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Nebraska Court of Appeals Advance Sheets
28 Nebraska Appellate Reports
STATE v. MORENO
Cite as 28 Neb. App. 581
State of Nebraska, appellee, v.
Anthony Moreno, appellant.
___ N.W.2d ___
Filed June 30, 2020. No. A-20-067.
1. Pleadings: Judgments: Appeal and Error. A trial court’s decision to
reopen a case to receive additional evidence is reviewed for an abuse
of discretion.
2. Criminal Law: Courts: Juvenile Courts: Jurisdiction: Appeal and
Error. A trial court’s denial of a motion to transfer a pending criminal
proceeding to the juvenile court is reviewed for an abuse of discretion.
3. Trial: Evidence: Appeal and Error. Among factors traditionally con-
sidered in determining whether to allow a party to reopen a case to
introduce additional evidence are (1) the reason for the failure to intro-
duce the evidence, i.e., counsel’s inadvertence, a party’s calculated risk
or tactic, or the court’s mistake; (2) the admissibility and materiality of
the new evidence to the proponent’s case; (3) the diligence exercised
by the requesting party in producing the evidence before his or her case
closed; (4) the time or stage of the proceedings at which the motion
is made; and (5) whether the new evidence would unfairly surprise or
unfairly prejudice the opponent.
4. Courts: Juvenile Courts: Jurisdiction. The determination of whether
a district court or a juvenile court should exercise jurisdiction over a
juvenile involves consideration of the juvenile’s best interests and the
public’s safety.
5. Criminal Law: Courts: Juvenile Courts: Jurisdiction. When an
alleged offense is one over which both the juvenile court and the
criminal court can exercise jurisdiction, a party can move to transfer the
matter to juvenile court pursuant to Neb. Rev. Stat. § 29-1816(3) (Cum.
Supp. 2018).
6. Criminal Law: Courts: Juvenile Courts: Pleadings. In conducting
a hearing on a motion to transfer a pending criminal case to juve-
nile court, the court should employ a balancing test by which public
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STATE v. MORENO
Cite as 28 Neb. App. 581
protection and societal security are weighed against the practical and
nonproblematical rehabilitation of the juvenile.
7. Criminal Law: Courts: Proof. The burden of proving a sound basis
for retention of a pending criminal case in the district court lies with
the State.
8. Criminal Law: Courts: Juvenile Courts. Age alone does not support a
transfer of a criminal proceeding to juvenile court.
Appeal from the District Court for Lancaster County: Kevin
R. McManaman, Judge. Affirmed.
Sanford J. Pollack, of Pollack & Ball, L.L.C., for appellant.
Douglas J. Peterson, Attorney General, and Siobhan E.
Duffy for appellee.
Pirtle, Riedmann, and Bishop, Judges.
Riedmann, Judge.
I. INTRODUCTION
Anthony Moreno appeals from the order of the district court
for Lancaster County denying his motion to transfer his case
from the district court to the juvenile court. Finding no abuse
of discretion in the district court’s order or in its procedure,
we affirm.
II. BACKGROUND
Moreno was 15 years old on the night he and three friends
(ages 14, 14, and 16) decided to steal a vehicle in December
2018 in Lincoln, Nebraska. They located an unoccupied vehi-
cle with a running engine at about 4 a.m., and Moreno drove
the vehicle to a location near the house of one of the other
friends. They then drove around, making various stops, and
successfully evaded law enforcement for the first time at
about 7 a.m. At approximately 8:05 a.m., another law enforce-
ment officer observed the stolen vehicle and followed it in an
unmarked patrol car while dispatch made arrangements for
other officers to respond to the location. Once law enforce-
ment attempted to stop the stolen vehicle, Moreno accelerated,
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STATE v. MORENO
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began swerving, and ultimately went into a ditch and rolled;
its passengers were ejected. One passenger age 14, Zayne
Yost, was killed. Moreno initially denied driving, claiming
that Yost had been the driver and that he did not know the
vehicle was stolen; later, he admitted that he was operating
the vehicle. A grand jury indicted Moreno for manslaughter,
finding that he killed Yost “unintentionally while in the com-
mission of an unlawful act, to wit: Operate a Motor Vehicle to
Avoid Arrest.”
Moreno filed a motion to transfer his case to the separate
juvenile court of Lancaster County. Hearing was held on
August 7, 2019, at which time testimony was offered by Dr.
