RECORD IMPOUNDED
NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the
internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-2934-18T4
NEW JERSEY DIVISION
OF CHILD PROTECTION
AND PERMANENCY,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
D.S., J.W., and U.J.,
Defendants,
and
H.J.,
Defendant-Appellant.
____________________________
IN THE MATTER OF M.W. and
M.W., minors.
____________________________
Submitted September 16, 2020 – Decided September 28, 2020
Before Judges Fuentes and Firko.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey,
Chancery Division, Family Part, Middlesex County,
Docket No. FN-12-0209-17.
Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, attorney for
appellant (Robyn A. Veasey, Deputy Public Defender,
of counsel; Arthur David Malkin, Designated Counsel,
on the briefs).
Gurbir S. Grewal, Attorney General, attorney for
respondent (Jane C. Schuster, Assistant Attorney
General, of counsel; Shane Williams, Deputy Attorney
General, on the brief).
Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, Law Guardian,
attorney for minors (Meredith Alexis Pollack, of
counsel; Sara A. Friedman, Designated Counsel, on the
brief).
PER CURIAM
Defendant H.J. (Hank), 1 the paternal step-grandfather of two minor
children, M.W. (Matt) born in January 2008, and M.W. (Mary), born in March
2009, appeals from a December 15, 2017 Family Part order finding he inflicted
excessive corporal punishment on Matt by striking him with a belt and causing
serious injuries within the meaning of N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.21(c)(4). Having reviewed
the record, we conclude that the trial court's fact-finding decision was supported
1
We use fictitious names for H.J., D.S., J.W., U.J., M.W., and M.W. to protect
their privacy and for ease of reference. See R. 1:38-3(d)(12).
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2
by sufficient credible evidence and is consistent with the applicable law.
Therefore, we affirm.
I.
We discern the following facts from evidence adduced at the fact-finding
hearing. On February 25, 2017, the Division of Child Protection and
Permanency (Division) received a referral from St. Peter's Medical Center
indicating Matt "ha[d] bruises on his back . . . legs, and arms" after allegedly
being "hit with a belt" by Hank. The children were living with U.J. (Una), their
paternal grandmother, and Hank because their biological mother, defendant D.S.
(Danielle), was deceased and their father, defendant J.W. (Jason), was
incarcerated.
Division caseworkers interviewed Matt and his maternal grandmother,
V.B. (Violet), at the hospital. Violet informed the caseworkers that the children
were at her home for a weekend visit and she noticed marks on Matt's back,
arms, and legs. Matt told Violet that Hank "hit him about [four] times with the
belt" because he "was supposed to bring his test scores home from school,
didn't[,] and then lied to [Hank] about it . . . ." According to Matt, Hank told
him to eat first and then remove his clothes so he could beat him. Violet showed
the caseworkers and police officers cell phone photographs taken at her direction
A-2934-18T4
3
by her older son depicting marks on Matt's body and . . . "several open wounds
that [had] begun to heal."
Division caseworkers also interviewed Matt. He stated he "got a
whoopin" from Hank with a "thick, black [belt] with a silver buckle," and it
"hurt a little" but he "didn't cry." Matt reported he did not always feel safe at
home because "he gets hit," and on a prior occasion, Hank punched him in the
chest until Una told him to stop. Matt disclosed that he endured prior beatings
by Hank. The Division caseworkers photographed Matt's injuries.
Later that day, Mary was interviewed by the Division caseworkers and
explained when she is disciplined by Una and Hank, they tell her "don't do that"
and she is given three chances before Una beats her with a belt. Mary was aware
of Matt getting whipped with a belt when he gets in trouble, does poorly in
school, and Una "gets a message from the teacher."
On February 26, 2017, the Division caseworkers went to Una and Hank's
home to speak to them about the referral and the implementation of a safety
protection plan. However, they denied using physical discipline on the children
and refused to participate in the safety protection plan. Una told the Division
that Matt "did not have bruises on his person when he left on Friday and
therefore [the bruises] had to have happened at [Violet's] home." The Division
A-2934-18T4
4
conducted an emergency Dodd 2 removal of the children and placed them with
Violet because Una and Hank would not implement a safety protection plan.
