U NITED S TATES AIR F ORCE
C OURT OF C RIMINAL APPEALS
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No. ACM 39600
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UNITED STATES
Appellee
v.
Joshua C. WHITE
Airman First Class (E-3), U.S. Air Force, Appellant
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Appeal from the United States Air Force Trial Judiciary
Decided 15 July 2020
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Military Judge: Bradley A. Morris (arraignment); Matthew D. Talcott.
Approved sentence: Dishonorable discharge, confinement for 4 years, re-
duction to E-1, and a reprimand. Sentence adjudged 29 August 2018 by
GCM convened at Barksdale Air Force Base, Louisiana.
For Appellant: Major Rodrigo M. Caruço, USAF.
For Appellee: Lieutenant Colonel Joseph J. Kubler, USAF; Lieutenant
Colonel Brian C. Mason, USAF; Major Michael T. Bunnell, USAF; Major
Jessica L. Delaney, USAF; Mary Ellen Payne, Esquire.
Before J. JOHNSON, POSCH, and KEY, Appellate Military Judges.
Judge KEY delivered the opinion of the court, in which Chief Judge J.
JOHNSON and Judge POSCH joined.
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This is an unpublished opinion and, as such, does not serve as
precedent under AFCCA Rule of Practice and Procedure 30.4.
________________________
KEY, Judge:
A military judge sitting as a general court-martial convicted Appellant, in
accordance with his pleas pursuant to a pretrial agreement (PTA), of nine spec-
ifications of varying degrees of assault in violation of Article 128, Uniform Code
United States v. White, No. ACM 39600
of Military Justice (UCMJ), 10 U.S.C. § 928, and one specification of communi-
cating a threat in violation of Article 134, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 934. 1 The military
judge sentenced Appellant to a dishonorable discharge, confinement for six
years, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, reduction to the grade of E-1, and a
reprimand. The convening authority approved a sentence of a dishonorable dis-
charge, confinement for four years, reduction to the grade of E-1, and a repri-
mand, pursuant to the terms of the PTA.
On appeal, Appellant personally raises four issues pursuant to United
States v. Grostefon, 12 M.J. 431 (C.M.A. 1982). 2 Appellant asserts the military
judge erred by: (1) not granting illegal pretrial confinement credit for time Ap-
pellant spent on medical and suicide watch at a civilian confinement facility
and not granting an additional day of administrative credit for noncompliance
with pretrial confinement review procedures; (2) allowing testimony in the
Government’s case in aggravation about a crime Appellant was not convicted
of and permitting rehabilitative-potential opinion evidence from two witnesses;
and (3) allowing particular information to be submitted to the court in an un-
sworn victim impact statement. Appellant’s fourth assertion is that his post-
trial confinement conditions amount to cruel and unusual punishment, a claim
we find to be without basis and that warrants neither extended discussion nor
relief. See United States v. Matias, 25 M.J. 356, 361 (C.M.A. 1987). 3 In addition,
we consider whether Appellant is entitled to relief for untimely appellate re-
view. Finding error with respect to the military judge’s ruling regarding sen-
tence credit, we take corrective action in our decretal paragraph. Finding no
other error materially prejudicial to Appellant’s substantial rights, we affirm
the findings and the sentence.
1All references in this opinion to the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), the
Rules for Courts-Martial (R.C.M.), and the Military Rules of Evidence are to the Man-
ual for Courts-Martial, United States (2016 ed.).
2Appellant submitted five issues. We have combined his two errors regarding sentenc-
ing credit into a single error for purposes of this opinion.
3The information purporting to serve as the factual basis for the allegations of uncon-
stitutional post-trial punishment is contained solely in an Appendix to a brief signed
and filed by Appellant’s appellate defense counsel. Appellant filed a declaration dis-
cussing his pretrial confinement, but that declaration is silent as to post-trial confine-
ment conditions, and there is no other evidence in the record supporting the allegations
Appellant’s counsel makes on his behalf. Without any evidence of Appellant’s com-
plained-of post-trial confinement conditions, we have no basis for concluding such con-
ditions exist, much less that they amount to unconstitutional punishment.
2
United States v. White, No. ACM 39600
I. BACKGROUND
Seven of the specifications Appellant was convicted of stem from his tumul-
tuous marriage marked by his increasingly violent and threatening behavior
towards his wife, KW. The remaining three arose from Appellant’s violent re-
action to law enforcement personnel attempting to transfer him from a medical
facility back to the military confinement facility where he was being held in
pretrial confinement.
Appellant’s earliest charged offense was an aggravated assault which oc-
curred in July 2017, approximately six years after he and KW married. Appel-
lant and KW were arguing at their on-base residence when Appellant wrapped
his arm around KW’s throat and strangled her until she lost consciousness, an
episode witnessed by the couple’s oldest daughter who was five years old at the
time.
In late December 2017, Appellant, KW, and their two daughters were get-
ting ready to leave their house to go to dinner at a local restaurant. Appellant
and KW had been arguing, and KW put their daughters in the back seat of her
car while Appellant was still in the house. 4 When Appellant came outside, he
grabbed KW’s neck and pushed her head into the side-view mirror of his truck
while his daughters watched. KW got into the driver’s seat of her car, and when
Appellant got in on the passenger side, he used his hand to push KW’s head
into the driver’s-side window while the car was still parked in the driveway of
their residence.
