FILED
NOT FOR PUBLICATION
AUG 11 2020
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
HOWARD CLARK; MICHAEL SIMS, No. 19-15042
Plaintiffs-Appellants, D.C. No. 3:18-cv-06006-WHA
v.
MEMORANDUM*
PERFECT BAR, LLC,
Defendant-Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of California
William Alsup, District Judge, Presiding
Submitted February 14, 2020**
San Francisco, California
Before: RAWLINSON and CALLAHAN, Circuit Judges, and S. MURPHY,***
District Judge.
*
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
**
The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
***
The Honorable Stephen J. Murphy, III, United States District Judge
for the Eastern District of Michigan, sitting by designation.
Howard Clark and Michael Sims (Appellants) appeal the district court’s
dismissal of their putative consumer class action involving product-labeling claims
against Perfect Bar, LLC (Perfect Bar). Appellants alleged that Perfect Bar’s
packaging led them to believe that the bars were healthy when in fact added sugar
rendered the bars unhealthy. Appellants alleged that they relied on the following
deceptive claims contained on the labeling and packaging: “20+ Superfoods,”
“17G PROTEIN,” and “THE ORIGINAL REFRIGERATED PROTEIN BAR.”
Appellants also allegedly relied on two other Perfect Bar packaging statements that
referred to the creator of the Perfect Bar as a “health food pioneer.”
We review de novo a district court’s grant of a motion brought under Rule
12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. See Dowers v. Nationstar
Mortgage, LLC, 852 F.3d 964, 969 (9th Cir. 2017). We apply the facial
plausibility standard set forth in Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662 (2009). See e.g.,
Kwan v. SanMedica International, 854 F.3d 1088, 1096 (9th Cir. 2017). As a
federal court sitting in diversity, we apply the substantive law of California when
assessing standing to assert a state law claim. See Reid v. Johnson & Johnson, 780
F.3d 952, 958 (9th Cir. 2015) (applying state law in holding that Appellant
satisfied the standing requirements under California’s Unfair Competition Law
2
(UCL), False Advertising Law (FAL), and Consumer Legal Remedies Act
(CLRA)).
Appellants adequately met the standing requirements to pursue claims under
the UCL, FAL, and CLRA. A consumer who “relies on a product label and
challenges a misrepresentation contained therein can satisfy the [UCL] standing
requirement . . . by alleging . . . that he or she would not have bought the product
but for the misrepresentation.” Kwikset Corp. v. Sup. Ct., 246 P.3d 877, 890 (Cal.
2011); see also Hinojos v. Kohl’s Corp., 718 F.3d 1098, 1103 (9th Cir. 2013)
(recognizing that the UCL and FAL standing requirements are identical); Reid, 780
F.3d at 958 (same for the UCL, FAL, and CLRA); Klein v. Chevron U.S.A., Inc.,
202 Cal. App. 4th 1342, 1375 (2012) (same for the UCL and CLRA).
Appellants’ state law claims predicated on the theory that the bars were
mislabeled are preempted by the Nutritional Labeling and Education Act (NLEA),
the Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act (FDCA), and accompanying regulations. See
Hawkins v. Kroger Co., 906 F.3d 763, 769 (9th Cir. 2018) (“The [NLEA] amended
the [FDCA] to establish uniform food labeling requirements”). The NLEA
preempts all state law claims that “directly or indirectly establish any requirement
for the labeling of food that is not identical to the federal requirements.” Id.
(citation and internal quotation marks omitted).
3
To the extent Appellants’ claims advance the notion that Perfect Bar made
an improper health claim due to added sugar levels in the bar, those claims are not
viable. See 21 C.F.R. § 101.14(a)(1) (defining a health claim as a “claim made on
the label or in labeling of a food . . . that expressly or by implication . . .
characterizes the relationship of any substance to a disease or health-related
condition”). However, the NLEA and its applicable regulations are silent on
whether sugar levels preclude a product from making health claims. See 21 C.F.R.
§ 101.14(a)(4) (excluding sugar from an enumerated list of nutrient levels that may
preclude a product from making health claims).
In Hawkins, we held that under the NLEA “no state may directly or
indirectly establish any requirement for the labeling of food that is not identical to
the federal requirements.” 906 F.3d at 770 (citation and internal quotation marks
omitted). Allowing a claim of misbranding under California law based on
misleading sugar level content would “indirectly establish” a sugar labeling
requirement “that is not identical to the federal requirements,” a result foreclosed
by our precedent. Id.1
AFFIRMED.
1
Because Appellants acknowledged that their claims under N.Y. Gen. Bus.
L. §§ 349 (Unfair Deceptive Business Practices) and 350 (False
Advertising) are governed by similar standards, these claims also fail.
4