NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS JUL 14 2020
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
RICARDO ALCIDES VASQUEZ-CRUZ, No. 19-71238
Petitioner, Agency No. A095-142-120
v.
MEMORANDUM*
WILLIAM P. BARR, Attorney General,
Respondent.
On Petition for Review of an Order of the
Board of Immigration Appeals
Submitted May 14, 2020**
San Francisco, California
Before: FRIEDLAND and BENNETT, Circuit Judges, and RAKOFF,*** District
Judge.
Ricardo Alcides Vasquez-Cruz (“Vasquez”), a native and citizen of El
Salvador, petitions for review of a decision of the Board of Immigration Appeals
(“BIA”) affirming the decision of an Immigration Judge (“IJ”) denying Vasquez’s
*
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
**
The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
***
The Honorable Jed S. Rakoff, United States District Judge for the
Southern District of New York, sitting by designation.
applications for asylum, withholding of removal, and relief under the Convention
Against Torture (“CAT”). We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252. See
Fermin v. Barr, 958 F.3d 887, 891, 895 & n.4 (9th Cir. 2020). We grant the
petition for review in part and deny it in part.
1. The BIA did not err in denying Vasquez’s asylum application on the
basis that it was untimely filed. A petitioner who does not apply for asylum within
one year of his or her arrival in the United States may be considered for asylum
only if he or she demonstrates “either the existence of changed circumstances
[that] materially affect [his or her] eligibility for asylum or extraordinary
circumstances relating to the delay in filing an application within the period.” 8
U.S.C. § 1158(a)(2)(B), (D).
Vasquez arrived in the United States in June 1999 but did not apply for
asylum until 2018. He argues that both changed and extraordinary circumstances
excuse his untimeliness. First, he contends that his half-brother’s flight from El
Salvador in 2000 in response to gang threats and worsening gang violence in El
Salvador generally constituted changed circumstances that banished “any hope”
that he could safely return to El Salvador. But Vasquez already had a pronounced
fear of the gang by the time he came to the United States, so these developments
did not “materially affect” the strength of Vasquez’s asylum claim. 8 U.S.C.
§ 1158(a)(2)(D); see also Vahora v. Holder, 641 F.3d 1038, 1047 (9th Cir. 2011)
(excusing the untimeliness of a petitioner’s asylum application where changed
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circumstances made “his claim . . . substantially stronger”). Second, Vasquez
argues that his obtaining Temporary Protected Status (“TPS”) in July 2001 was an
extraordinary circumstance justifying his delay in applying for asylum. Vasquez,
however, did not become eligible for TPS until March 2001, more than eight
months after the one-year deadline by which he had to file his asylum application.
TPS thus did not “directly relate[] to [his] failure to file the application within the
1-year period.” 8 C.F.R. § 1208.4(a)(5).
2. The BIA likewise did not err in concluding that Vasquez’s 2018
conviction under California Penal Code § 273.5(a) was a “particularly serious
crime” that rendered him ineligible for withholding of removal. 8 U.S.C.
§ 1231(b)(3)(B)(ii). Our jurisdiction to review the BIA’s particularly serious crime
determination “is limited to ensuring that the agency relied on the appropriate
factors and proper evidence . . . . We may not reweigh the evidence and reach our
own determination about the crime’s seriousness.” Avendano-Hernandez v. Lynch,
800 F.3d 1072, 1077 (9th Cir. 2015) (alteration, citations, and quotation marks
omitted).
In concluding that Vasquez’s domestic violence offense against his then-
partner was particularly serious, the BIA properly considered “the nature of the
conviction, the underlying facts and circumstances and the sentence imposed.” See
Delgado v. Holder, 648 F.3d 1095, 1107 (9th Cir. 2011) (en banc). The BIA noted
that California Penal Code § 273.5 “require[d] that corporal injury be willfully
3
inflicted”; that Vasquez “grabb[ed] the victim by the neck and repeatedly hit[]
her”; that the altercation “took place in front of [Vasquez and his then-partner’s]
young child, whom [Vasquez] hit1 when he tried to intervene to protect his
mother”; and that Vasquez was given a 364-day sentence for the offense. Thus,
the agency relied on the appropriate factors and properly considered the particular
circumstances of the crime.
We disagree with Vasquez’s argument that the agency “erred in failing to
determine whether [he] is a danger to the community” in light of evidence that he
had never hit his then-partner at any other time in their relationship, and that he has
since rehabilitated from the alcoholism that had affected him at the time of his
offense. “It is irrebuttably presumed that once a crime is determined to be
particularly serious, the individual who committed that crime presents a danger to
the community.” Gomez-Sanchez v. Sessions, 892 F.3d 985, 996 (9th Cir. 2018).
