victim
impact, as identified by the Defense.
2. Law
“Interpreting R.C.M. 1001A is a question of law, which we review de novo.”
United States v. Barker, 77 M.J. 377, 382 (C.A.A.F. 2018) (citations omitted).
However, we review a military judge’s decision to accept a victim impact state-
ment offered pursuant to R.C.M. 1001A for an abuse of discretion. Id. at 383
(citing United States v. Humpherys, 57 M.J. 83, 90 (C.A.A.F. 2002)). “The ‘judge

3The military judge had previously appointed DA as the legal representative of LAR,
PA, and EA for purposes of Appellant’s court-martial. See R.C.M. 801(a)(6).
4 These statements included the description of one individual’s reaction to seeing a
photograph of Appellant on social media shortly before the trial; a sentence recommen-
dation; a reference to uncharged misconduct by Appellant; and a comment on Appel-
lant’s failure to apologize to LAR’s family.

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abuses his discretion if his findings of fact are clearly erroneous or his conclu-
sions of law are incorrect.’” Humpherys, 57 M.J. at 90 (quoting United States
v. Ayala, 43 M.J. 296, 298 (C.A.A.F. 1995)).
R.C.M. 1001A(e) provides that during presentencing proceedings, the vic-
tim of an offense of which the accused has been found guilty
may make an unsworn statement and may not be cross-exam-
ined by the trial counsel or defense counsel upon it or examined
upon it by the court-martial. The prosecution or defense may,
however, rebut any statements of facts therein. The unsworn
statement may be oral, written, or both. When a victim is under
18 years of age, incompetent, incapacitated, or deceased, the un-
sworn statement may be made by the victim’s designee ap-
pointed under R.C.M. 801(a)(6). Additionally, a victim under 18
years of age may elect to make an unsworn statement.
See also 10 U.S.C. § 806b(a)(4)(B) (stating the victim of an offense under the
UCMJ has a right to be reasonably heard at a court-martial sentencing hear-
ing). R.C.M. 1001A(b)(1) defines “crime victim” as one “who has suffered direct
physical, emotional, or pecuniary harm as a result of the commission of an of-
fense of which the accused was found guilty.” “[T]he rights vindicated by
R.C.M. 1001A are personal to the victim in each individual case.” Barker, 77
M.J. at 382. “All of the procedures in R.C.M. 1001A contemplate the actual
participation of the victim, and the statement being offered by the victim or
through her counsel.” Id. at 383. “Under R.C.M. 1001A [ ], a victim exercises
the right to be reasonably heard by either offering an unsworn victim impact
statement in person, or through a designated advocate as R.C.M. 1001A [ ]
requires.” United States v. Hamilton, 78 M.J. 335, 337 (C.A.A.F. 2019) (citing
Barker, 77 M.J. at 383); see R.C.M. 1001A(a) (“If the victim exercises the right
to be reasonably heard, the victim shall be called by the court-martial.”)
When there is error regarding the presentation of victim statements under
R.C.M. 1001A, the test for prejudice “is whether the error substantially influ-
enced the adjudged sentence.” Barker, 77 M.J. at 384 (quoting United States v.
Sanders, 67 M.J. 344, 346 (C.A.A.F. 2009)).
3. Analysis
On appeal, the Defense renews its objections that the unsworn statements
contained in Court Exhibit 1, except for those of DA and PA, were not properly
presented; and that LAR’s grandchildren, except for PA and EA who were in-
volved in the collision, were not “crime victims” for purposes of R.C.M. 1001A
because they suffered only indirect emotional harm. Because we agree with
Appellant that the seven statements included in Court Exhibit 1, other than