At the February 28, 2017 order to show cause (OTSC) hearing, Division
caseworker, Minerva Munzon 3 testified about the photographs of Matt taken by
Violet and pictures taken by her when she was with Matt at the hospital. The
Family Part admitted all of the photographs into evidence and found "the
information is reliable" based on Munzon's testimony that she saw the child the
next day. The children were placed in the custody, care, and supervision of the
Division. On May 1, 2017, during a case management conference, Hank
withdrew his consent to undergo services for parental skills and anger
management.
The Family Part conducted a fact-finding hearing over a period of six
nonsequential days. The court heard testimony from Munzon and Victoria
2
A "Dodd removal" refers to the emergency removal of a child from the home
without a court order as authorized by N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.29 of the Dodd Act,
N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.21 to -8.82.
3
There are several variations of Minerva Munzon's name in the record. For the
sake of clarity, we refer to her as "Munzon."
A-2934-18T4
5
Toraddo,4 a Division supervisor, Violet, Dr. Gladibel Medina, whom the
Division called as an expert witness in the field of child abuse, 5 and Dr.
Zhongxue Hua, whom Hank called as an expert witness in the field of forensic
pathology.6 Hank did not testify at the hearing. The Law Guardian did not call
any witnesses.
At the conclusion of the hearing, the court found, by preponderance of the
credible evidence, that Hank abused and neglected Matt by inflicting excessive
corporal punishment in violation of N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.21(b)(4). In reaching this
decision, the court determined Hank hit Matt, who was nine years old at the
time, with a belt, resulting in serious injuries.
In reaching its decision, the court noted Matt's statements were
"appropriately corroborated" and it considered the testimony of the caseworkers
4
There are also several variations of Victoria Toraddo's name in the record.
For the sake of clarity, we refer to her as "Toraddo."
5
At the time she testified at the fact-finding hearing, Dr. Medina was the
Medical Director for the Dorothy B. Hersh Child Protection Center at Saint
Peter's University Hospital.
6
The trial court admitted Dr. Hua as an expert witness in this case over the
Division's objection based on his lack of specific training or experience working
with children.
A-2934-18T4
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and experts. The judge gave more weight to Dr. Medina's testimony, whose
expertise in the field of child abuse was particularly relevant. The judge stated:
First of all, although I believe Dr. Hua is an
expert in his field of forensic pathology, I believe that
Dr. Medina’s field . . . the field of child abuse or neglect
is really a narrower type of field and one that this court
is actually trying to consider. But they’re both experts
in their fields.
I think . . . one of the reasons the court gave more
weight to Dr. Medina is she conducts numerous medical
evaluations regarding abuse or neglect from birth to
[eighteen]. She mentors residents in child abuse,
pediatrics, and . . . has a very specialized knowledge in
this area that I felt was very helpful to the court.
....
Additionally, she said . . . the injuries were
consistent with a belt. Now I realize what Dr. Hua’s
saying, and I tend to agree that having the belt would
certainly help if we had a belt to be able to compare the
two, but I cannot agree just common-sense-wise that if
we did not have a belt . . . a finding couldn’t be made
that an injury is consistent with that.
....
So, I do think that each of these reasons is the
reason why the court gave Dr. Medina more weight and
found her testimony to be more credible and, frankly,
more useful to the court. Again, I don’t fault Dr. Hua.
He was not able to view the child, but I think viewing
the child gave Dr. Medina, to me, . . . better evidence
for her determination because she was able to see the
A-2934-18T4
7
injuries, compare them, and look to the timing of the
incident.