Accordingly, the agency was not required to engage in a separate analysis of
Vasquez’s future dangerousness once it concluded that his 2018 offense was
particularly serious.
3. We hold, however, that the agency erred in two ways in holding that
1
The parties agree the BIA incorrectly stated that Vasquez “hit” his child
during the altercation. In fact, Vasquez testified that he “pushed” his son. But the
BIA’s misstatement regarding this one fact did not render its overall particularly
serious crime determination arbitrary, irrational, or contrary to the law, such that
the determination was an abuse of discretion. See Avendano-Hernandez, 800 F.3d
at 1077; Tadevosyan v. Holder, 743 F.3d 1250, 1252-53 (9th Cir. 2014).
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Vasquez was not eligible for relief under the CAT.
First, the agency failed to consider record evidence that was directly at odds
with its stated reasons for denying Vasquez’s CAT claim. The IJ cited four bases
for denying the claim: (1) Vasquez failed to show an individualized risk of being
subjected to torture; (2) Vasquez experienced no physical violence after he
reported a gang leader to the police; (3) the risk that the gang would continue to
target Vasquez after his long absence from El Salvador is low; and (4) Vasquez
could safely relocate within El Salvador to avoid the gang. But there was evidence
in the record contrary to each of these conclusions. For example, Vasquez’s
testimony, which the IJ accepted as credible, detailed that the gang had specifically
targeted Vasquez for retribution because his younger brother refused to join the
gang (and was murdered for his defiance), and because Vasquez reported a
prominent gang member to the police. An expert on Salvadoran gangs agreed that
Vasquez “is near the top of the list of persons likely to be targeted . . . by gangs.”
Vasquez further testified that gang members had hit him with the butt of a rifle on
one occasion, and that he was able to avoid further physical harm only by dropping
out of school and going into hiding. And the expert explained that Vasquez would
not be safe from the gang anywhere in El Salvador, notwithstanding the passage of
almost two decades since he had last lived there. The expert observed that
Vasquez and his family “have continued to face” surveillance and threats by the
gang, and explained that “the reach and power of gangs in El Salvador knows no
5
bounds and will find [Vasquez] wherever he is in [the] country.”
The IJ did not address the above evidence in evaluating Vasquez’s CAT
claim and failed to even mention the expert’s testimony. The BIA acknowledged
that “the Immigration Judge did not specifically discuss these documents,” yet
nevertheless deemed it sufficient that the IJ “state[d] that he ‘considered all
relevant evidence’ in the record in making his decision.” But we have emphasized
that “where there is any indication that the [agency] did not consider all of the
evidence before it, a catchall phrase [asserting that the agency had reviewed all the
evidence] does not suffice, and the decision cannot stand.” Cole v. Holder, 659
F.3d 762, 771-72 (9th Cir. 2011). “Such indications include misstating the record
and failing to mention highly probative or potentially dispositive evidence”—the
very defects evident in the agency’s decision here. Id. at 772; see also Parada v.
Sessions, 902 F.3d 901, 914-15 (9th Cir. 2018).
Second, the agency neglected to consider one of the two bases for Vasquez’s
CAT claim. Vasquez told the agency that he feared torture not only because he
would be harmed by the gang, but also because deportees from the United States
are targets of crime and violence in El Salvador due to their perceived wealth.
Neither the IJ nor the BIA discussed the latter aspect of Vasquez’s claim. That
was error. “CAT claims must be considered in terms of the aggregate risk of
torture from all sources.” Quijada-Aguilar v. Lynch, 799 F.3d 1303, 1308 (9th Cir.
2015). Thus, when the agency fails to take into account a source of potential
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torture asserted by a petitioner, remand for further consideration of the petitioner’s
claim is necessary. See Cole, 659 F.3d at 773-74.
In light of these errors in the evaluation of Vasquez’s CAT claim, we
remand to the BIA for further proceedings, including, if appropriate, remand to the
IJ. On remand, the agency is “required to evaluate the expert testimony, as well as
the documentary evidence in the record.” Id. at 771.2
Vasquez’s motion for a stay of removal is granted.
Each party shall bear its own costs for this petition for review.
PETITION FOR REVIEW GRANTED IN PART AND DENIED IN
PART; REMANDED.
2
In affirming the IJ’s denial of Vasquez’s CAT claim, the BIA stated, “we
are unable to conclude that the Immigration Judge committed legal error or clear
factual error in declining to find a likelihood that a public official will acquiesce”
to any torture Vasquez might suffer, even though the IJ did not make any factual
findings or articulate any legal reasoning regarding that issue. Should the agency
determine on remand that an analysis of the government acquiescence element of
Vasquez’s CAT claim is required, we note that the IJ would have to conduct that
analysis in the first instance. See 8 C.F.R. § 1003.1(d)(3)(iv).
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