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those of DA and PA, were not properly presented to the court, we do not reach
the question of whether LAR’s grandchildren qualified as victims of the crime.
In Barker, the United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces (CAAF)
explained:
[T]he crime victim has an independent “right to be reasonably
heard at a sentencing hearing,” R.C.M. 1001A(a), though the
military judge may permit the victim’s counsel to “deliver all or
part of the victim’s unsworn statement.” R.C.M. 1001A(e)(2). All
of the procedures in R.C.M. 1001A contemplate the actual par-
ticipation of the victim, and the statement being offered by the
victim or through her counsel. Moreover, they assume the victim
chooses to offer the statement for a particular accused . . . .
77 M.J. at 383. The military judge correctly noted that some of the deficiencies
that plagued Barker were not present in Appellant’s case. In Barker, the “trial
counsel appear[ed] to have had no contact with [the victim], . . . and there [wa]s
no indication that [she] was even aware of [the] trial.” Id. In Appellant’s case,
there was evidence from DA’s testimony and from the statements themselves
that LAR’s grandchildren knew about the court-martial and specifically
wanted their statements presented to the court.
However, despite the military judge’s conclusion that the “spirit and intent”
of R.C.M. 1001A had been satisfied, Appellant’s trial shared with Barker the
error the CAAF found most significant: “Most importantly, the statements
were not offered by either [the victim] or [their] advocate as R.C.M. 1001A re-
quires.” Id. In Hamilton, decided after Appellant’s trial, the CAAF reiterated
that a victim exercises the right to be heard under R.C.M. 1001A either “in
person, or through a designated advocate.” 78 M.J. at 337. The military judge
had appointed DA to be the representative for PA and EA but not for any of
the other grandchildren; none of the other grandchildren offered a statement
personally, through counsel, or through a designated representative.
To be clear, we need not and do not decide here that actual appearance by
a victim at the court-martial, either in person, by live remote means, or
through counsel or a designated representative, is necessarily required in or-
der to be heard pursuant to R.C.M. 1001A. See Barker, 77 M.J. at 382 (“[T]he
introduction of statements under [R.C.M. 1001A] is prohibited without, at a
minimum, either the presence or request of the victim, . . . the special victim’s
counsel, . . . or the victim’s representative . . . .” (emphasis added)). For pur-
poses of the instant case, it is sufficient to rely on our superior court’s holdings
that the victim, victim’s counsel, or the victim’s representative must offer the
statement. Representations by a non-designated parent or by trial counsel are
insufficient.

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The military judge’s concern that crime victims not be deprived of their
statutory rights was laudable, but it was the Government’s responsibility to
ensure that victims were accurately informed of those rights; its failure to do
so, or a victim’s failure to follow the prescribed procedure, does not create an
exception to the requirements of R.C.M. 1001A. In light of Barker and Hamil-
ton, the military judge erroneously applied R.C.M. 1001A and abused his dis-
cretion.
Having found error, we test for prejudice by assessing “whether the error
substantially influenced the adjudged sentence.” Id. at 384 (quoting Sanders,
67 M.J. at 346). We consider the following factors: “(1) the strength of the Gov-
ernment’s case; (2) the strength of the defense case; (3) the materiality of the
evidence in question; and (4) the quality of the evidence in question.” Id. (quot-
ing United States v. Bowen, 76 M.J. 83, 89 (C.A.A.F. 2017)). Under the facts
and circumstances of this case, we find Court Exhibit 1 did not substantially
influence the military judge.
The Government’s sentencing case was very strong. Appellant’s egregious
disregard for the safety of others led immediately to the violent death of a be-
loved mother and grandmother, in the presence of her daughter and two of her
grandchildren who were injured in the same collision. Even without the seven
improperly-presented statements, the Government adduced significant evi-
dence of the emotional harm LAR’s death caused her surviving family mem-
bers, including all her grandchildren. Appellant’s sentencing case was robust,
including in-court testimony from his supervisor and nine statements from
other noncommissioned officers attesting to his excellent duty performance, as
well as testimony from Appellant’s father. However, it was outweighed by the
gravity of the Government’s evidence.
Moreover, as in Barker, it is “highly relevant” that Appellant was sentenced
by a military judge who is presumed to know the law. Id. (citing United States
v. Bridges, 66 M.J. 246, 248 (C.A.A.F. 2008); United States v. Erickson, 65 M.J.
221, 224 (C.A.A.F. 2007)). In ruling on the Defense’s objections to Court Exhibit
1, the military judge affirmed he “recognize[d] the unsworn statements were
not evidence,” was “well-aware of the limitations placed on the consideration
of unsworn statements both by alleged victims and the accused,” and would
“not give these unsworn statements undo [sic] weight nor . . . consider them for
an improper purpose.”
Furthermore, “[a]n error is more likely to be prejudicial if the fact was not
already obvious from the other evidence presented at trial and would have pro-
vided new ammunition against an appellant.” Id. (citing United States v. Har-
row, 65 M.J. 190, 200 (C.A.A.F. 2007)). The testimony of AA and DA, coupled
with other evidence and the properly-presented unsworn statements of DA and
PA, clearly portrayed for the military judge that LAR was survived by a loving

