UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
ROBERT WEISSMAN et al.,
Plaintiffs,
v.
Civil Action No. 20-cv-28 (TJK)
NATIONAL RAILROAD PASSENGER
CORPORATION d/b/a AMTRAK.,
Defendant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Robert Weissman and Patrick Llewellyn occasionally ride the rails on Amtrak and expect
to do so again. But they want to do so without agreeing to a mandatory arbitration provision in
Amtrak’s terms of service. So they sued, alleging that the provision is unconstitutional and
unlawful in several ways. Amtrak moved to dismiss for lack of standing under Rule 12(b)(1),
arguing that Plaintiffs have not plausibly alleged that they suffered an actual or imminent injury
in fact. Plaintiffs cross-moved for summary judgment, countering that Amtrak injured them by
depriving them of the ability to purchase rail tickets without waiving their right to a judicial
forum to resolve any dispute that might arise—even though they have no claim to arbitrate and
Amtrak has not invoked the arbitration provision against them. The Court concludes that their
alleged injury is too speculative to sustain their suit. Thus, it will grant Amtrak’s motion and
dismiss the case.
Background
Defendant National Railroad Passenger Corporation (“Amtrak”) provides rail travel to
passengers across the United States. See ECF No. 1 (“Compl.”) ¶ 17. Congress established
Amtrak under the Rail Passenger Service Act of 1970, Pub. L. No. 91-518 § 301, 84 Stat. 1327,
1330, as a for-profit corporation, but the federal government owns the controlling majority of its
stock. Id. ¶¶ 12–13, 15.
Amtrak added an arbitration provision to its ticket purchase agreement around January
2019. See id. ¶ 18. The provision states that anyone who purchases or uses a ticket agrees to
submit “past, present, or future” claims against Amtrak to binding arbitration instead of a court
of law. Id. ¶ 19; see id. ¶¶ 20–22. It also includes a class-action waiver. Id. ¶ 23.
Weissman and Llewellyn sued in January 2020, seeking declaratory and injunctive relief
to force Amtrak to remove the arbitration provision. See Compl. at 12. According to their
complaint, they live in Washington, D.C. and sometimes take Amtrak trains to New York City
for work, including as recently as August 2019. Id. ¶¶ 7, 9. They anticipate traveling by rail
again in 2020 and want to do so without being subject to Amtrak’s arbitration provision. Id.
¶¶ 8, 10. Even so, they do not allege that they have a claim the provision prevents them from
raising in court. Rather, they allege that Amtrak exceeded its statutory authority by including the
arbitration provision in its terms of service, and that it is unconstitutional because it violates the
Petition Clause of the First Amendment, separation of powers principles, and “Article III by
compelling plaintiffs to waive their right to adjudication of disputes against Amtrak in an Article
III court,” id. ¶ 41. See id. ¶¶ 31, 35, 45.
Amtrak moved to dismiss the complaint for lack of subject matter jurisdiction under Rule
12(b)(1) and for failure to state a claim under Rule 12(b)(6). See ECF No. 9-1 (“MTD”) at 6.
Amtrak argues that Plaintiffs have failed to plausibly allege an injury sufficient to confer
standing. See id. Plaintiffs opposed Amtrak’s motion and cross-moved for summary judgment,
arguing in part that they have standing because their “inability to obtain travel on Amtrak
without [the arbitration provision] is a concrete, particularized, and actual or imminent injury.”
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ECF No. 10 (“P’s Opp’n/MSJ”) at 11. Amtrak opposed Plaintiffs’ cross-motion and replied in
support of its motion to dismiss, see ECF No. 13 (“D’s Opp’n/Reply”), and Plaintiffs replied, see
ECF No. 15 (“P’s Reply”).
Legal Standard
As the party invoking federal jurisdiction, a plaintiff has the burden of showing standing.
Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins, 136 S. Ct. 1540, 1547 (2016). To survive a Rule 12(b)(1) motion to
dismiss for lack of standing, a plaintiff must plausibly allege that he suffered (1) an injury in fact
(2) fairly traceable to the defendant’s actions (3) that is likely to be redressed by a favorable
decision. Williams v. Lew, 819 F.3d 466, 472 (D.C. Cir. 2016). An injury in fact requires a “an
invasion of a legally protected interest” that is “(a) concrete and particularized and (b) actual or
imminent, not conjectural or hypothetical.” Lujan v. Defs. Of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560 (1992)
(cleaned up). A plaintiff seeking prospective declaratory and injunctive relief must establish “an
ongoing or future injury that is certainly impending,” Williams, 819 F.3d at 472 (cleaned up),
which “ensure[s] that the alleged injury is not too speculative for Article III purposes,” Lujan,
504 U.S. at 564 n.2. “Allegations of possible future injury” are insufficient. Whitmore v.
Arkansas, 495 U.S. 149, 158 (1990).
A court evaluating a Rule 12(b)(1) motion “must treat the complaint’s factual allegations
as true and must grant plaintiff the benefit of all inferences that can be derived from the facts
alleged.” Sparrow v. United Air Lines, Inc., 216 F.3d 1111, 1113 (D.C. Cir. 2000) (internal
quotation marks and citation omitted). But the court need not accept the plaintiff’s legal
conclusions or the inferences he draws “if [they] are unsupported by facts alleged in the
complaint.” Williams v. Wilkie, 320 F. Supp. 3d 191, 195 (D.D.C. 2018).
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Analysis
Plaintiffs have not plausibly alleged an actual or imminent injury in fact—their first
standing hurdle—because they do not allege that Amtrak either has enforced or will likely
enforce the arbitration provision against them. 1 That is not surprising because, as they concede,
they have no claim to arbitrate; they only have a theoretical gripe with the arbitration provision
itself. Thus, the arbitration provision—whatever its legality—has not concretely injured them,
nor is a “future injury . . . certainly impending,” Williams, 819 F.3d at 472. For the arbitration
provision to cause a justiciable injury here, one of the plaintiffs would have to (1) decide to
travel, (2) select Amtrak over other modes of transportation, (3) identify an actionable claim
arising from his travel, and (4) face Amtrak’s enforcement or threatened enforcement of the
arbitration provision. That chain of events is too much to bear to confer standing—any harm
they might suffer from the allegedly unlawful arbitration provision is merely a “possible future
injury,” Whitmore, 495 U.S. at 158, and “too speculative for Article III purposes,” Lujan, 504
U.S. at 564 n.2.
For this reason, courts have consistently “deemed a challenge to an arbitration provision,
in the absence of an underlying dispute or imminent injury, to be nonjusticiable.” Jones v. Sears
Roebuck & Co., 301 F. App’x 276, 283 (4th Cir. 2008); see, e.g., Bowen v. First Family Fin.
Servs., Inc., 233 F.3d 1331, 1340 (11th Cir. 2000) (“There is at most a ‘perhaps’ or ‘maybe’
chance that the arbitration agreement will be enforced against these plaintiffs in the future, and
that is not enough to give them standing to challenge its enforceability.”). 2 In Ruckelshaus v.
1
Because Plaintiffs fail to plausibly allege an injury in fact, the Court need not address causation
or redressability.
2
Plaintiffs argue that Jones, 301 F. App’x at 283, and other cases dismissing pre-arbitration suits
for lack of standing are distinguishable because they dealt with “existing” arbitration agreements
4
Monsanto Co., 467 U.S. 986 (1984), the Supreme Court held that only after arbitration “will [the
plaintiff’s] claims with respect to the constitutionality of the arbitration scheme become ripe.”
Id. at 1020 (citing Duke Power Co. v. Carolina Envtl. Study Grp., Inc., 438 U.S. 59, 81 (1978)).3
Whether discussed in terms of “ripeness” or “standing,” the doctrines “boil down to the same
question” and “originate in the same Article III limitation,” Susan B. Anthony List v. Driehaus,
573 U.S. 149, 157 n.5 (2014) (citation omitted), that courts can only adjudicate “Cases” and
“Controversies,” U.S. Const. art III § 2. That limitation deprives the Court of subject-matter
jurisdiction over Plaintiffs’ suit.
In response, Plaintiffs argue that their “inability to purchase Amtrak tickets without
acquiescing to the arbitration condition,” P’s Reply at 5, is an injury in fact, citing cases brought
under the Administrative Procedure Act that permit “consumers of a product to challenge agency
action that prevented the consumers from purchasing a desired product,” Coal. for Mercury-Free
Drugs v. Sebelius, 671 F.3d 1275, 1281 (D.C. Cir. 2012). See P’s Opp’n/MSJ at 11. That line of
with the plaintiffs, while Plaintiffs here assert they are not subject to Amtrak’s arbitration
provision until they ride another Amtrak train. See P’s Opp’n/MSJ at 14–15; P’s Reply at 6.