The next day, KW took her daughters to visit Appellant’s family who lived
about two and a half hours away. At KW’s request, Appellant stayed at home
rather than go on the trip, and KW and the girls returned that evening accom-
panied by Appellant’s grandmother. When they arrived at the house, they
found Appellant outside packing things into his truck. Appellant began argu-
ing with both KW and his grandmother, and the group eventually went into
the house. Appellant, still upset, retrieved a bolt-action rifle from his truck,
then came back inside and locked the front and back doors and closed the
blinds in the front room of the house. While continuing to argue with his grand-
mother and KW, who had her younger daughter in her lap, Appellant waved
the rifle in KW’s general direction. Neither KW nor Appellant’s grandmother
knew whether or not Appellant’s rifle was loaded, and when KW told Appellant
she was holding his child, Appellant said, “Don’t worry, it will miss her.” Ap-
pellant’s older daughter feigned an asthma attack and asked for her inhaler,
giving KW the opportunity to distract Appellant, during which time Appel-
lant’s grandmother ran out of the house and called 911. When Appellant was
4 Appellant’s younger daughter turned three years old the next day.
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United States v. White, No. ACM 39600
apprehended, his rifle was found to be unloaded, and he was subsequently re-
leased.
Just over a month later, on 4 February 2018, Appellant and KW were sit-
ting at a heavy table talking about their relationship. By this point in time,
Appellant had moved out of the house, but he was returning to visit his family
each day. During the conversation, Appellant became angry and flipped the
table over onto its side, striking KW’s legs with the table. Appellant wanted
KW to go upstairs with him to continue the argument, but she refused, leading
Appellant to try and carry KW up the stairs against her will. As KW struggled
to get away from Appellant, he tripped and she hit her head on the wall of the
staircase.
The next night, Appellant drove to the house and snuck inside to KW’s bed-
room—carrying an unsheathed hunting knife—where KW was lying awake on
the bed. Appellant took KW’s phone away from her and put the knife to her
ribcage. Each time KW tried pushing Appellant’s hand away, he would put the
knife back against her ribs. KW pleaded with Appellant to calm down, as Ap-
pellant erratically vacillated between being angry and crying. Eventually, KW
convinced Appellant to sit on the bed, and he set the knife on a bedside table.
As the two continued talking, Appellant would periodically look at the knife
and look back at KW and make a motion as if he was going to grab the knife
whenever he started getting upset. Worried that Appellant was going to either
hurt or kill her, KW decided to employ a degree of intimacy in the hopes of
getting Appellant to realize what he was doing and stop his threatening behav-
ior. This ploy led to the couple having sexual intercourse, after which Appellant
sheathed the knife and left the house. KW testified that she did not feel like
she had any other choice at the moment but to have sex with Appellant and
that she did not want to have sex with him. 5
The following day, on 6 February 2018, KW reported the previous night’s
incident to Appellant’s first sergeant, leading to Appellant being involuntarily
admitted to a civilian mental health facility for inpatient treatment. On 22
February 2018, Appellant’s commander ordered him into pretrial confinement
in the base confinement facility, but his commander did not complete her 72-
hour review of that order until 26 February.
On 9 March 2018, the base confinement facility personnel reported Appel-
lant was unresponsive after an apparent suicide attempt, and Appellant was
taken to a local hospital for evaluation. Once Appellant was told he was cleared
5Appellant was charged with both aggravated assault and rape for these events, but
the Government withdrew and dismissed the rape charge with prejudice pursuant to
the PTA.
4
United States v. White, No. ACM 39600
to leave the hospital and return to pretrial confinement, Appellant became en-
raged and verbally and physically attacked those around him, to include the
two military law enforcement noncommissioned officers who were present to
escort Appellant back to the base confinement facility. During the ensuing
scuffle, Appellant scratched one noncommissioned officer’s hands and pushed
the leg of another. Appellant further threatened to break one of the noncom-
missioned officer’s hands.
Rather than return Appellant to the base confinement facility after the at-
tack, military authorities arranged for Appellant to be held for trial at the
Bossier Maximum Confinement Facility (“Bossier Max”), a nearby civilian jail,
where he remained until his transfer back to the base confinement facility on
16 April 2018. Appellant spent four days at the base facility before being trans-
ferred to the Naval Consolidated Brig in Charleston, South Carolina, where he
remained until his court-martial.
While at Bossier Max, Appellant was periodically placed on medical or su-
icide watch because he made a number of suicidal gestures. Even when he was
not on such status, he was kept administratively segregated from the jail’s
general population at the request of Air Force officials. As a result, Appellant
was housed in a cell by himself, and he was released for an hour each day,
during which time he could use a small recreation yard, shower, or make phone
calls. While on medical or suicide watch, Appellant was still afforded the hour
outside of his cell (although only three times a week while on suicide watch),
but he was visually checked at regular intervals—either in person or via cam-
era—by Bossier Max personnel. Had Air Force officials not requested Appel-
lant be segregated from the rest of the jail population, he would have been
placed in general population once medically cleared, a status which would have
permitted Appellant to both interact with other prisoners and have the oppor-
tunity to be outside of his cell for some ten hours a day.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Sentence Credit
At trial, Appellant made a motion for appropriate relief for illegal pretrial
punishment and received partial relief from the military judge, discussed in
greater detail below. Appellant now contends he should receive additional
credit against his sentence. Specifically, he argues he should receive an addi-
tional 51 days credit based upon the time he spent on medical and suicide
watch at Bossier Max and 1 day for his commander’s failure to conduct her
pretrial confinement review within 72 hours. We disagree with Appellant with
respect to his time at Bossier Max, but we do agree with him regarding the 72-
hour review.
