NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-2181-19T1
CAROLYN REPKO,
Plaintiff-Respondent, APPROVED FOR PUBLICATION
August 13, 2020
v.
APPELLATE DIVISION
OUR LADY OF LOURDES
MEDICAL CENTER, INC.,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Argued telephonically April 21, 2020 -
Decided August 13, 2020
Before Judges Fisher, Accurso and Gilson.
On appeal from an interlocutory order of the Superior
Court of New Jersey, Law Division, Camden County,
Docket No. L-3559-18.
Michael William Horner argued the cause for
appellant (White and Williams LLP, attorneys; James
Daniel Burger and Michael William Horner, on the
brief).
Stephen Wayne Guice argued the cause for
respondent.
The opinion of the court was delivered by
ACCURSO, J.A.D.
We granted defendant Our Lady of Lourdes Medical Center, Inc. leave
to appeal orders denying its motion to dismiss the complaint filed in the name
of plaintiff Carolyn Repko ten months after her death and granting the motion
of her estate to amend the complaint to substitute itself as plaintiff after the
running of the statute of limitations. Because a complaint by a dead person is
a nullity, leaving nothing for an amended complaint to "relate back" to under
Rule 4:9-3, we reverse.
Because the timeline is everything in this case, we start there. In the
course of picking up her son-in-law after surgery in September 2016, the
decedent, Carolyn Repko, fell on the front steps at Lourdes, fracturing her nose
and receiving a cut over her eye, as well as several other injuries. Three days
later, she retained counsel to file suit on her behalf.
Repko died from unrelated causes in December 2017, fifteen months
after her fall. Repko's counsel filed suit in her name in September 2018,
shortly before the running of the statute of limitations, not knowing she had
died nine months earlier. After Repko's counsel granted Lourdes an extension,
it filed an answer in November 2018 and promptly served discovery. When
Repko did not respond to her counsel's letters, counsel searched public records
in February 2019, and discovered Repko had died over a year before.
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Counsel wrote to Repko's son in March and April 2019, eventually
securing his agreement to continue the case. In September 2019, three years
after the accident and twenty-one months after Repko's death, her son sent
counsel a death certificate and Letters Testamentary. Repko's will had been
admitted to probate in March 2018 and Letters Testamentary issued to her son
at that time.
Counsel advised Lourdes of Repko's death in September 2019 and
sought consent to amend the complaint. Lourdes refused, maintaining the
complaint was a nullity because Repko was already many months dead when it
was filed.
Repko's counsel, now representing her estate, moved to amend the
complaint in October 2019. Lourdes cross-moved to dismiss the action. The
judge acknowledged that a dead person has no legal standing to bring a
lawsuit, but ruled the decedent's estate was entitled to "an equitable tolling of
the statute until the plaintiff's counsel finds out about the death and moves to
amend the complaint." The judge noted that if Repko had died "an hour after
filing," Rule 4:9-3 would permit the amendment to relate back, yet "if death
occurs an hour before filing," not allowing the amended pleading to relate back
would mean "that's the end of the case." Ruling the result should not
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"depend[] upon those types of fortuities," the judge granted the estate's motion
to amend the complaint and denied Lourdes' motion to dismiss the action.
Because the question presented, whether decedent's estate could avoid
the running of the statute of limitations by having its amended complaint relate
back to the complaint filed in the decedent's name nine months after her death,
is solely a question of law, our review is de novo. See Mejia v. Quest
Diagnostics, Inc., 241 N.J. 360, 370-71 (2020).
In our view, this issue is simply one of standing, succinctly defined by
the Connecticut Supreme Court as "the legal right to set judicial machinery in
motion." Eder Bros. v. Wine Merchs. of Connecticut, Inc., 880 A.2d 138, 143
(Conn. 2005) (quoting Gay & Lesbian Law Students Ass'n v. Bd. of Trs., 673
A.2d 484, 491 (Conn. 1996)); N.J. Citizen Action v. Riviera Motel Corp., 296
N.J. Super. 402, 409 (App. Div. 1997) ("Standing refers to the plaintiff's
ability or entitlement to maintain an action before the court."). Plaintiff
necessarily concedes that a dead person cannot sue in our courts and cannot
continue a suit filed prior to death. See N.J.S.A. 2A:15-3; R. 4:34-1(b); Smith
v. Cynfax Corp., 261 N.J. Super. 378, 383 (Law Div. 1992). As Vice
Chancellor Bigelow noted seventy-five years ago, "[a]n earthly court has no
jurisdiction over the dead. Only the living can litigate here." In re Admiral
Sampson Bldg. & Loan Ass'n, 136 N.J. Eq. 292, 293 (Ch. 1945).