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family including DA’s ten children who grieved her loss, even without the im-
properly-presented statements. The improperly-presented statements con-
tained information such as one would expect from grandchildren who, as de-
scribed by their parents, “adored” and frequently spent time with their grand-
mother. They were not of a nature to change the tone or trajectory of the sen-
tencing case, and thus their materiality in light of the entire case was low.
Finally, we note the military judge sentenced Appellant to eight years in
confinement in addition to a dishonorable discharge, forfeiture of all pay and
allowances, and reduction to the grade of E-1. In accordance with the PTA, the
convening authority reduced the term of confinement to six years. Thus, to find
an effect on the approved sentence, we would need to conclude the seven un-
sworn statements substantially influenced the military judge to increase the
adjudged term of confinement by more than two years, or to have exerted a
substantial influence in the military judge’s decision to adjudge the dishonor-
able discharge, forfeitures, or reduction. We are confident this was not so. Ac-
cordingly, we conclude the error did not prejudice Appellant.
B. Conditions of Confinement
1. Additional Background
In his clemency submission to the convening authority, Appellant’s trial
defense counsel asserted that the conditions of Appellant’s post-trial confine-
ment at the Roosevelt County Detention Center (RCDC) in Clovis, New Mexico,
between 15 September 2018 and 3 November 2018 were unlawful. 5 Counsel
asserted that Appellant was housed alone, and he was allowed outside for rec-
reation purposes only between zero and two times per week for 30 to 60
minutes at a time. Although trial defense counsel acknowledged Appellant’s
cell was furnished with three bunked beds, a shower, a toilet, a sink, a televi-
sion, and a phone, and he was allowed to have books, Appellant did not have
access to exercise equipment, classes, or counseling, and his only human inter-
action was with correctional officers.
The Government responded to Appellant’s claim of unlawful post-trial con-
finement at the RCDC by submitting declarations from the Chief of Military
Justice and the Noncommissioned Officer in Charge of Military Justice at
Kirtland Air Force Base, and the RCDC Jail Administrator. Collectively, these
declarations indicate the following: Appellant was confined in a minimum cus-
tody day room designed to house up to six inmates. The other areas of the fa-
cility where Appellant might have been confined were all similar in design. In

5 The record contains conflicting information as to whether Appellant departed the
RCDC on 3 November 2018 or 6 November 2018. However, the exact end date does not
affect our analysis of the issue.