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United States v. White, No. ACM 39600
1. Conditions of Pretrial Confinement Raised at Trial
Starting on 6 February 2018, Appellant involuntarily spent 17 days in an
inpatient mental health treatment program. The parties at trial, along with
the military judge, agreed the conditions at this facility were tantamount to
confinement and warranted pretrial confinement credit. See United States v.
Mason, 19 M.J. 274 (C.M.A. 1985). At the end of this treatment program, Ap-
pellant was ordered into pretrial confinement on 22 February 2018, and he
remained confined until the date his sentence was adjudged, 29 August 2018,
amounting to 188 days. Of those 188 days, Appellant spent 38 days at Bossier
Max, 17 of which involved Appellant being on either medical or suicide watch
due to his multiple suicidal gestures. Appellant was in administrative segre-
gation for the remaining 21 days at Bossier Max.
In his motion at trial, Appellant requested he be credited for an additional
114 days of confinement credit for the 38 days he spent at Bossier Max; that
is, three days of credit for each day he was confined there. Appellant’s motion
was based upon the assertion he had been placed in “solitary confinement.” 6
The military judge found a legitimate, non-punitive purpose behind Appel-
lant’s placement on medical and suicide watch, declining to grant additional
credit for those 17 days. He agreed with the Defense that Appellant’s place-
ment in administrative segregation for the remaining 21 days was more rigor-
ous than required and served no reasonable government objective. See Rule for
Courts-Martial (R.C.M.) 305(k); United States v. Suzuki, 14 M.J. 491 (C.M.A.
1983). As a remedy, the military judge ordered an additional 63 days of credit
against Appellant’s sentence—three days of credit for each of the 21 days he
spent in administrative segregation when he was not on medical or suicide
watch.
Thus, with the inpatient treatment time (16 days), the time in pretrial con-
finement (188 days), and the additional pretrial confinement credit granted by
the military judge (63 days), Appellant’s total credit towards his sentence
amounted to 267 days.
Article 13 of the UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 813, prohibits the pretrial punishment
of an accused who is awaiting trial, as well as the imposition of confinement
conditions “more rigorous than necessary to secure [an accused’s] presence for
trial.” United States v. Palmiter, 20 M.J. 90, 93 (C.M.A. 1985). Embodied in the
concept of pretrial punishment is the concept that there must be an actual in-
tent to punish the accused. United States v. McCarthy, 47 M.J. 162, 165
6Appellant initially also asserted he received “inadequate nutrition” at Bossier Max,
but he withdrew that basis prior to the military judge’s ruling.
6
United States v. White, No. ACM 39600
(C.A.A.F. 1997). The military judge found Appellant’s confinement in adminis-
trative segregation to be more rigorous than necessary, and we do not disturb
this determination.
We also conclude the military judge did not abuse his discretion in finding
Appellant’s time on medical and suicide watch did not violate Article 13,
UCMJ. Appellant was transferred to Bossier Max after being found unrespon-
sive at the base confinement facility and then threatening and physically as-
saulting law enforcement personnel tasked with escorting him back to the base
after a medical evaluation. Once at Bossier Max, Appellant made a number of
suicidal gestures by trying to kill himself at least five times with such items as
a laundry bag cord and a gown issued to him by the confinement facility. On
one occasion, Appellant tried to swallow portions of his underwear, requiring
jail personnel to forcibly intervene.
Although Appellant’s confinement conditions while on medical and suicide
watch were restrictive and invasive at times, we see no evidence of any intent
to punish Appellant. Moreover, we agree with the military judge the conditions
were not more rigorous than necessary to ensure Appellant’s presence at trial,
which necessarily included returning Appellant to the Air Force in a living
state. Considering Appellant’s repeated suicide attempts in conjunction with
his combative conduct which led to his transfer to Bossier Max in the first
place, we find the 17 days Appellant spent on medical and suicide watch to be
both reasonable and justified by the circumstances. Therefore, we find no Ar-
ticle 13, UCMJ, violation, the military judge did not abuse his discretion, and
Appellant is entitled to no additional credit for this portion of his pretrial con-
finement.
2. Conditions of Pretrial Confinement Not Raised at Trial
Appellant fully litigated his pretrial punishment motion at trial. On appeal,
he seeks to supplement the record with information raised neither at trial nor
in his clemency submission, such as his views regarding the cleanliness of his
cell. Appellant has waived this issue, and, moreover, the Court of Appeals for
the Armed Forces (CAAF) recently held an appellant may not supplement the
record under the circumstances presented here. United States v. Jessie, 79 M.J.