Stephanie Bruhn, a psychologist hired to perform a foren-
sic evaluation of Moreno. She testified that based upon her
testing of Moreno, her interview with him, and her review
of various materials, it would be in Moreno’s best interests
to undergo “intensive trauma-informed treatment,” individual
therapy, family therapy, aggression replacement training, and
substance abuse treatment. She recommended a psychiatric
residential treatment facility (PRTF), such as Boys Town, fol-
lowed by probation or some other type of monitoring through
urine analysis to confirm that he has not relapsed. She opined
that all of the treatment she recommended was available in the
community and is available at the Youth Rehabilitation and
Treatment Center (YRTC) in Kearney, Nebraska; Boys Town;
and the Nebraska Correctional Youth Facility (NCYF). She
explained that the NCYF’s population is comprised of indi-
viduals up to age 19 and that when residents turn 19 years old,
they are transferred to an adult facility.
Bruhn revealed that Moreno had been associated with a
gang for about 6 months prior to this incident, but was now
working on removing himself from that gang. She further tes-
tified that she performed a risk assessment that had previously
been conducted in March 2019 when Moreno was at the juve-
nile detention facility in Lincoln. The purpose of the assess-
ment is to determine a person’s risk factors for engaging in
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STATE v. MORENO
Cite as 28 Neb. App. 581
general violence in the future. At the earlier date, Moreno
was placed in the high-risk category for general violence.
However, he was retested by Bruhn in July 2019, after hav-
ing received some treatment at the PRTF, and scored in the
moderate category for general violence. Bruhn interpreted that
to mean that he was amenable to treatment and that he had
made progress.
Bruhn explained that putting a 16-year-old offender
(Moreno’s age at the time of the hearing) into a facility with
much older offenders can be harmful to the younger person
because older people have more antisocial behaviors and atti-
tudes that can impact the younger inmate. It was her opin-
ion that the most intense appropriate therapy would be out
in the community. She acknowledged on cross-examination
that Moreno has been given juvenile intervention since July
2015 and has been afforded intensive family preservation and
multisystemic treatment, which were not successful. She also
acknowledged that after this incident but prior to being placed
at the PRTF, Moreno had additional contact with law enforce-
ment for making social media threats of bringing a gun to
school. She conceded that his cooperation did not start until
he was indicted on manslaughter charges and that he now
has external motivation to comply. She further admitted that
Moreno’s compliance with probation and treatment did not
begin until April 2019, despite his involvement in the juve-
nile justice system since July 2015, and that he has amassed
charges of terroristic threats, burglary, and assault, as well as
the current charge of manslaughter. She conceded that at the
time of the hearing, Moreno had been compliant for only about
4 months.
Amy Hernbloom, Moreno’s mental health therapist from
the PRTF, also testified. She stated that Moreno first came to
the PRTF in April 2019 and remained there 10 to 12 days. He
was initially placed through the juvenile court system prior
to the current charges being filed and was removed when the
present case was filed. He was later returned to the PRTF.
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STATE v. MORENO
Cite as 28 Neb. App. 581
According to Hernbloom, Moreno has done very well at the
PRTF, actively engaging in therapy. She confirmed that the
treatment modalities recommended by Bruhn are available at
Boys Town.
Moreno’s probation officer, Courtney Goldenstein, began
working with him in December 2018 as the “conditional
release officer.” She testified that Moreno began on condi-
tional release in November 2018 and continues to be on con-
ditional release. He has been detained since March 2019 for
having posted “Snapchat” videos in which he made terroristic
threats. A Lancaster County juvenile court judge ordered the
PRTF based on evaluations of Moreno at the time. He was
admitted to the PRTF at Boys Town on April 22, 2019; he was
arrested there about 10 to 12 days later for the current charges.
However, based upon his positive behaviors, Boys Town was
willing to readmit him. According to Goldenstein, Moreno’s
current placement has the ability to access all the needs identi-
fied by Moreno’s psychiatrist.
Goldenstein admitted that she was familiar with a juvenile
case in Thayer County involving Moreno that was closed in
August 2018 and a Lancaster County juvenile court case that
was opened in September 2018. Contrary to Bruhn’s testimony,
Goldenstein opined that Moreno’s intensive family preserva-
tion treatment in Thayer County was successful, but she admit-
ted his multisystemic treatment in Lancaster County was not.