The court concluded that Hank struck Matt with a belt numerous times
and “failed to exercise a minimum degree of care in that his actions showed a
reckless disregard for the safety of this child, [Matt]." Further, the court found
Hank used excessive force because he caused blood vessel trauma which
resulted in permanent scarring, "bruising[,] and abrasions to the child." Since
Matt was only nine years old, the court found his failure to bring home a test
was a "minimal reason to strike a child." Although the matter focused on only
one particular incident, the child indicated the whipping happened more than
once. Ultimately, the judge found, by a preponderance of the evidence, that
Hank abused and neglected Matt according to N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.21(c)(4) and that
Una failed to protect Matt, resulting in her being substantiated under Title 30.
See N.J.S.A. 30:4C-11 to -24.
On appeal, Hank challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the
court's finding that he inflicted excessive corporal punishment by using a belt
on Matt and there was no expert testimony proffered at the OTSC hearing to
support the court's conclusion. Hank also asserts that the entire proceeding was
procedurally defective because the court erroneously made a finding at the
OTSC hearing that Matt's injuries were inflicted by a belt when Hank had no
A-2934-18T4
8
legal representation. We disagree and find there is sufficient credible evidence
to support the court's finding and that there was no error in the admission of the
challenged evidence and the proceedings comported with due process.
On November 2, 2018, Jason voluntarily surrendered his parental rights
to Matt and Mary. On January 10, 2019, the court entered an order terminating
the litigation and directed the Division to proceed with the children's adoption
by Violet. A judgment of guardianship was entered on February 13, 2019. On
March 12, 2019, Hank filed a notice of appeal.
II.
As the reviewing court, we are bound to accept the trial court's factual
findings so long as they are supported by sufficient credible evidence. N.J. Div.
of Youth & Family Servs. v. F.M., 211 N.J. 420, 448 (2012). Although we
review legal conclusions by the trial judge de novo, we owe a particular
deference to fact finding by family court judges because of their special
expertise in family matters. Cesare v. Cesare, 154 N.J. 394, 413 (1998);
Manalapan Realty, L.P. v. Twp. Comm. of Manalapan, 140 N.J. 366, 378 (1995).
Consequently, we only disturb a family court's findings if they are "so wholly
insupportable as to result in a denial of justice." In re Guardianship of J.T., 269
N.J. Super. 172, 188 (App. Div. 1993) (quoting Rova Farms Resort, Inc. v. Inv'rs
A-2934-18T4
9
Ins. Co. of Am., 65 N.J. 474, 483-84 (1974)). In light of these standards, we
find no basis to disturb the trial court's findings of fact, and those findings
support its legal conclusion.
As defined in Title 9, "abuse or neglect" may occur when a child's
"physical, mental, or emotional condition has been impaired . . . as the result of"
a parent who fails to "exercise a minimum degree of care . . . in providing the
child with proper supervision or guardianship, by unreasonably inflicting or
allowing to be inflicted harm, or substantial risk thereof, including the infliction
of excessive corporal punishment . . . ." N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.21(c)(4)(b). A parent
or guardian may fail to exercise the minimum degree of care if he or she "is
aware of the dangers inherent in a situation and fails adequately to supervise the
child or recklessly creates a risk of serious injury to that child." G.S. v. Dep't
of Human Servs., 157 N.J. 161, 181 (1999). The Division must prove its
allegations by a preponderance of the evidence at a fact-finding hearing.
N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.46(b)(1).
Parental rights include the right to take reasonable measures in
disciplining a child, including corporal punishment. N.J. Div. of Youth &
Family Servs. v. K.A., 413 N.J. Super. 504, 510 (App. Div. 2010) (citing State
v. T.C., 347 N.J. Super. 219, 239-40 (App. Div. 2002)). "A determination of
A-2934-18T4
10
abuse must be shown by a preponderance of the evidence in a fact -finding
hearing." K.A., 413 N.J. Super. at 510.
"Previous statements made by the child relating to any allegations of abuse
or neglect" are admissible, and not considered hearsay, as long as they are not
the sole basis for the court's finding of abuse or neglect. N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.46(a)(4).
