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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
THOMAS HARTLOVE AND JANET : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
HARTLOVE, H/W : PENNSYLVANIA
:
Appellants :
:
:
v. :
:
: No. 2722 EDA 2017
LEE F. PARKS :
Appeal from the Order Entered August 8, 2017
In the Court of Common Pleas of Northampton County Civil Division at
No(s): 48-CV-2016-3385
BEFORE: BOWES, J., OLSON, J., and NICHOLS, J.
MEMORANDUM BY BOWES, J.: FILED AUGUST 27, 2018
Thomas Hartlove and Janet Hartlove, husband and wife, appeal from
the order denying their petition for leave to amend the complaint to
substitute the personal representative of Lee F. Parks, and granting the
defense’s petition to strike the complaint and dismiss the action. We affirm.
This matter arises from an automobile accident which occurred on May
15, 2014, in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. Mr. Parks, a New Jersey resident,
rear-ended the Hartloves’ vehicle, causing injuries. Unbeknownst to the
Hartloves, Mr. Parks died on September 29, 2014. His insurer, Liberty
Mutual, was informed of his death on May 26, 2015. The Hartloves retained
counsel who filed a complaint against Mr. Parks on April 27, 2016, three
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weeks prior to the expiration of the applicable two-year statute of
limitations.1 A copy of the complaint was mailed to Mr. Parks’ residence and
to Liberty Mutual. Liberty Mutual retained defense counsel who filed an
answer to the complaint on June 20, 2016, admitting therein that Mr. Parks
was an adult individual residing in New Jersey. No new matter was included
in the answer to the complaint. Although Liberty Mutual sent
correspondence to the Hartloves’ counsel identifying Mr. Parks as the named
insured, it did not inform the Hartloves of his death until September 2, 2016.
On January 6, 2017, without leave of court, defense counsel filed an
amended answer which included new matter stating that Mr. Parks had died
on September 29, 2014, and attaching a certificate of death. The new
matter averred that any claims asserted against Mr. Parks were barred by
the statute of limitations and the Dead Man’s Act, 42 Pa.C.S. § 5930.
The Hartloves filed preliminary objections to the amended answer and
new matter based on defense counsel’s failure to seek leave of court prior to
filing. The Hartloves additionally filed a petition to amend their complaint to
include Mr. Parks’ personal representative as a defendant.
On January 30, 2017, defense counsel withdrew the amended answer
and new matter, and thereafter filed a petition to strike the Hartloves’
complaint and dismiss the action with prejudice, or in the alternative, to
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1In the instant case, the applicable two-year statute of limitations expired
on May 15, 2016.
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refile the amended answer and new matter. In response, the Hartloves filed
a motion to substitute, wherein they sought leave to amend the complaint to
remove Mr. Parks and substitute his personal representative in his place.
On August 8, 2017, the trial court dismissed the Hartloves’ action as a
nullity, without prejudice, on the basis that the court lacked subject matter
jurisdiction due to Mr. Parks’ death prior to the filing of the complaint. The
Hartloves filed a timely notice of appeal, and a court-ordered Pa.R.A.P.
1925(b) concise statement of errors complained of on appeal. Thereafter,
the trial court issued its Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) opinion.
Appellants raise the following issues for our review:
1. Should Pennsylvania’s rules governing liberal amendment of
pleadings allow the substitution of the personal
representatives of a deceased defendant’s estate even when
the action is commenced against a deceased person?
2. Should the trial court have barred [the defense] from
asserting the death of [Mr. Parks] before the filing of the
complaint as a result of [the defense’s] admission that he was
alive contained within the answer and should [the defense]
have been barred from asserting the statute of limitations
defense as a result of its failure to file a new matter with its
answer?
3. Did the trial court err in not applying New Jersey law which
allows the substitution of a personal representative of an
estate when the action is commenced against a deceased
person when the deceased was a resident and the estate was
created under the laws of New Jersey[?]