Moreno has been placed out of home in a kinship foster home,
foster home, group home, and shelter. He did not begin to do
well until he was placed at the detention center and then at the
PRTF. Goldenstein admitted that to her knowledge, there have
never been any manslaughter cases in juvenile court; however,
she was also unaware of any 15- or 16-year-old juvenile who
has been charged with manslaughter in Lancaster County.
Finally, Goldenstein explained that Moreno has completed
the program at the PRTF and is set to move to a lower level
of care at Boys Town unless there is a new law violation or he
is noncompliant with probation or has a mental health need.
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STATE v. MORENO
Cite as 28 Neb. App. 581
Therefore, if Moreno were adjudicated on the manslaughter
charge, he would be placed in a group home at Boys Town,
which has an average placement of 12 months. He would then
step down to the family home setting at Boys Town.
The State called no witnesses but offered 14 exhibits,
including a cruiser video depicting the events of December
26, 2018, corresponding reports from law enforcement, foren-
sic evidence from the accident, and pleadings from Moreno’s
juvenile court cases in Lancaster and Thayer Counties. The
juvenile court records reveal that Moreno was placed on
probation in October 2015 in Thayer County for assault caus-
ing bodily injury and criminal mischief of $200 to $500.
Additional charges were brought against him in April 2016
for receiving stolen property valued at $500 or less, and he
was placed on supervised probation for 12 months. In May, he
was removed from his family home on allegations of physical
abuse, neglect, and drug use by a parent and was adjudicated
as a ward of the State in August. In February 2017, he was
charged with terroristic threats and admitted to the allegations.
He was placed on probation for 18 months. As a result of the
additional charges, his previous orders of probation were ter-
minated. Moreno satisfactorily completed the 18-month term
of probation for the terroristic threats and was discharged in
August 2018.
A month after Moreno was discharged from probation in
Thayer County, he was adjudicated in the separate juvenile
court of Lancaster County for third degree assault. A supple-
mental petition was filed charging him with false reporting, to
which he admitted in November 2018, and he was placed in a
graduated sanctions program. He was unsuccessfully discharged
for failure to cooperate, and on March 19, 2019, an order for
immediate custody was issued. He was ordered detained at
the juvenile detention center. On March 25, a second supple-
mental petition was filed charging Moreno with disturbing the
peace, and he admitted to that allegation in April. The court
found that Moreno should be conditionally released from the
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STATE v. MORENO
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juvenile detention center and placed at the PRTF at Boys
Town. He remained there until he was arrested on the current
charge, but was returned on April 15. He remained there at the
time of the hearing on his motion to transfer.
On September 13, 2019, the State moved to reopen the evi-
dence “to offer evidence of a material change in circumstances
after the evidence was submitted.” The court addressed the
motion at a hearing on September 24. Moreno objected, stating
that the court did not have the authority to reopen the proceed-
ings because of the expedited procedures set forth in Neb. Rev.
Stat. § 29-1816 (Cum. Supp. 2018), the expedited nature of
filing an appeal once the transfer order is made, and the appel-
late courts’ procedure for addressing juvenile transfer appeals.
The court granted the motion, and new evidence was offered
that day.
The State called Ryan Dvorak, the preadjudication coordina-
tor specialist for Lancaster County Human Services. Dvorak
testified that his department supervised Moreno’s electronic
monitoring ordered as part of his bond so he could return to the
PRTF. Dvorak stated that he received a letter from Hernbloom
on August 23, 2019, indicating that Moreno was being dis-
charged from the PRTF. According to the letter, Moreno “dem-
onstrated difficulty with accepting decisions from adult author-
ity . . . by ignoring staff, cursing, engaging in aggressive
behaviors and making negative self-statements.” He ultimately
bit a staff member. As a result of Hernbloom’s letter, Dvorak
notified the court that Moreno was having problems at the
PRTF and had committed a violation by removing his elec-
tronic monitor bracelet.
Dvorak was later notified that the court issued an order
revoking Moreno’s bond and issuing a bench warrant for his
arrest. He was transferred to the Lancaster County detention
facility for youth and remained there following the issuance of
the warrant. At Moreno’s request and without objection from
the State, the court agreed to keep the record open for Moreno
to submit an additional exhibit, a letter from Hernbloom,
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which was subsequently written and submitted on October 1,
2019. In her letter, Hernbloom described in more detail the
events originally outlined in her August 23 letter.