Proof of any injuries sustained by the child that are "of such a nature as would
ordinarily not . . . exist except by reason of the acts or omissions of the parent
or guardian" is prima facie evidence of abuse or neglect. N.J.S.A. 9:6-
8.46(a)(2).
"Excessive corporal punishment" is not defined by statute but is
determined on a case-by-case basis. K.A., 413 N.J. Super. at 511. In K.A., we
noted "excessive corporal punishment" should be read in light of the term's
common usage and understood meaning. Ibid. While the boundaries of what
constitutes "excessive corporal punishment" are undefined in the statute, we
have placed particular weight on the statute's inclusion of the word "excessive"
and have stated that "[t]he term 'excessive' means going beyond what is proper
or reasonable." Id. at 511. Thus, while "moderate correction" may be
reasonable, "a single incident of violence against a child may be sufficient to
constitute excessive corporal punishment." Id. at 510, 511.
A-2934-18T4
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Excessive corporal punishment may occur when "the child suffers a
fracture of a limb, or a serious laceration, or any other event where medical
intervention proves to be necessary . . . provided that the parent or caregiver
could have foreseen, under all of the attendant circumstances, that such harm
could result from the punishment inflicted." Id. at 511. The administrative code
provides further guidance, listing injuries that may constitute abuse or neglect,
including "[c]uts, bruises, abrasions, welts or oral injuries . . . ." N.J.A.C.
10:129-2.2(a)(9).
We noted that certain types of injuries inflicted by a parent or guardian
may be considered per se excessive corporal punishment:
A situation where the child suffers a fracture of a limb,
or a serious laceration, or any other event where
medical intervention proves to be necessary, may be
sufficient to sustain a finding of excessive corporal
punishment, provided that the parent or caregiver could
have foreseen, under all of the attendant circumstances,
that such harm could result from the punishment
inflicted.
[K.A., 413 N.J. Super. at 511-12.]
In K.A., we concluded that the defendant mother, who punched her eight-
year-old autistic child approximately four to five times in the shoulder after the
child failed to follow directions, had not inflicted excessive corporal
punishment. Id. at 512. We particularly noted that the defendant's actions were
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isolated and occurred during "the trying circumstances which [the defendant]
was undergoing due to [the child's] psychological disorder." Id. at 512. Finally,
the defendant showed remorse and took responsibility for her actions. Ibid. We
also emphasized that
[the defendant] was alone, without support from either
her spouse/co-parent or from other members of her
extended family, such as an experienced mother or
aunt. Out of sheer frustration, or through an ill-advised
impulse, she struck her child five times. These blows,
though undoubtedly painful, did not cause the child any
permanent harm, did not require medical intervention
of any kind, and were not part of a pattern of abuse.
[Ibid.]
In N.J. Div. of Youth and Family Servs. v. P.W.R., 205 N.J. 17, 36 (2011),
the Supreme Court held that "[a] slap of the face of a teenager as a form of
discipline—with no resulting bruising or marks—does not constitute 'excessive
corporal punishment' within the meaning of N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.21(c)(4)(b)." In
reaching this decision, the Court noted that "by qualifying the prohibition with
the term, 'excessive,' the statutory language plainly recognizes the need for some
parental autonomy in the child-rearing dynamic that, of necessity, may involve
the need for punishment." Ibid.
However, in Dep't of Children & Families, Div. of Youth and Family
Servs. v. C.H., 416 N.J. Super. 414, 416-17 (App. Div. 2010) we upheld a
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finding of abuse and neglect against a defendant who struck her five -year-old
child with a paddle as a means of punishing the child for making a harmless
comment to a neighbor. Furthermore, the Division found the child had visible
facial bruises and red marks approximately three to four inches in length, two -
inch dark red scratches on her elbow and cheek, and a greenish mark on her
back. Id. at 416. We also noted that the defendant did not appreciate the
seriousness of these injuries nor exhibit any remorse for her conduct. Id. at 417.