4. Should the trial court have considered [the Hartloves’]
allegation of fraud when [Liberty Mutual] concealed the death
of their insured from [the Hartloves’] counsel thus tolling the
statute of limitations?
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Appellants’ brief at 1 (unnecessary capitalization omitted).
The Hartloves’ first issue challenges the trial court’s denial of their
motion to amend their complaint.
Our standard of review of a trial court’s order denying a plaintiff
leave to amend its complaint . . . permits us to overturn the
order only if the trial court erred as a matter of law or abused its
discretion. The trial court enjoys broad discretion to grant or
deny a petition to amend. Although the court generally should
exercise its discretion to permit amendment, where a party will
be unable to state a claim on which relief could be granted, leave
to amend should be denied.
Pollock v. NFL, 171 A.3d 773, 778 (Pa.Super. 2017).
The Hartloves contend that our Supreme Court’s ruling in Thompson
v. Peck, 181 A. 597 (Pa. 1935), which held that a complaint filed against a
dead man is void and cannot be amended to allow the substitution of the
deceased’s personal representative, is an archaic ruling that should be
reevaluated in light of the modern preference for liberal amendment of
pleadings. They argue that the rule expressed in Thompson is unduly
harsh, and in the interest of justice the trial court should have permitted the
substitution of Mr. Parks’ personal representative regardless of the date of
Mr. Parks’ death. Relying on Justice Wecht’s concurring memorandum in
Morrison Informatics, Inc. v. Members 1st Federal Credit Union, 139
A.3d 1241 (Pa. 2016), wherein the High Court permitted the trustee in
bankruptcy to be substituted as plaintiff in place of the bankrupt corporation
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after the statute of limitations had expired,2 the Hartloves argue that the
Morrison decision casts doubt over the continued viability of the
Thompson line of cases. They point to the 2017 amendment to Pa.R.C.P.
1033 allowing improperly named parties to be substituted after expiration of
the statute of limitations so long as the correct party had notice of the action
within ninety days of its commencement.3 The Hartloves also urge us to
consider decisional law from Ohio and Delaware, wherein courts have
rejected nullity rules and permitted the substitution of the personal
representative after the expiration of the statute of limitations. Appellant’s
brief at 10 (citing Baker v. McKnight, 447 N.E.2d 104 (Ohio 1983), and
Parker v. Breckin, 620 A.2d 229 (Del. 1993)).4
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2 Unlike the case at bar, Morrison did not involve a legal action initiated
against a deceased person. Instead, in Morrison, a corporate debtor in
bankruptcy proceedings commenced a legal action without capacity to do so,
as the federal bankruptcy trustee was the real party in interest. Citing
vindication of the interests of innocent creditors, our High Court held that, in
the bankruptcy context, the amendment of the complaint to substitute the
federal bankruptcy trustee is appropriate, at least where the trustee has
acted in a reasonably diligent fashion to secure his or her substitution, and
there is no demonstrable prejudice to defendants. Morrison, supra at
1249. These concerns are not present in the instant case.
3 The 2017 amendment to Rule 1033 was not in place at the time the
Hartloves filed the instant action in 2016. Moreover, it has no application to
this case, as the Hartlove’s did not incorrectly identify Mr. Parks and merely
seek to correct a mistake concerning his identity; rather, they sued the
wrong entity and seek to substitute an entirely different party.
4 The pronouncements of our sister states are not binding authority on our
courts; such decisions may be considered as persuasive authority. See
(Footnote Continued Next Page)
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In Thompson, the plaintiff filed a negligence suit against the
defendant and later learned the defendant had died prior to commencement
of suit. After the applicable statute of limitations had run, the trial court
granted the plaintiff leave to substitute the executors of the defendant’s
estate. Our Supreme Court reversed, reasoning:
It is fundamental that an action at law requires a person or
entity which has the right to bring the action, and a person or
entity against which the action can be maintained. By its very
terms, an action at law implies the existence of legal parties;
they may be natural or artificial persons, but they must be
entities which the law recognizes as competent. A dead man
cannot be a party to an action, and any such attempted
proceeding is completely void and of no effect[.] This
disposes of the further argument that the defect was cured by
the amendment. There can be no amendment where there is
nothing to amend. In any event, an amendment the effect of
which is to bring in new parties after the running of the
statute of limitations will not be permitted[.]