The court issued its order on January 24, 2020, denying the
motion to transfer. It set forth the elements it was required
to consider under Neb. Rev. Stat. § 43-276 (Supp. 2019) and
identified evidence as to each element. As to the first factor,
it found that Moreno would likely be best amenable to treat-
ment under the jurisdiction of the district court. As to many of
the other factors, however, the court did not identify whether
the factor weighed in favor of retaining jurisdiction. The court
stated that Moreno faces a Class IV felony, with a potential
maximum sentence of 2 years’ incarceration and a maximum
of 12 months’ postrelease supervision. It stated, “In no event
can his incarceration continue past his age of majority since
he is presently only 16 years of age . . . . By contrast, adult
probation could continue for five years, supervising him until
he is 21 years of age.” The court found that Moreno remains a
risk to the public and that the recommendations of discharging
Moreno to a community setting and then to home would not
serve the security of the public.
Moreno timely appealed the denial of his motion to transfer.
III. ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
Moreno assigns, restated and renumbered, that the district
court abused its discretion by reopening the case to receive
additional evidence and in finding that the State established a
sound basis for retention of the case in district court. He also
assigns that the court created an excessive delay in rendering
its order.
IV. STANDARD OF REVIEW
[1] A trial court’s decision to reopen a case to receive addi-
tional evidence is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. See
State v. Stricklin, 290 Neb. 542, 861 N.W.2d 367 (2015).
[2] A trial court’s denial of a motion to transfer a pending
criminal proceeding to the juvenile court is reviewed for an
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STATE v. MORENO
Cite as 28 Neb. App. 581
abuse of discretion. State v. Bluett, 295 Neb. 369, 889 N.W.2d
83 (2016). An abuse of discretion occurs when a trial court’s
decision is based upon reasons that are untenable or unreason-
able or if its action is clearly against justice or conscience,
reason, and evidence. Id.
V. ANALYSIS
1. Reopening Case to Receive
Additional Evidence
The initial hearing on Moreno’s motion to transfer was held
on August 7, 2019. The State filed a motion to reopen the case
on September 13, and the court granted the motion at a hear-
ing on September 24. Moreno objected to the State’s motion,
stating that there was no statutory authority to reopen a hearing
on a juvenile transfer request and that the expedited nature of
such cases weighed against such a procedure. On appeal, he
argues that the district court abused its discretion in granting
the State’s motion. We disagree.
[3] Among factors traditionally considered in determining
whether to allow a party to reopen a case to introduce addi-
tional evidence are (1) the reason for the failure to introduce
the evidence, i.e., counsel’s inadvertence, a party’s calculated
risk or tactic, or the court’s mistake; (2) the admissibility and
materiality of the new evidence to the proponent’s case; (3) the
diligence exercised by the requesting party in producing the
evidence before his or her case closed; (4) the time or stage of
the proceedings at which the motion is made; and (5) whether
the new evidence would unfairly surprise or unfairly prejudice
the opponent. State v. Stricklin, supra.
Applying these factors, we find no abuse of discretion in
the court’s decision. The State moved to reopen the case so
it could offer evidence of events that transpired with Moreno
at the PRTF that occurred subsequent to the hearing on the
motion to transfer; therefore, it was not evidence that could
have been offered at the initial hearing. The evidence was
both admissible and material to the case in that it provided
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insight into Moreno’s amenability to treatment at the PRTF.
The State became aware of the event about which it sought
to introduce evidence through an August 23, 2019, letter, and
it promptly moved to reopen the case on September 13, with
a hearing scheduled for September 24. The court had not yet
issued its order on the pending motion to transfer, and there
is no indication that it would have issued such an order prior
to September 24. Finally, the evidence which the State sought
to introduce was within the knowledge of Moreno because it
involved activities in which he was involved, so there could be
no surprise or prejudice to him.
[4] While acknowledging that a court has discretion in rul-
ing on a motion to transfer, Moreno argues that the district
court abused this discretion because “juvenile transfer hear-
ings are expected to progress in an expedited manner.” Brief
for appellant at 28. While we agree that these hearings are to
progress expeditiously, we also recognize that the determina-
tion of which court should exercise jurisdiction over a juvenile
involves consideration of the juvenile’s best interests and the
public’s safety. See § 43-276(1). In making this decision, the
court should have before it all available information. Given
the nature of the new information and the timeliness in which
the State acted, we find no abuse of discretion in the district
court’s decision to reopen the case.