Applying these principles in New Jersey Div. of Youth & Family Servs.
v. S.H., 439 N.J. Super. 137, 140 (App. Div. 2015), we reversed the Family
Part's judgment finding that the defendant parent had not abused her fifteen -
year-old son when she was involved in a physical altercation with the child. The
altercation "began with [her] throwing a shoe at him and progressed to hitting
him with her hands, striking him with a golf club, and biting him on his
shoulder." Id. at 140.
The Family Part found that the defendant's actions did not rise to the level
of abuse because the parent's actions were reasonably triggered by her son's use
of disrespectful, vulgar language. Id. at 143. We explained:
While we do not condone the use of coarse or vulgar
language by a child when directed at a parent, we find
no evidence in the record that [the child's] denial of his
mother's accusation, which included a passing
A-2934-18T4
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expletive, was intended to provoke [the defendant's]
actions. Indeed, as the conflict escalated with [the
defendant] throwing a shoe at [the child] he attempted
to defuse it by leaving the room. It was [the defendant]
who fueled the escalation by grabbing [the child] in an
attempt to keep him in the room. The assault with the
golf club and the biting followed.
[Id. at 148.]
We thus held that the defendant's actions were unreasonable and
disproportionate to the child's conduct and constituted a form of excessive
corporal punishment. Id. at 147-50. In reaching this conclusion we expressly
distinguished the defendant's conduct from the "occasional slap" in P.W.R. and
the comparatively minor injuries in K.A. Ibid.
In contrast, in New Jersey Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. C.H., 414
N.J. Super. 472, 481 (App. Div. 2010), we upheld a finding of excessive corporal
punishment noting "there is absolutely nothing reasonable about inflicting harm,
in the form of paddling, upon a five-year-old child because the child told a
neighbor that their home was without electricity." There, we considered the age
of the child, the mother’s regular use of corporal punishment, the form of
punishment utilized, the injuries inflicted, and the reason for the discipline. Id.
at 481-82. Moreover, we reached this conclusion notwithstanding of the fact
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that the child, who had demarcations on her face and back, did not require
medical attention. Id. at 476, 481-82.
We reject Hank's contention that the court's excessive corporal
punishment finding is erroneous because the circumstances in the matter under
review are more akin to K.A. and P.W.R. than C.H. Unlike in K.A. where we
concluded the mother did not inflict excessive corporal punishment because her
actions were isolated, under trying circumstances, and the child was unwilling
to follow verbal instructions, here, the facts are distinguishable. The record
shows this was not an isolated incident. Hank viewed repeatedly striking a nine-
year-old child with a belt as a reasonable and appropriate method of parental
discipline. Furthermore, while the mother in K.A. struck her daughter with her
hand, Hank struck Matt with a belt on his bare torso, back, and extremities that
left visible lashes on his body and caused multiple bruises, open wounds, and
broken blood vessels. The court appropriately gave substantial weight to Dr.
Medina's testimony, and that credibility determination is entitled to deferen ce.
N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. M.M., 189 N.J. 261, 278 (2007).
Finally, for the first time in this appeal, Hank argues that the manner
whereby the Family Part conducted the OTSC hearing reveals the judge reached
a final conclusion about Hank's conduct before the fact-finding hearing. Since
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this issue was not raised by Hank at either hearing, . . . "our review of this
argument is guided by the plain error standard set forth in Rule 2:10-2." New
Jersey Div. of Youth & Family Srvs. v. N.S., 412 N.J. Super. 593, 622 (App.
Div. 2010). Under the plain error standard, "[t]he mere possibility of error is
insufficient for reversal." Ibid. Instead, we must determine whether, in the
interests of justice, the alleged error had the "clear capacity for producing an
unjust result." Ibid. (quoting Tartaglia v. UBS PaineWebber, Inc., 197 N.J. 81,
128 (2008)). In this light, this argument lacks sufficient merit to warrant
discussion in a written opinion. R. 2:11-3(e)(1)(E).
Affirmed.
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