437 (C.A.A.F. 2020)
As part of his PTA, Appellant agreed to “waive all waivable motions . . .
with the exception of a motion for illegal pretrial punishment . . . which has
been previously filed by [his] defense counsel.” At trial, Appellant’s pretrial-
punishment motion only argued his placement in administrative segregation
violated Article 13, UCMJ, and there was no mention of the conditions he now
complains of on appeal. When “an appellant intentionally waives a known right
at trial, it is extinguished and may not be raised on appeal.” United States v.
7
United States v. White, No. ACM 39600
Gladue, 67 M.J. 311, 313 (C.A.A.F. 2009) (citations omitted). Motions brought
under Article 13, UCMJ, may be waived as part of a PTA. United States v.
McFadyen, 51 M.J. 289, 291 (C.A.A.F. 1999). Additionally, the “failure at trial
to raise the issue of illegal pretrial punishment waives that issue for the pur-
poses of appellate review absent plain error.” United States v. Inong, 58 M.J.
460, 461 (C.A.A.F. 2003).
We conclude Appellant intentionally waived his right to raise additional
complaints about his pretrial confinement in two ways. First, Appellant plainly
understood the ability to raise Article 13, UCMJ, violations at trial by virtue
of the fact he made a motion for relief under that provision discussing particu-
lar aspects of his incarceration. His election to not include in the motion the
issues he now complains of is strong evidence of a conscious decision to not
raise those issues at trial. Second, Appellant agreed in his PTA to waive mo-
tions, except for the motion for illegal pretrial punishment credit which had
already been filed. By waiving motions other than the specific motion raised at
trial, Appellant may not now on appeal seek an end run around that waiver by
raising new factual bases for relief. We therefore conclude Appellant knowingly
waived any error with respect to pretrial confinement conditions he did not
raise at trial.
Without regard to Appellant’s waiver of this issue, we do not have the au-
thority to consider the factual assertions Appellant raises. In support of his
appeal, Appellant filed an affidavit detailing new aspects of his pretrial con-
finement which he argues violate Article 13, UCMJ, and therefore warrant re-
lief by way of sentence credit. Our superior court recently explained that we
are only empowered to conduct our Article 66(c), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 866(c),
review “on the basis of the entire record.” Jessie, 79 M.J. at 444–45. Only in
certain limited circumstances may the record be supplemented during appel-
late review, such as when additional information is needed to resolve issues
raised in the record or when an appellant is raising allegations regarding post-
trial punishment. Id. Here, Appellant’s affidavit consists of information that
was known to Appellant at trial, yet was not raised until after action by the
convening authority and for the first time on appeal. That is, the record is de-
void of the matters Appellant now wishes to supplement the record with. Be-
cause this new information in Appellant’s affidavit pertains to pretrial confine-
ment and falls outside the record, we may not consider it, as our review is con-
fined to that which is contained in the record. Jessie, 79 M.J. at 445.
3. Review of Appellant’s Placement in Pretrial Confinement
The military judge declined to grant the Defense’s request for an additional
day of credit based upon Appellant’s commander’s failure to complete her pre-
trial confinement review within 72 hours as required under R.C.M.
305(h)(2)(A). The remedy for noncompliance with R.C.M. 305 provisions is one
8
United States v. White, No. ACM 39600
day of credit “for each day of confinement served as a result of such noncom-
pliance.” R.C.M. 305(k). The military judge reasoned that that the phrase “con-
finement served as a result of such noncompliance” means credit is only avail-
able when an accused serves “additional or actual time as a result of non-com-
pliance.” Since Appellant was not released from confinement when the 72-hour
review was completed, the military judge concluded Appellant did not spend
any additional time in confinement as a result of the noncompliance, and he
therefore gave Appellant no credit for the violation.
We review military judges’ decisions whether to award credit for pretrial
confinement violations for abuse of discretion. United States v. Adcock, 65 M.J.
18, 24 (C.A.A.F. 2007).
On appeal, the Government concedes Appellant’s commander violated
R.C.M. 305(h)(2)(A) by not timely completing her 72-hour review but argues
Appellant would receive no benefit because any credit would be applied against
the sentence adjudged, which was two years higher than the sentence ap-
proved. The Government cites United States v. Rock for this proposition. 52
M.J. 154, 156–57 (C.A.A.F. 1999). In Rock, our superior court ruled that con-
finement credit would be applied against the lower of the adjudged sentence or
the approved sentence when the latter is limited by the terms of a PTA, at least
with respect to restriction tantamount to confinement. The CAAF later clari-
fied that all credits for violations of R.C.M. 305 are applied in the same way—
that is, against “the approved sentence, i.e., the lesser of the adjudged sentence
or the sentence that may be approved under the pretrial agreement.” United
States v. Spaustat, 57 M.J. 256, 263–64 (C.A.A.F. 2002).