2. Sound Basis for Retention
in District Court
Moreno argues that the court abused its discretion in finding
that the State met its burden of establishing a sound basis for
retention of the case in the district court. We disagree.
Neb. Rev. Stat. § 43-246.01(3) (Reissue 2016) grants con-
current jurisdiction to the juvenile court and the county or
district court over juvenile offenders who (1) are 11 years of
age or older and commit a traffic offense that is not a felony
or (2) are 14 years of age or older and commit a Class I, IA,
IB, IC, ID, II, or IIA felony. Actions against these juveniles
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may be initiated either in juvenile court or in the county or
district court.
[5] When an alleged offense is one over which both the
juvenile court and the criminal court can exercise jurisdiction,
a party can move to transfer the matter to juvenile court pur-
suant to § 29-1816(3). Upon a motion to transfer to juvenile
court, the district court is required to hold a hearing which
requires consideration of the following factors set forth in
§ 43-276(1):
(a) The type of treatment such juvenile would most likely
be amenable to; (b) whether there is evidence that the
alleged offense included violence; (c) the motivation for
the commission of the offense; (d) the age of the juvenile
and the ages and circumstances of any others involved
in the offense; (e) the previous history of the juvenile,
including whether he or she had been convicted of any
previous offenses or adjudicated in juvenile court; (f) the
best interests of the juvenile; (g) consideration of public
safety; (h) consideration of the juvenile’s ability to appre-
ciate the nature and seriousness of his or her conduct; (i)
whether the best interests of the juvenile and the security
of the public may require that the juvenile continue in
secure detention or under supervision for a period extend-
ing beyond his or her minority and, if so, the available
alternatives best suited to this purpose; (j) whether the
victim or juvenile agree to participate in restorative jus-
tice; (k) whether there is a juvenile pretrial diversion
program established pursuant to sections 43-260.02 to
43-260.07; (l) whether the juvenile has been convicted
of or has acknowledged unauthorized use or possession
of a firearm; (m) whether a juvenile court order has been
issued for the juvenile pursuant to section 43-2,106.03;
(n) whether the juvenile is a criminal street gang member;
and (o) such other matters as the parties deem relevant to
aid in the decision.
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The customary rules of evidence shall not be followed at
such hearing, and “[a]fter considering all the evidence and rea-
sons presented by both parties, the case shall be transferred to
juvenile court unless a sound basis exists for retaining the case
in county court or district court[.]” See § 29-1816(3)(a).
[6,7] As the Nebraska Supreme Court has explained, in
conducting a hearing on a motion to transfer a pending crimi-
nal case to juvenile court, the court should employ “a balanc-
ing test by which public protection and societal security are
weighed against the practical and nonproblematical rehabilita-
tion of the juvenile.” State v. Stevens, 290 Neb. 460, 465, 860
N.W.2d 717, 725 (2015). “In order to retain the proceedings,
the court need not resolve every factor against the juvenile,
and there are no weighted factors and no prescribed method by
which more or less weight is assigned to a specific factor.” Id.
“The burden of proving a sound basis for retention lies with
the State.” Id.
The district court set forth each of the factors contained in
§ 43-276 and identified the evidence that it considered as to
each factor. Moreno asserts that “[i]t is clear” the district court
analyzed each of the factors under the erroneous belief he
had been charged with a Class IV felony—operating a motor
vehicle to avoid arrest—when he had, in fact, been indicted on
a manslaughter charge, a Class IIA felony. Brief for appellant
at 14. We agree with Moreno that the court misstated the clas-
sification of Moreno’s charge.