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general, Appellant received the same treatment as other RCDC confinees; how-
ever, in accordance with the Memorandum of Agreement between the RCDC
and Air Force authorities, Appellant was confined separately in order to avoid
housing him with foreign nationals in violation of Article 12, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C.
§ 812. 6 A mental health counselor observed Appellant seven times, and a men-
tal health provider observed him once during his time at RCDC. Medical per-
sonnel checked on Appellant twice a day; on one occasion he was provided med-
icine for a medical condition. Appellant was allowed the opportunity for outside
recreation for one hour each day. Appellant was informed of the process for
submitting grievances and informal complaints at the RCDC; however, he
never complained formally or informally while at the RCDC.
2. Law
We review de novo whether an appellant has been subjected to impermis-
sible conditions of confinement in violation of the Eighth Amendment 7 or Arti-
cle 55, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 855. United States v. Wise, 64 M.J. 468, 473 (C.A.A.F.
2007) (citing United States v. White, 54 M.J. 469, 471 (C.A.A.F. 2001)).
“Both the Eighth Amendment and Article 55, UCMJ, prohibit cruel and
unusual punishment. In general, we apply the Supreme Court’s interpretation
of the Eighth Amendment to claims raised under Article 55, UCMJ, except
where legislative intent to provide greater protections under Article 55, UCMJ,
is apparent.” United States v. Gay, 74 M.J. 736, 740 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2015)
(citing United States v. Avila, 53 M.J. 99, 101 (C.A.A.F. 2000)), aff’d, 75 M.J.
264 (C.A.A.F. 2016). To demonstrate a violation of the Eighth Amendment, an
appellant must show:
(1) an objectively, sufficiently serious act or omission resulting
in the denial of necessities; (2) a culpable state of mind on the
part of prison officials amounting to deliberate indifference to
[his] health and safety; and (3) that he “has exhausted the pris-
oner-grievance system . . . and that he has petitioned for relief
under Article 138, UCMJ, 10 USC § 938 [2000].”
United States v. Lovett, 63 M.J. 211, 215 (C.A.A.F. 2006) (omission and second
alteration in original) (internal citations omitted).

6Effective 1 January 2019, Article 12, UCMJ, was amended to remove the general
prohibition on holding military confinees with foreign nationals. See 10 U.S.C. § 812,
Manual for Courts-Martial, United States (2019 ed.).
7 U.S. CONST. amend. VIII.

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Pursuant to our broad authority and mandate under Article 66(c), UCMJ,
10 U.S.C. § 866(c), to approve only so much of the sentence as we find appro-
priate in law and fact, we may grant sentence relief for a legal deficiency or
error in an appellant’s post-trial treatment that does not constitute an Eighth
Amendment or Article 55, UCMJ, violation. See United States v. Gay, 75 M.J.
264, 269 (C.A.A.F. 2016); see also United States v. Tardif, 57 M.J. 219, 223
(C.A.A.F. 2002). However, “[o]nly in very rare circumstances do we anticipate
granting sentence relief when there is no violation of the Eighth Amendment
or Article 55, UCMJ.” United States v. Ferrando, 77 M.J. 506, 517 (A.F. Ct.
Crim. App. 2017) (citations omitted).
3. Analysis
On appeal, Appellant contends that we should exercise our authority under
Article 66, UCMJ, to grant him day-for-day confinement credit for the condi-
tions of his confinement at the RCDC. He contends his placement in “solitary
confinement” was “unwarranted” and “more severe than necessary.” Appellant
relies on trial defense counsel’s clemency memorandum to the convening au-
thority and has not supplemented his claim with a declaration regarding his
isolation or general conditions of confinement at the RCDC. 8
As an initial matter, we assess the import of the CAAF’s recent decision in
United States v. Jessie, ___ M.J. ___, No. 19-0192, 2020 CAAF LEXIS 188
(C.A.A.F. 6 Apr. 2020), on our consideration of this issue. In Jessie, the CAAF
analyzed three lines of precedent with respect to whether a Court of Criminal
Appeals (CCA) may consider matters outside the “entire record” in reviewing
the findings and sentence of a court-martial pursuant to Article 66, UCMJ.
Jessie, 2020 CAAF LEXIS 188, at *5–22. The CAAF cited United States v.
Fagnan, 12 C.M.A. 192 (C.M.A. 1961), for the general rule “that the CCAs may
not consider anything outside of the ‘entire record’ when reviewing a sentence
under Article 66(c), UCMJ.” Jessie, 2020 CAAF LEXIS 188, at *9 (citation omit-
ted). The CAAF explained that for purposes of Article 66, UCMJ, the “entire
record” included the “record of trial” and “matters attached to the record” in
accordance with R.C.M. 1103(b)(2) and (3), as well as “briefs and arguments
that government and defense counsel (and the appellant personally) might pre-
sent regarding matters in the record of trial and ‘allied papers.’” Id. at *8 (citing
United States v. Healy, 26 M.J. 394, 396 (C.M.A. 1988)). However, the CAAF
also recognized that “some [of its] precedents have allowed the CCAs to sup-
plement the record when deciding issues that are raised by materials in the
record,” specifically with affidavits or hearings ordered pursuant to United
States v. DuBay, 37 C.M.R. 411 (C.M.A. 1967) (per curiam). Jessie, 2020 CAAF

8Appellant did submit a declaration in support of the third issue he raises—that the
Government failed to provide him with a copy of the record of trial.