The military judge abused his discretion in concluding additional sentence
credit is unwarranted for noncompliance with R.C.M. 305 when such noncom-
pliance was not the cause of Appellant’s confinement. The military judge’s ra-
tionale for refusing to award additional credit would largely read the remedial
structure of R.C.M. 305(k) out of the rule and provide no relief for violations
whenever an accused remains in pretrial confinement past the violation. 7 A
plain reading of R.C.M. 305(k) leads us to the conclusion that the credit provi-
sion is designed—in part, at least—to deter violations of the various require-
ments of R.C.M. 305, even when an accused might be confined without regard
to any such violation. Notably, an accused who is confined in violation of the
rule already receives credit for any time served in pretrial confinement. See
United States v. Allen, 17 M.J. 126 (C.M.A. 1984). Thus, even an accused who
is held solely because of a failure to follow R.C.M. 305’s provisions, and who is
7Our sister court recently discussed their long-standing rejection of the rationale em-
ployed by the military judge. See United States v. Harris, No. 201600207, 2017 CCA
LEXIS 547, at *7–9 (N.M. Ct. Crim. App. 15 Aug. 2017) (unpub. op.).
9
United States v. White, No. ACM 39600
later released from pretrial confinement, receives credit for the time he or she
spent confined. The Government offers no argument why such an accused
should receive double credit for the time spent confined after the violation
while an accused subjected to the same violation who is not released only re-
ceives credit at the one-for-one rate.
We also find instructive the lack of a requirement in case law that an ac-
cused show prejudice, such as being confined as a result of an R.C.M. 305 vio-
lation (as opposed to suffering an R.C.M. 305 violation which happens to occur
during a period of confinement). For example, our superior court’s predecessor
in United States v. McCants, 39 M.J. 91, 93 (C.M.A. 1994), found credit war-
ranted for an inappropriate delay between a pretrial confinement hearing and
the reviewing officer’s decision. In that case, the United States Court of Mili-
tary Appeals granted the credit even though the reviewing officer’s decision
was to continue the appellant’s confinement. Id. at 92–93. 8 We reached the
same result when an accused’s commander failed to complete his 72-hour re-
view, yet the pretrial confinement reviewing officer determined the accused
should remain in confinement. United States v. Williams, 29 M.J. 570, 572
(A.F.C.M.R. 1989). In another case, we determined a military judge violated
an accused’s Fifth Amendment due process rights as well as his right under
R.C.M. 305(j) to a review of the propriety of his pretrial confinement when the
military judge failed to timely rule on his motion for release. United States v.
Jemison, 65 M.J. 872, 873–74 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2007). There, we found
credit was warranted without regard to the fact the military judge ultimately
(and without error) ruled the accused should remain in pretrial confinement.
Id. 9 Our sister courts have reached similar results. See, e.g., United States v.
Moore, 55 M.J. 772, 785–88 (N.M. Ct. Crim. App. 2001); United States v. De
Loatch, 25 M.J. 718, 718–19 (A.C.M.R. 1987).
In this case, the Government concedes the error, which is that Appellant
spent one day in confinement without a valid review of the commander’s initial
decision to place him in pretrial confinement. We perceive no logical reason for
8See also United States v. Ballesteros, 29 M.J. 14, 16 (C.M.A. 1989) (credit granted for
delayed pretrial confinement hearing even when accused was continued in pretrial
confinement once the hearing was held).
9 However, see United States v. Lavalla, 24 M.J. 593, 595 (A.F.C.M.R. 1987), in which
we concluded no additional credit was warranted where a military judge declined to
consider an accused’s motion for release from pretrial confinement, directing the ac-
cused instead to petition the pretrial confinement reviewing officer. In the unique facts
of that case, the reviewing officer declined to release the accused, and the accused did
not resubmit his motion to the military judge. Id. We consider our holding in Lavalla
to be the product of its particular facts and note it was distinguished on its facts in
United States v. Jemison, 65 M.J. 872, 874 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2007).
10
United States v. White, No. ACM 39600
distinguishing between accuseds who are subjected to R.C.M. 305 violations
based upon whether they are later released from pretrial confinement or not,
and we conclude that R.C.M. 305(k) credit, when warranted, is applied without
regard to whether an accused is subsequently released. The delay in Appel-
lant’s case violated R.C.M. 305(h)(2)(A), and Appellant is entitled to one day of
administrative credit under R.C.M. 305(k). Appellant raised this issue at trial,
and the military judge abused his discretion in denying Appellant’s request.
Contrary to the Government’s position on appeal, this credit is to be applied to
Appellant’s approved, not adjudged, sentence in order to give him meaningful
relief.
B. The Government’s Case in Aggravation
At trial, KW both testified for the Government and submitted an unsworn
victim impact statement under R.C.M. 1001A. Two noncommissioned officers,
Appellant’s section chief and first sergeant, were also called as Government
witnesses to offer their opinions that Appellant had poor rehabilitative poten-
tial. Appellant argues the military judge erred in allowing the Government to
introduce evidence in its case in aggravation in two ways: first, by allowing
evidence suggesting that Appellant raped KW and, second, by allowing the re-
habilitative potential testimony.
1. Evidence Pertaining to Appellant’s Withdrawn Rape Charge
As noted above, Appellant was originally charged with raping KW. This
charge, which was later withdrawn and dismissed, alleged Appellant commit-
ted the offense by placing KW in fear of death or grievous bodily harm. During
KW’s testimony, trial counsel sought to elicit details about the sexual inter-
course KW and Appellant engaged in after Appellant brandished his knife.