The indictment stated that “twelve or more jurors find a
true bill in the case of the death of . . . Yost for the charge of
manslaughter.” It further stated that Moreno “did kill . . . Yost
unintentionally while in the commission of an unlawful act,
to wit: Operate a Motor Vehicle to Avoid Arrest as defined
by Neb. Rev. Stat. §28-905(1).” Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-905(1)
(Reissue 2016) states that “[a]ny person who operates any
motor vehicle to flee in such vehicle in an effort to avoid
arrest or citation commits the offense of operation of a motor
vehicle to avoid arrest.” Section 28-905(3)(a)(ii) makes it a
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Class IV felony if the flight to avoid arrest results in the death
of any person. Therefore, violation of § 28-905(3)(a)(ii) is
felony flight to avoid arrest. See State v. Kinser, 283 Neb. 560,
811 N.W.2d 227 (2012).
Here, however, Moreno was not indicted for felony flight to
avoid arrest; rather, he was indicted for manslaughter, which
includes the causing of death of another unintentionally while
in the commission of an unlawful act. See Neb. Rev. Stat.
§ 28-305 (Reissue 2016). The unlawful act in which Moreno
was engaged was fleeing to avoid arrest. Manslaughter is a
Class IIA felony. Id. A Class IIA felony carries a penalty of
0 to 20 years’ imprisonment, whereas a Class IV felony carries
a maximum term of imprisonment of 2 years. Neb. Rev. Stat.
§ 28-105 (Reissue 2016). We will factor in the court’s erro-
neous understanding of Moreno’s indictment where relevant
below in our analysis of the § 43-276 factors.
(a) Type of Treatment
Relying upon the testimony of Bruhn and Hernbloom and
the assessments and evaluations offered and received into
evidence, the court found that Moreno has a long history of
aggressive behaviors and requires treatment in a highly struc-
tured environment where he can develop positive coping skills.
It recognized that all the treatments Moreno needs are avail-
able in the community, at the YRTC, the PRTF, and the NCYF,
but determined that Moreno needs a secure, highly structured
setting. It concluded that this factor militates in favor of retain-
ing jurisdiction in the district court where Moreno can be
treated at the NCYF. Moreno argues this factor should have
been resolved in favor of transferring jurisdiction to the juve-
nile court. We disagree.
Moreno relies primarily upon the testimony of Bruhn and
Hernbloom who opined that he was amenable to treatment
based in part upon the progress he was showing at the time
of the first hearing. However, 2 weeks after the hearing,
Moreno again became aggressive and belligerent and was
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discharged from the PRTF. Even without this additional con-
duct, the record is clear that Moreno had numerous oppor-
tunities through the juvenile court system in both Lancaster
and Thayer Counties to rehabilitate himself and failed to take
advantage of those opportunities. At the time of the hearing,
he had been compliant with probation for only 4 months, yet
this compliance would lead him to step down in the PRTF to
a group setting at Boys Town and to less-structured settings.
Given Moreno’s history, we agree with the district court that he
is in need of a highly structured setting, and this factor weighs
in favor of retaining jurisdiction.
(b) Whether Offense Included Violence
The district court noted the absence of any evidence that
Moreno intended to harm Yost, but recognized the ultimate out-
come. It did not specify whether this factor weighed in favor
of retention or transfer. Moreno argues it weighs in favor of
transfer because there was no malice or forethought.
We agree that Moreno’s indictment did not arise out of vio-
lence in the usual sense. What started out as a poor decision to
steal a vehicle snowballed into more poor decisions in trying
to evade law enforcement. This situation differs from many
in that Moreno did not intend to engage in violent behavior;
therefore, we find this factor weighs in favor of transfer.
(c) Motivation for Offense
The district court determined that Moreno was motivated by
a desire to avoid the consequence of the vehicle theft. Moreno
argues on appeal that this is a mischaracterization and fails
to acknowledge that all four juveniles participated, creating a
level of peer pressure.
According to Bruhn’s report, Moreno set out that night
to “‘have fun.’” Keeping in mind that the offense for which
Moreno was indicted is manslaughter, which is unintention-
ally causing the death of another while engaged in an unlaw-
ful act, we focus on the motivation for the unlawful act. Here,
Moreno was fleeing to avoid arrest; therefore, we agree with
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the district court that Moreno was motivated by a desire to
avoid the consequences of having stolen a vehicle. His moti-
vation, being self-serving, weighs in favor of retention.
(d) Age of Moreno and His Friends
Moreno was 15 years old at the time of the incident and 16
years old at the time of the transfer hearing. He will turn 19
years old in August 2022. His companions that night included
two 14-year-old juveniles and one 16-year-old juvenile. The
court did not indicate in whose favor this factor weighs, and
Moreno argues that given his age and the fact that the other
two survivors were referred to juvenile court, this factor sup-
ports a transfer to juvenile court. We disagree.