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While plaintiff contends that Rule 4:9-3, the relation-back rule, applies
to plaintiffs, as well as defendants, a point we agree with, see Siligato v. State,
268 N.J. Super. 21, 28-29 (App. Div. 1993), that begs the real question here:
whether the estate's claim can relate back to a complaint wholly ineffective "to
set judicial machinery in motion." When the plaintiff who attempted to set
that judicial machinery in motion had been dead nearly a year, we do not think
it can.
Although this precise question appears to be one of first impression in
New Jersey, precedent supplies ample guidance for our decision. As our
Supreme Court has explained, standing is "a threshold justiciability
requirement." Watkins v. Resorts Int'l Hotel & Casino, 124 N.J. 398, 424
(1991). "It neither depends on nor determines the merits of a plaintiff's claim."
Id. at 417. Unlike subject-matter jurisdiction, which focuses on a court's legal
authority to decide a controversy, Gilbert v. Gladden, 87 N.J. 275, 280-81
(1981), standing's focus is on the plaintiff's ability to invoke that authority, In
re Adoption of Baby T, 160 N.J. 332, 340 (1999). "A lack of standing by a
plaintiff precludes a court from entertaining any of the substantive issues
presented for determination." Ibid.
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Because plaintiff's death prevented her from suing in her own behalf, the
complaint filed in her name by her counsel was a nullity. 1 As we have
explained elsewhere, the existence of a juridical entity capable of suit is not
merely a matter of form. 2 "In any suit, . . . the plaintiff must subject itself to
1
Although not addressed by the parties, we question counsel's ability to file
suit on Repko's behalf following her death. The attorney-client relationship
ordinarily terminates on the client's death. See Smith, 261 N.J. Super. at 383.
See also Bossert v. Ford Motor Co., 140 A.D.2d 480, 481 (N.Y. App. Div.
1988) (holding stipulation to substitute deceased plaintiff entered into by his
counsel invalid where "agency as attorneys for the deceased plaintiff
terminated upon his death and any subsequent actions by them on his behalf
were null and void."); Restatement (Third) of the Law Governing Lawyers §
31(2)(b); Restatement (Second) of Agency § 120 (1958). Counsel claims
Repko signed a retainer agreement, but he has not made it a part of the record.
He has not asserted it empowered him to institute suit after Repko's death.
2
The lack of an identifiable legal entity as plaintiff distinguishes this case
from Siligato, where we held plaintiff's error "in identifying itself should be no
less curable than an error in identifying the adversary" under Rule 4:9-3. 268
N.J. Super. at 29. We find Prime Accounting Dep't v. Twp. of Carney's Point,
212 N.J. 493, 496-97 (2013) (permitting amended complaint in Tax Court to
correct misidentification of plaintiff pled in conformity with the Township's
tax assessment list to relate back to original filing), to be similarly
distinguishable.
In Prime Accounting, the Court addressed the apparent frequent practice
of tax litigators filing complaints in real property tax appeals in the name of
the entity listed on the Township's assessment list, even when it was not the
true party in interest, the lawyer's client or sometimes even an existing legal
entity. Id. at 516-18. The distinguishing difference between Prime
Accounting and this case is that the lawyer who filed the tax appeal in Prime
Accounting knew he was filing the complaint on behalf of the aggrieved
taxpayer with standing and intended to file the complaint on that party's
behalf, only conforming the plaintiff's name to match that listed on the
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orders enforceable against itself, as well as availing itself of favorable orders.
Without the presence of a plaintiff capable of both suing and being sued, relief
cannot be afforded." Options v. Lawson, 287 N.J. Super. 209, 221 (App. Div.
1996).
Given the complaint Repko's counsel filed nine months after her death
was ineffective "to set [the] judicial machinery in motion," Eder Bros., 880
A.2d at 143, there was nothing for the estate's complaint to "relate back" to.
The "relation-back" rule cannot cure the failure to file a valid complaint in the
first instance. See Williams v. Bradshaw, 459 F.3d 846, 848-49 (8th Cir.