Trial defense counsel objected that the Government was “attempting to prove
up rape.” Overruling this objection, the military judge permitted KW to testify
about what “appears to be a non-consensual sexual encounter” which “directly
resulted” from Appellant’s assault with the knife. 10 The military judge further
explained that if KW was so afraid that she “felt coerced or compelled to con-
sent to sex, or to give the appearance of consent sex that [she] did not intend
to,” such information would be evidence of the impact the assault with the knife
had on KW. The military judge then noted he had performed an analysis under
Mil. R. Evid. 403, finding the relevance of the evidence high and the danger of
unfair prejudice low, especially in light of the fact Appellant was being tried by
10Appellant was originally charged with “pointing at [KW] a dangerous weapon with
a means likely to produce death or grievous bodily harm.” Appellant instead pleaded
guilty to “brandishing a dangerous weapon,” and he was ultimately acquitted of the
originally charged language and convicted of the language to which he pleaded guilty.
11
United States v. White, No. ACM 39600
military judge alone. He further explained on the record that Appellant’s sen-
tence may not be increased for any crimes he is not convicted of, and that he
would not sentence Appellant “to a single day longer of confinement or of any
punishment for a crime he’s not been convicted of, that being the rape or non-
consensual sexual contact that I guess I’m about to hear testimony about.”
We conclude the military judge did not abuse his discretion. Trial counsel
is permitted to “present evidence as to any aggravating circumstances directly
relating to or resulting from the offenses of which the accused has been found
guilty.” R.C.M. 1001(b)(4). Such evidence includes that of psychological im-
pacts on Appellant’s victims, which KW’s testimony plainly was. See id. More-
over, uncharged misconduct may qualify as aggravation evidence so long as
that misconduct is directly related to an offense an accused is guilty of, which
means the misconduct is “closely related in time, type, and/or often outcome,
to the convicted crime.” United States v. Hardison, 64 M.J. 279, 281–82
(C.A.A.F. 2007).
The CAAF considered a similar scenario in United States v. Terlep in which
Staff Sergeant (SSgt) Terlep was originally charged with rape and burglary
with the intent to commit rape. 57 M.J. 344, 345 (C.A.A.F. 2002). Ultimately,
in accordance with a pretrial agreement, SSgt Terlep pleaded guilty to unlaw-
ful entry and assaulting the victim “with his hands.” Id. During presentencing
proceedings, the victim testified that she awoke to SSgt Terlep having sex with
her and that SSgt Terlep later admitted to her that he had raped her. Id. at
347. The CAAF upheld the admission of the victim’s testimony, pointing out
that the rules covering military sentencing proceedings “provide for accuracy
in the sentencing process by permitting the judge to fully appreciate the true
plight of the victim in each case,” and that SSgt Terlep’s plea agreement did
“not change the facts as to what happened to the victim that night in her
view.” 11 Id. at 350 (citations omitted).
In Appellant’s case, KW’s testimony was that she engaged in sexual inter-
course with the Appellant for the purpose of de-escalating the situation Appel-
lant had created by sneaking into the house, taking her phone, and threatening
her with a knife—a weapon which remained within Appellant’s reach. The
Government’s agreement to withdraw the rape charge is understandable, as
there is no indication Appellant was trying to compel KW to engage in any
11Because SSgt Terlep’s defense counsel did not object at trial, the military judge’s
admission of the evidence was reviewed for plain error. United States v. Terlep, 57 M.J.
344, 347 (C.A.A.F. 2002). In addition to finding no plain error, the CAAF also deter-
mined his defense counsel were not ineffective by not objecting to the evidence, indi-
cating an objection—had one been made—would not have resulted in a different out-
come. Id. at 349.
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United States v. White, No. ACM 39600
sexual conduct. By the same token, however, the fact KW felt that she needed
to engage in sexual intercourse with Appellant in order to escape uninjured
squarely reveals the degree of fear Appellant had placed her in by assaulting
her with his knife. The sexual activity and the assault with the knife were not
just in close temporal proximity to each other, they were part and parcel of an
unbroken chain of events initiated by Appellant. Indeed, omitting KW’s testi-
mony about the scheme she employed to extricate herself from a volatile and
dangerous situation would have provided the military judge with a diluted ver-
sion of events robbed of its severity and urgency. The military judge did not
abuse his discretion in admitting this evidence.
2. Rehabilitative Potential Testimony
Appellant argues his section chief, Master Sergeant (MSgt) MN, and his
first sergeant, Senior Master Sergeant (SMSgt) CS, should not have been al-
lowed to offer their opinions as to Appellant’s poor rehabilitative potential. Ap-
pellant’s argument is that trial counsel did not establish “proper foundation
demonstrating that these witnesses possess the sufficient information and
knowledge to offer an opinion regarding Appellant’s rehabilitative potential.”
He further asserts the witnesses “rarely interacted” with him.
A witness offering an opinion about an accused’s rehabilitative potential
“must possess sufficient information and knowledge about the accused to offer
a rationally-based opinion that is helpful to the sentencing authority.” R.C.M.
1001(b)(5)(B). Such information and knowledge includes “the accused’s charac-
ter, performance of duty, moral fiber, determination to be rehabilitated, and
nature and severity of the offense or offenses.” Id. Opinions about an accused’s
rehabilitative potential are limited to whether the accused has such potential
and “the magnitude or quality of any such potential.” R.C.M. 1001(b)(5)(D).