[8] The other two juveniles were ticketed for unlawful tak-
ing; however, they did not operate the fleeing vehicle that led
to Yost’s death. Given the disparity in the charges between
them and Moreno, the fact that they were referred to juvenile
court does not impact our jurisdictional decision; however,
looking solely at Moreno’s age, we find this factor weighs in
favor of transfer. We recognize, however, that age alone does
not support a transfer to juvenile court. See State v. Esai P.,
ante p. 226, 942 N.W.2d 416 (2020).
(e) Moreno’s Previous History
As detailed in the background section of this opinion,
Moreno has a long history of involvement with the juvenile
justice system despite his young age. He makes no argument
that this factor could possibly support a transfer to juvenile
court, and we find it militates in favor of retention.
(f) Moreno’s Best Interests
The district court found that Moreno’s best interests will
be served in a secure setting in which he can receive treat-
ment, but the court did not indicate in whose favor this factor
weighed. There is no conflict in the evidence as to the type of
treatment Moreno needs or that he requires a structured secure
setting. The evidence indicates that this type of treatment
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can be provided in various facilities, including the PRTF,
the YRTC, and the NYCF. Bruhn opined that Moreno would
receive more individualized treatment at a YRTC than at the
NYCF. She advocated for service in the community.
On appeal, Moreno cites to Bruhn’s testimony and argues
that placing him at the NYCF would expose him to persons
who are “more criminal,” which would diminish his ability to
be rehabilitated. Brief for appellant at 19. Therefore, he states,
it would be in his best interests to transfer the case to juvenile
court. We disagree.
Our analysis of Moreno’s best interests is not limited to
where he can receive the recommended treatment, as that
information is considered in our analysis of the first factor.
Rather, the question of his best interests is broader. As we
recently noted in State v. Esai P.: “[E]very juvenile’s best
interests would be better served by attempting rehabilitation in
the juvenile court system rather than being sentenced to a term
of imprisonment in the adult corrections system.” Ante at 255,
942 N.W.2d at 435. But as in Esai P., where past intervention
through the juvenile court has proved unsuccessful, it may not
be in the juvenile’s best interests to continue efforts through
the juvenile justice system. We find that to be the circumstance
here. Therefore, we find this factor weighs in favor of retaining
jurisdiction in the district court.
(g) Consideration of Public Safety
Although not specifically stated, the court viewed this factor
in favor of retaining jurisdiction, observing that despite inter-
vention, Moreno’s law violations continued to escalate, put-
ting his passengers and the public at risk. Moreno relies upon
Bruhn’s testimony that Moreno posed only a moderate risk for
general violence. We agree with the district court.
Upon initial assessment, Moreno was placed in the high-
risk category for general violence. Four months later, Bruhn
reassessed him and found him to be a moderate risk; however,
at the time he had been compliant with the services offered.
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Weeks later, however, he was released from the PRTF for
assaultive and combative behavior. This leads us to believe that
Moreno remains a public risk.
(h) Ability to Appreciate Nature
and Seriousness of Conduct
We view the district court’s comments on Moreno’s abil-
ity to appreciate the nature and seriousness of his conduct as
a neutral factor, and we agree. Although he was reported to
have shown empathy and remorse for his actions that led to
the death of his friend, he initially lied to law enforcement
and accused Yost of being the driver. Thereafter, on March 12,
2019, Moreno posted “Snapchat” videos threatening individu-
als who accused him of causing Yost’s death, which resulted in
a citation for disturbing the peace. In support of his position
that he appreciates the nature and seriousness of his conduct,
Moreno focuses on testimony of Bruhn and Hernbloom but
ignores the fact that his conduct reflects otherwise. Because
we find the evidence mixed on this issue, we consider this fac-
tor neutral.
(i) Need for Detention Beyond Minority
It is under this factor that the district court makes the erro-
neous determination that Moreno is charged with a Class IV
felony. As a result, it misstates the maximum amount of time
that he could be incarcerated. It states:
In no event can his incarceration continue past his age of
majority since he is presently only 16 years of age, [and]
when jail credit is applied and if good time is earned,
he will be released less than one year after any potential
sentencing date, followed by a maximum one-year super-
vision post-release.
The court further states that in contrast, “adult probation could
continue for five years, supervising him until he is 21 years
of age.”