2006) (applying state law to determine the plaintiff was not the proper party to
bring wrongful a death action and therefore the district court did not err in
denying the motion for leave to amend the complaint because the "complaint
amount[ed] to a nullity [and accordingly] it cannot serve as the foundation for
an amendment: Since the original complaint was without legal effect, there
was nothing to amend."); Jones ex rel. Jones v. Corr. Med. Servs., Inc., 401
F.3d 950, 952 (8th Cir. 2005) (where complaint was filed by someone
Township's tax assessment list. The cause of action remained the same and
was brought in conformity with statutory guidelines. Here, counsel had no
authority to file the complaint after his client's death, and the filing was not in
conformity with the requirements of the Survivor's Act. Neither Siligato nor
Prime Accounting provides support for permitting amendment of a complaint
filed by a corpse.
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unauthorized to practice law, court affirmed district court finding that the
complaint was a nullity and therefore could not be amended); see also
Davenport v. Lee, 72 S.W.3d 85, 94 (Ark. 2002) ("[B]ecause the original
complaint, as a nullity never existed, . . . an amended complaint cannot relate
back to something that never existed, nor can a nonexistent complaint be
corrected.").
In addition to following on the law of standing, that result is consistent
with the legislative scheme designed to preserve the cause of action for the
decedent's estate under the Survivor's Act. Repko's right to recover personally
for the injuries she suffered in her fall at Lourdes ended at her death. See
Alfone v. Sarno, 87 N.J. 99, 108 (1981). Unlike at common law, however,
when "[t]he death of the plaintiff gave his representative no remedy against the
tortfeasor," Smith v. Whitaker, 160 N.J. 221, 233 (1999), Repko's unfiled
claim against Lourdes was not lost. Our Survivor's Act, N.J.S.A. 2A:15-3,
permitted her executor, suing on behalf of her estate, to recover the damages
his "testator . . . would have had if [s]he was living."
As we have recently explained, "a claim brought under the Survivor Act
need not be based on tortious conduct that results in death." Warren v.
Muenzen, 448 N.J. Super. 52, 63 (App. Div. 2016). "[T]he Survivor's Act
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preserves to the decedent's estate any personal cause of action that decedent
would have had if he or she had survived." Smith, 160 N.J. at 233.
Accordingly, Repko's estate still had a viable claim against Lourdes at
Repko's death. Although not a factor here because the two-year statute of
limitations under N.J.S.A. 2A:14-2(a), did not expire until nine months after
Repko died, N.J.S.A. 2A:14-23.1, adopted by the Legislature in 1977, operates
to toll any statute of limitations on a claim belonging to a decedent for up to
six months following death for the "salutary purpose of providing executors
and administrators with a limited period of time after death to evaluate
potential claims available to the estate." Warren, 448 N.J. Super. at 67-68.
The remedy adopted by the Legislature to preserve a decedent's claim
against a tortfeasor in the Survivor's Act addresses the fortuity the trial judge
recognized of grounding a person's "right to recover for an injury to his person
or estate, inflicted by a tortious act, on the contingency of the party injured
surviving to the date of trial," Kern v. Kogan, 93 N.J. Super. 459, 471 (Law
Div. 1967) (citing Ten Eyck v. Runk, 31 N.J.L. 428 (Sup. Ct. 1866)), or, in the
case of Rule 4:9-3, the filing of a complaint. The statutory remedy being well-
established and readily available, there was no need to resort to the doctrine of
equitable tolling to provide the estate an avenue of relief.
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Repko's counsel had no contact with his client in at least ten months
leading up to the filing of the complaint against Lourdes, which she obviously
was not available to authorize. Her executor delayed sending a death
certificate and Letters Testamentary to counsel for five months after being
informed of the suit. Their actions do not bespeak the diligence the doctrine of
equitable tolling demands. See Binder v. Price Waterhouse & Co., 393 N.J.
Super. 304, 312-13 (App. Div. 2007); Freeman v. State, 347 N.J. Super. 11, 31
(App. Div. 2002). Accordingly, even were equitable tolling available in these
circumstances, we find no basis for its application here.
Because the complaint filed in Repko's name by her counsel nine months
after her death was ineffective to invoke the court's authority to resolve the
claim, leaving nothing for the amended complaint proposed by her estate three
years after the accident and twenty-one months after Repko's death to "relate
back" to under Rule 4:9-3, we reverse the denial of Lourdes' motion to dismiss
the complaint as barred by the statute of limitations and remand for entry of an
order dismissing the complaint with prejudice.
Reversed.
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