Regarding MSgt MN’s knowledge of Appellant, Appellant waived this is-
sue. Claims of error with respect to the admission of evidence are preserved if
a party both timely objects to the evidence and states the specific ground for
the objection. Mil. R. Evid. 103(a)(1). When an appellant fails to make a timely
objection to the admission of evidence at trial, that error is forfeited in the ab-
sence of plain error. United States v. Knapp, 73 M.J. 33, 36 (C.A.A.F. 2014)
(citing United States v. Brooks, 64 M.J. 325, 328 (C.A.A.F. 2007)) (additional
citation omitted). However, under the ordinary rules of waiver, when an appel-
lant affirmatively states he has no objection to the admission of evidence, the
issue is waived and his right to complain about its admission on appeal is
waived. United States v. Ahern, 76 M.J. 194, 198 (C.A.A.F. 2017) (citing United
States v. Campos, 67 M.J. 330, 332–33 (C.A.A.F. 2009)).
When MSgt MN was being questioned by trial counsel, trial defense coun-
sel objected to MSgt MN discussing specific instances of conduct unrelated to
13
United States v. White, No. ACM 39600
Appellant’s trial. While making this objection, trial defense counsel told the
military judge, “We’re not planning on objecting to a foundation for his opinion.
The witness clearly knows [Appellant].” Trial defense counsel’s position was
well grounded, as MSgt MN had just testified he interacted with Appellant
every day for more than a year and a half, ranging from simple greetings to
counseling Appellant on his conduct “and everything in-between.” By telling
the military judge they did not plan to object on foundation grounds to MSgt
MN’s opinion, trial defense counsel did not simply fail to object to this testi-
mony; instead, trial defense counsel had considered the possibility of objecting
on foundation grounds and made the deliberate choice not to do so, thereby
waiving this issue on appeal.
Our superior court cannot review waived issues, because affirmative
waiver leaves no error to correct on appeal. See United States v. Davis, 79 M.J.
329, 331 (C.A.A.F. 2020) (citation omitted). Pursuant to Article 66(c), UCMJ,
the Courts of Criminal Appeals have the unique statutory responsibility to af-
firm only so much of the sentence that is correct and “should be approved.” 10
U.S.C. § 866(c). Thus, we retain the authority to address errors raised for the
first time on appeal despite waiver of those errors at trial. See, e.g., United
States v. Hardy, 77 M.J. 438, 442–43 (C.A.A.F. 2018). We have considered
whether to pierce Appellant’s waiver of this issue, and we decline to do so in
light of MSgt MN’s familiarity with Appellant.
Appellant’s first sergeant, SMSgt CS had less interaction with Appellant,
but she testified that she would not only see him when she visited work centers,
she also had one-on-one conversations with him about various personal prob-
lems he was experiencing including his sleep issues and anxiety concerns.
SMSgt CS also had frequent contact with Appellant and KW due to a signifi-
cant health problem suffered by their older daughter, and she went to Appel-
lant’s house at least once to check on him.
Trial defense counsel did not object to any part of SMSgt CS’s short testi-
mony, thereby forfeiting any error regarding this testimony absent plain error.
We have carefully reviewed SMSgt CS’s testimony, and we are convinced she
demonstrated an adequate foundation to provide her opinion that Appellant’s
rehabilitative potential was “low.” Thus, we do not find error, plain or other-
wise, regarding her testimony.
C. KW’s Unsworn Statement
After the Government rested, KW provided a written unsworn statement
for the military judge to consider. In that statement, KW discussed the fears
she and her daughters continued to experience, writing, “When we are on base,
we all get nervous when we see Security Forces with their weapons, and it took
months to get [KW’s younger daughter] to understand that they weren’t going
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United States v. White, No. ACM 39600
to shoot her like daddy.” Trial defense counsel objected to several portions of
the unsworn statement, including this passage, noting “the [D]efense is not
aware of any incident where any gun was fired.” KW’s Special Victims’ Counsel
posited that the reference was the product of the younger daughter having seen
Appellant wave a gun around in her family’s presence. The military judge over-
ruled the objection and told the parties,
I didn’t hear any evidence of any shooting—I’m not going to con-
sider any evidence of any shooting. To the extent that’s just a
miswording, and this is just to help me understand the impact
[KW] has from observing her children are now afraid of weapons,
and police officers who responded to her house and witnessed an
aggravated assault with a firearm and witnessed police officers
responding to an aggravated assault with a firearm in her home,
I will consider it for that purpose.
As a victim of Appellant’s offenses, KW was permitted to give an unsworn
statement to the court about the impact Appellant’s offenses had on her, to
include any psychological impact. R.C.M. 1001A(c); R.C.M. 1001A(b)(2). This
may include the psychological harm done to her daughters, whom KW is re-
sponsible for caring for, including helping them process Appellant’s conduct.
We have recently held that harm caused to a child can be vicariously transmit-
ted to that child’s parent such that the parent has been directly impacted and
can discuss the harm in their own right, and we apply that rationale here. See
United States v. Dunlap, No. ACM 39567, 2020 CCA LEXIS 148, at *25–26
(A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 4 May 2020) (unpub. op.).