Moreno asserts that the court’s analysis is “clearly erro-
neous” and that it is “impossible to know how the Court’s
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analysis would have changed had it realized that [Moreno] in
fact could have remain [sic] incarcerated in the Department of
Corrections long after he reached the age of majority.” Brief
for appellant at 22. We agree that the court erred in determining
the amount of time Moreno could be incarcerated; however,
we find its comments indicative of its belief that Moreno’s best
interests and the public’s need for security require Moreno’s
detention or supervision beyond his 19th birthday.
A Class IIA felony carries no minimum sentence; therefore,
we do not share Moreno’s concern that the court did not real-
ize he could remain incarcerated long after he reaches the age
of majority. Rather, we interpret the court’s statements as con-
cern that Moreno will need at least supervision beyond the age
of 19 and that the juvenile court would be unable to provide
it. We view this factor in favor of the district court’s retention
of jurisdiction.
(j) Mediation and Pretrial Diversion
Neither mediation nor a pretrial diversion program is avail-
able. Moreno makes no argument that these factor into a juris-
dictional determination, so we decline to address them.
(k) Use or Possession of Firearm
The court noted that Moreno had threatened use of a fire-
arm after this incident but acknowledged that no firearm was
ever found. It did not state what weight, if any, it gave to
this factor. Moreno argues it should be given no weight, and
we agree.
(l) Juvenile Court Order
The court did not indicate if this factor weighed in favor of
retention or transfer, and Moreno makes no argument that it
does. We therefore give it no weight.
(m) Gang Member
Moreno admitted to being associated with a gang, although
he claimed he was trying to remove himself from it. Because
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of his alleged attempted removal, he argues this weighs in
favor of transfer. We disagree. We view his gang status at the
time of the transfer hearing, and according to Moreno’s own
admission, he had been associated with a gang for about 6
months prior to the December incident. Therefore, we view this
factor in favor of the district court’s retention of jurisdiction.
(n) Other Relevant Matters
The court found that the adult nature and circumstances
of the crime causing the death of a 14-year-old juvenile is a
circumstance more appropriate for adjudication in the district
court. Moreno asserts that because the Legislature has not
prohibited the removal of a manslaughter charge to the juve-
nile court, “the legislature clearly envisioned circumstances
where no sound basis would exist to keep such charges in adult
court.” Brief for appellant at 25.
While there may be circumstances in which a manslaughter
charge may be appropriate in juvenile court, we determine
the present case does not present such circumstances. Moreno’s
night began with mischief when he arrived at Yost’s resi-
dence near midnight and waited for his friend to sneak out of
the house. The two of them then met up with the other two
boys near 3 a.m. The four boys spent a period of time ringing
doorbells and running away and stealing items from unse-
cured vehicles.
Moreno and the other 14-year-old boy stole the vehicle when
they spotted it unoccupied with its engine running and drove
down the street to pick up the other two boys. After evading
law enforcement once, the boys hid, waiting to see if they were
found again. When they got cold, they returned to the vehicle;
however, they were spotted by law enforcement a second time,
and law enforcement gave chase. Moreno appears to have been
the driver for the entire sequence of events. The length of time
that elapsed and the escalating events that occurred support
a determination that Moreno made many conscious bad deci-
sions that resulted in the death of his friend. We agree with
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the district court that the circumstances of the situation sup-
port retention in the district court.
Moreno claims that the events he engaged in that night and
the following morning were driven by impulsivity and impetu-
ousness; therefore, the case should be tried in the juvenile
court. We disagree. When we consider all of the relevant
factors, including Moreno’s past involvement with the juve-
nile court system, the rehabilitative efforts that were made,
Moreno’s subsequent behavior after the initial transfer hearing,
and the prolonged activities that culminated in Yost’s death,
we find no abuse of discretion in the court’s refusal to transfer
the case to juvenile court.
3. Excessive Delay
Moreno argues that the court created an excessive judicial
delay when it took 4 months to issue its order. He claims this
delay prejudiced his ability to participate in services offered
through the juvenile court. Because we find no abuse of discre-
tion in the district court’s refusal to transfer the case, we find
no prejudice to Moreno for any delay.
VI. CONCLUSION
Based upon the reasons articulated above, we find no abuse
of discretion in the district court’s procedure or in its order
finding a sound basis for retaining Moreno’s case in dis-
trict court.
Affirmed.