Even assuming that is so, that distinction makes Plaintiffs’ alleged injury even more speculative
than the one in Jones, because it requires at least one more contingent event to occur before they
could suffer a purported injury caused by the arbitration provision.
3
Plaintiffs try to distinguish Ruckelshaus because the purportedly unconstitutional arbitration
procedure there was a statutory “exhaustion requirement . . . to a Tucker Act claim,” while
Amtrak’s arbitration procedure acts a “substitute for a lawsuit.” P’s Reply at 4 (quoting
Ruckelshaus, 467 U.S. at 1018). But the Court’s ripeness holding was not limited to the statute
or exhaustion requirement at issue there. Cf. Lee v. Am. Express Travel Related Servs., Inc., 348
F. App’x 205, 207 (9th Cir. 2009) (citing Ruckelshaus, 467 U.S. at 1019–20); Jones v. Sears
Roebuck & Co., 301 F. App’x 276, 283 (4th Cir. 2008) (same). The Court found the suit unripe
because the plaintiff “had [not] been injured [yet] by actual arbitration,” Ruckelshaus, 467 U.S.
at 1019, a scenario that it contrasted with a case finding “standing to challenge the
constitutionality of” a different act, Duke Power Co., 438 U.S. at 81. See Ruckelshaus, 467 U.S.
at 1020. Likewise here, Plaintiffs have yet to be injured by an arbitration—in fact, they have not
plausibly alleged that they will have to arbitrate anything, so an arbitration is hardly “certainly
impending,” Williams, 819 F.3d at 472.
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cases has no bearing here. Even if Amtrak—a “government-created” and “government-
controlled” “for-profit corporation,” Compl. ¶¶ 3–4—is an “agency” for standing purposes, but
see MTD at 17–19; D’s Opp’n/Reply at 5–6, 14–16, Amtrak has not prevented Plaintiffs from
purchasing a desired product. The “product” that Plaintiffs seek is travel by rail, and Plaintiffs
do not allege that Amtrak’s arbitration provision has made it “unreasonably priced,” Coal. For
Mercury-Free Drugs, 671 F.3d at 1282, “not readily available,” id., or that the provision
otherwise altogether prevented Plaintiffs from riding Amtrak. Indeed, while Plaintiffs argue that
the arbitration provision deters them from doing so, P’s Opp’n/MSJ at 13, Weissman rode an
Amtrak train even after Amtrak added the arbitration clause to its service contract, see Compl.
¶¶ 7, 18.
Plaintiffs insist that the product they want is not just rail travel, but “rail travel not subject
to terms requiring arbitration.” P’s Opp’n/MSJ at 12. But as Amtrak puts it, standing based on
such an “idiosyncratic definition of a ‘desired product’ . . . would obviate the entire injury-in-fact
analysis.” D’s Opp’n/Reply at 6. Plaintiffs offer no limiting principle preventing their theory of
injury from applying against all manner of private companies in the marketplace, permitting any
consumer to challenge any unwanted contract term, no matter if those terms have injured them or
would imminently do so. Cf. Duke Power Co., 438 U.S. at 80 (“[W]e have declined to grant
standing where the harm asserted amounts only to a generalized grievance shared by a large
number of citizens in a substantially equal measure.”). It is thus unsurprising that Plaintiffs can
point to no case in which a plaintiff showed injury in fact by conditioning his desired product on
a contract term that does not change the product in a “direct, real, and palpable” way, Pub.
Citizen, Inc. v. Nat’l Highway Traffic Safety Admin., 489 F.3d 1279, 1292 (D.C. Cir. 2007). The
arbitration clause here does not do so.
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Conclusion
For all these reasons, the Court will grant Amtrak’s Motion to Dismiss, ECF No. 9, and
deny Plaintiffs’ Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment, ECF No. 10. A separate order will issue.
/s/ Timothy J. Kelly
TIMOTHY J. KELLY
United States District Judge
Date: July 31, 2020
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