There was no evidence in Appellant’s case of him discharging a firearm, let
alone shooting anyone. The military judge recognized this and placed the line
in KW’s unsworn statement in its proper context, that is, a three-year-old child
trying to comprehend her father’s abusive behavior towards her mother, in-
cluding him waving a gun around in a threatening manner in the family’s pres-
ence. To the extent the younger daughter concluded Appellant was going to
shoot her and then transferred that belief to others she saw carrying firearms,
and to the extent KW had to help the daughter mentally disconnect the two,
this was victim impact information permissibly provided under R.C.M. 1001A.
The military judge did not abuse his discretion in permitting KW to include
this matter in her unsworn statement.
KW further wrote that her older daughter “tells her friends and teachers
at school that her father is deployed or that he died in a car accident because
she doesn’t know how to tell them that daddy tried to hurt me. The pain and
fear that [my daughters] feel and express is both heartbreaking and gut-
wrenching.” This comment, which was not objected to, was likewise permissi-
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United States v. White, No. ACM 39600
ble under R.C.M. 1001A, as it amounts to KW explaining the impact Appel-
lant’s misconduct continued to have on her via her daughter being unable to
understand how her father could have violently abused her mother. The psy-
chological impact inflicted upon KW by seeing her daughter’s reaction to Ap-
pellant’s conduct is self-evident. We do not find plain error in the military
judge’s receipt of this information for his consideration in sentencing Appel-
lant.
D. Delay in Appellate Review
Appellant’s case was docketed with this court on 27 December 2018, and
Appellant filed his initial assignments of error 244 days later on 28 August
2019 after requesting and receiving six enlargements of time over the Govern-
ment’s objection. The Government filed its answer on 27 September 2019, 30
days later.
“We review de novo claims that an appellant has been denied the due pro-
cess right to a speedy post-trial review and appeal.” United States v. Moreno,
63 M.J. 129, 135 (C.A.A.F. 2006) (citing United States v. Rodriguez, 60 M.J.
239, 246 (C.A.A.F. 2004); United States v. Cooper, 58 M.J. 54, 58 (C.A.A.F.
2003)). In Moreno, the CAAF established a presumption of facially unreasona-
ble delay when the Court of Criminal Appeals does not render a decision within
18 months of docketing. 63 M.J. at 142. Where there is such a delay, we exam-
ine the four factors set forth in Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514, 530 (1972): “(1)
the length of the delay; (2) the reasons for the delay; (3) the appellant’s asser-
tion of his right to a timely review; and (4) prejudice [to the appellant].”
Moreno, 63 M.J. at 135 (citing United States v. Jones, 61 M.J. 80, 83 (C.A.A.F.
2005); Toohey v. United States, 60 M.J. 100, 102 (C.A.A.F. 2004)). “No single
factor is required for finding a due process violation and the absence of a given
factor will not prevent such a finding.” Id. at 136 (citing Barker, 407 U.S. at
533).
This case exceeded the 18-month standard between docketing and appel-
late decision by less than one month. With respect to exceeding the 18-month
standard for producing this opinion, we note the record of trial is moderately
long, including over 343 pages of transcript and 34 appellate exhibits. In addi-
tion, Appellant took nearly eight months to file his assignments of error after
requesting six enlargements of time. We are affirming the findings and sen-
tence in Appellant’s case, and Appellant remains in confinement.
In Moreno, the CAAF identified three types of cognizable prejudice for pur-
poses of an Appellant’s due process right to timely post-trial review: (1) oppres-
sive incarceration; (2) anxiety and concern; and (3) impairment of the appel-
lant’s ability to present a defense at a rehearing. 63 M.J. at 138–39 (citations
omitted). Appellant has not demonstrated any oppressive incarceration, and
16
United States v. White, No. ACM 39600
his appeal resulted only in a nominal reduction in his sentence. He has not
alleged any particularized anxiety or concern. Since we are not returning his
case for a rehearing, his ability to present a defense at such a rehearing is not
impacted. Finding no qualifying prejudice from the delay, we also conclude
there is no due process violation, as the delay is not so egregious as to “ad-
versely affect the public’s perception of the fairness and integrity of the mili-
tary justice system.” United States v. Toohey, 63 M.J. 353, 362 (C.A.A.F. 2006).
Recognizing our authority under Article 66(c), UCMJ, we have also consid-
ered whether relief is appropriate even in the absence of a due process viola-
tion. See United States v. Tardif, 57 M.J. 219, 225 (C.A.A.F. 2002). After con-
sidering the factors enumerated in United States v. Gay, 74 M.J. 736, 744 (A.F.
Ct. Crim. App. 2015), aff’d, 75 M.J. 264 (C.A.A.F. 2016), we conclude it is not.
III. CONCLUSION
Appellant will be credited with one day against his approved sentence to
confinement. The approved findings and the sentence are correct in law and
fact, and no further error materially prejudicial to the substantial rights of
Appellant occurred. Articles 59(a) and 66(c), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. §§ 859(a), 866(c).
Accordingly, the approved findings and sentence are AFFIRMED.
FOR THE COURT
CAROL K. JOYCE
Clerk of the Court
17