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LEXIS 188, at *12 (citation omitted). In addition, the CAAF identified a third
line of precedent “allow[ing] appellants to raise and present evidence of claims
of cruel and unusual punishment and violations of Article 55, UCMJ, even
though there was nothing in the record regarding those claims.” Id. at *19.
In the instant case, in arguing for relief for the conditions of his confine-
ment at the RCDC, Appellant relies on material contained in the “record,”
which includes, inter alia, Appellant’s post-trial clemency submissions to the
convening authority. See id. at *8 (citing R.C.M. 1103(b)(2), (3)). Therefore, we
clearly have jurisdiction to review Appellant’s claim. We also understand Jes-
sie to permit our review of the responsive declarations outside the original rec-
ord that the Government has moved this court to attach, consistent with the
second line of precedent the CAAF recognized in Jessie. Although the CAAF
declined to specifically endorse this line of precedent in Jessie, neither did it
overrule it. See id. at *18–19. We further note that, even if we did not consider
the Government’s submissions, we would still not find in Appellant’s favor
based on his inadequate showing.
Because there is some factual dispute between trial defense counsel’s clem-
ency memorandum and the RCDC Jail Administrator’s declaration, we have
considered whether a post-trial evidentiary hearing is required to resolve the
conflict. See United States v. Ginn, 47 M.J. 236, 248 (C.A.A.F. 1997); DuBay,
37 C.M.R. at 413. We are convinced such a hearing is not required in this case;
even if we accept Appellant’s version of events as accurate, he would not be
entitled to relief. See Ginn, 47 M.J. at 248.
Turning to the substance of Appellant’s claims, he does not assert that the
conditions of his confinement at the RCDC violated the Eighth Amendment or
Article 55, UCMJ, and we find none of the three prongs required for such a
showing have been met. See Lovett, 63 M.J. at 215. Instead, Appellant com-
pares the circumstances of his confinement to that in Gay and contends this
court should grant him relief as a matter of sentence appropriateness under
Article 66, UCMJ, as we did in Gay. See Gay, 75 M.J. at 268–69. We are not
persuaded. As the CAAF recognized, our decision to grant relief in Gay was
based on several factors unique to that case, including that the appellant was
unnecessarily placed in solitary confinement, apparently at the direction of an
Air Force official rather than based on any requirement of the civilian confine-
ment facility. Id. There are no equivalent circumstances in Appellant’s case,
nor any other factors amounting to a legal deficiency that would warrant or
authorize this court to grant relief as a matter of law. See id. at 269 (CCA au-
thority to grant sentence relief is not unlimited and is bounded by the require-
ment of a legal error or deficiency). Moreover, although not dispositive, we note
that Appellant filed no grievances or Article 138, UCMJ, complaints during his
stay at the RCDC, and he was confined in a living area designed to house up