Id. at 598 (citations omitted, emphases added). Thompson has been
consistently followed by Pennsylvania courts. See e.g., Ehrhardt v.
Costello, 264 A.2d 620, 621-22 (Pa. 1970); Lange v. Burd, 800 A.2d 336,
341 (Pa.Super. 2002); Montanya v. McGonegal, 757 A.2d 947, 950
(Pa.Super. 2000); Valentin v. Cartegena, 544 A.2d 1028, 1029 (Pa.Super.
1988); Longo v. Estep, 432 A.2d 1029, 1030 (Pa.Super. 1981). Thus, if a
plaintiff commences an action against a person who is deceased, the action
is a legal nullity, and the only recourse is to file a new action naming the
(Footnote Continued) _______________________
Shedden v. Anadarko E&P Co., L.P., 88 A.3d 228, 233 n.3 (Pa.Super.
2014).
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decedent’s personal representative as the defendant. See Montanya,
supra at 950.
In the instant matter, the Hartloves’ complaint against Mr. Parks was
void and of no effect, as he was deceased at the time of filing. The
Hartloves’ insistence that they should be permitted to amend the complaint
in order to substitute the personal representative is untenable under
Thompson, which makes it clear that a complaint against a deceased
defendant is a legal nullity which cannot be cured by amendment. See
Thompson, supra at 598. As the instant action was void, their only
recourse was to file a new complaint against Mr. Parks’ representative prior
to the expiration of the applicable statute of limitations, which they failed to
do. As we discern no error of law or abuse of discretion in the trial court’s
ruling precluding amendment of the complaint, their first claim warrants no
relief.
In their remaining assignments of error, the Hartloves raise additional
arguments pertaining to the proceedings below. Specifically, they raise
claims regarding admissions in the answer filed by the defense,5 tolling of
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5 The Hartloves contend that the trial court should have barred the defense
from asserting Mr. Parks’ death based on its admission in the answer to the
complaint that Mr. Parks is an adult individual residing in New Jersey.
However, as the action was a legal nullity from its inception, the incorrect
admission in the answer is not relevant to our analysis. Moreover, to the
extent that the Hartloves contend that they were somehow misled by the
admission, we observe that the statute of limitations had run by the time the
(Footnote Continued Next Page)
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the statute of limitations in the instant action due to Liberty Mutual’s belated
disclosure of Mr. Parks’ death,6 and the trial court’s failure to apply New
Jersey law to permit substitution of Mr. Parks personal representative.
However, as the Hartloves’ attempted proceeding is completely void and of
no effect under Thompson, we must deem their additional issues moot.
Order affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 8/27/18
(Footnote Continued) _______________________
answer was filed. Thus, even if the defense had disclosed Mr. Parks’ death
in the answer to the complaint, any action against his personal
representative was already time-barred as of the date the answer was filed.
6 The Hartloves also argue that the trial court should have considered their
allegations of fraud based on Liberty Mutual’s pretrial correspondence
wherein it listed Mr. Parks as the named insured on the insurance policy, but
failed to disclose his death. Again, as the action was a legal nullity from its
inception, the captioning of pretrial correspondence is not relevant to our
analysis. However, we observe that it was the Hartloves’ obligation to
determine whether Mr. Parks was deceased. See Montanya v.
McGonegal, supra at 951 (holding that reliance on a heading in a letter
from an insurer, which was used merely to identify the insurance policy and
claim at issue, was not reasonable, and does not constitute fraud or
concealment).
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