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to six individuals. In short, Appellant’s case is not one of those “very rare cir-
cumstances” in which the conditions of confinement warrant sentence relief in
the absence of an Eighth Amendment or Article 55, UCMJ, violation. See Fer-
rando, 77 M.J. at 517.
C. Post-Trial Process
1. Law
“The proper completion of post-trial processing is a question of law the court
reviews de novo.” United States v. Zegarrundo, 77 M.J. 612, 613–14 (A.F. Ct.
Crim. App. 2018) (citing United States v. Kho, 54 M.J. 63, 65 (C.A.A.F. 2000)).
Failure to comment in a timely manner on matters in or attached to the SJAR
forfeits a later claim of error; we analyze such forfeited claims for plain error.
Id. at 614 (citations omitted). “To prevail under a plain error analysis, Appel-
lant must persuade this Court that: ‘(1) there was an error; (2) it was plain or
obvious; and (3) the error materially prejudiced a substantial right.’”
United States v. Scalo, 60 M.J. 435, 436 (C.A.A.F. 2005) (quoting Kho, 54 M.J.
at 65) (additional citation omitted).
Other than claims of punishment in violation of the Eighth Amendment or
Article 55, UCMJ, Article 66, UCMJ, does not authorize a CCA to “consider
materials outside the ‘entire record’ when reviewing issues that were not
raised by anything in the record.” Jessie, 2020 CAAF LEXIS 188, at *15.
2. Analysis
Appellant asserts the Government failed to provide him with a copy of the
record of the proceedings as it was required to do under Article 54(d), UCMJ,
10 U.S.C. § 854(d). The record of trial includes a receipt indicating Appellant
was served with a copy of the record on 24 October 2018, 12 days before the
Defense submitted clemency matters to the convening authority on 5 Novem-
ber 2018. Appellant’s claim relies on a declaration he signed on 8 April 2019
and moved to attach in support of his assignments of error to this court, and is
not supported by anything in the “entire record” as the CAAF explained that
term in Jessie. See 2020 CAAF LEXIS 188, at *8. Accordingly, in light of our
superior court’s decision in Jessie, we are without authority to consider his dec-
laration or the Government’s responsive submissions under Article 66, UCMJ,
and Appellant’s assignment of error must fail.

III. CONCLUSION
The approved findings and sentence are correct in law and fact, and no er-
ror materially prejudicial to the substantial rights of Appellant occurred. Arti-
cles 59(a) and 66(c), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. §§ 859(a), 866(c). Accordingly, the find-
ings and sentence are AFFIRMED.

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 United States v. Cink, No. ACM 39594

KEY, Judge (concurring in the result):
I agree with my colleagues in the majority in affirming Appellant’s convic-
tion and sentence. I write separately because I disagree with their conclusion
that the military judge abused his discretion in admitting the letters from
LAR’s grandchildren under Rule for Courts-Martial (R.C.M.) 1001A.
The military judge received sworn testimony that DA’s children—LAR’s
grandchildren—had authored letters “in reference to” Appellant’s court-mar-
tial and that they wanted the letters considered at that court-martial. This
testimony was a permissible source of information the military judge could rely
on to assess whether to consider the letters. See Mil. R. Evid. 104(a).
Victims have the right to be reasonably heard during sentencing proceed-
ings under Article 6b, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 806b. Pursuant to R.C.M. 1001A(e),
after findings are announced, a victim’s unsworn statement to a court-martial
may be presented in writing so long as a copy is provided to the military judge
and the parties, as occurred here. The rule does not prescribe any particular
method of delivering such a statement to a court-martial, nor does it specify
who must state the victim’s desires with respect to its consideration.
This court and our superior court have rejected written statements submit-
ted by victims when there is no evidence the victims were aware of the courts-
martial in which their statements were being presented, much less that they
desired to exercise their rights to be reasonably heard at those specific courts-
martial. See United States v. Barker, 77 M.J. 377 (C.A.A.F. 2018); United
States v. Shoup, 79 M.J. 668 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2019). Blanket requests to
have statements considered in unspecified future cases have similarly been
found inadequate because a statement must be presented “for a particular ac-
cused at a specific court-martial.” United States v. Hamilton, 78 M.J. 335, 341–
42 (C.A.A.F. 2019) (citing Barker, 77 M.J. at 383). The shortcomings in those
cases, however, are not present in Appellant’s case, where the military judge
received evidence the victims knew of the proceedings, authored unsworn
statements, and wished the statements to be considered by Appellant’s court-
martial.
I see no reason why a witness with personal knowledge, including a parent,
cannot adequately communicate a victim’s desire to be reasonably heard at a
court-martial under R.C.M. 1001A. I would find that an adequate foundation
was laid for the letters under R.C.M. 1001A, as DA testified her children re-
quested they be heard at Appellant’s court-martial through their letters. As a

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 United States v. Cink, No. ACM 39594

result, I conclude the military judge did not abuse his discretion in considering
the letters.

FOR THE COURT

CAROL K. JOYCE
Clerk of the Court

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