Com. v. Gross, A.

J-A07031-20

2020 PA Super 248

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
ARDELL MATTHEW GROSS :
:
Appellant : No. 576 MDA 2019

Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered November 30, 2018
In the Court of Common Pleas of Centre County Criminal Division at
No(s): CP-14-CR-0001820-2017

BEFORE: OLSON, J., DUBOW, J., and McLAUGHLIN, J.

OPINION BY McLAUGHLIN, J.: FILED OCTOBER 14, 2020

Ardell Matthew Gross appeals from the judgment of sentence entered

for his convictions for first-degree murder and aggravated assault. He

challenges the grant of the Commonwealth’s motion in limine and an

evidentiary ruling. We affirm.

Gross shot and killed his uncle, Richard Smalley, in October 2017, and

Detective Dale Moore responded to the scene. He administered a pre-arrest

breath test (“PBT”) to Gross allegedly showing a blood alcohol content of .213

percent. Gross gave a statement in which he talked not only about the instant

case but also about a sexual assault approximately eight to nine years before

the shooting, in which Gross was the victim. The assailant in the sexual assault

was not the victim of the shooting at issue here, Richard Smalley. However,

Detective Moore – the detective investigating the instant shooting – had
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investigated the sexual assault. Detective Moore did not charge anyone in the

sexual assault.

In the present case, police arrested and charged Gross with first- and

third-degree murder and aggravated assault.1 The Commonwealth filed

motions in limine asking the trial court to preclude any mention of the sexual

assault case and of the PBT. Regarding the sexual assault, the Commonwealth

argued irrelevance. N.T., Motions in Limine Hearing, 11/13/18, at 11.

The Commonwealth believes that this potential evidence, if
they jury were to hear it, is irrelevant. Any alleged prior
victimization is not a factual issue that this jury would need
to find in order to make a determination as to whether or
not Mr. Gross shot Mr. Smalley on that particular date and
time, which was almost ten year [sic] later - - nine years
later.

The only purpose of this would be to attempt to garner
sympathy and to confuse the jury as to what actually was
happening that day. So we do not feel it’s relevant, and we’d
ask that you exclude it.

Id. The Commonwealth also pointed out that the alleged assailant in the

sexual assault was not the murder victim in the instant case. Id. at 13.

Gross responded that the sexual assault investigation was relevant to

respond to Detective Moore’s questioning of Gross during the investigation

about why Gross did not call police if he was afraid of his uncle. Gross

maintained that Detective Moore did a poor job investigating the sexual

assault case and that the prior failure of police to resolve the sexual assault

____________________________________________

1 18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 2502(a), (c) and 2702.

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case explained Gross’s failure to call police in response to his uncle’s behavior.

He also maintained it was relevant because Detective Moore asked Gross

about the assault while questioning Gross about the instant case, and thus

illuminated Gross’s “mindset” during the questioning:

[Defense Counsel]: I’d point out that it was Detective Moore
that brought up the name of the rapist. It was Detective
Moore that failed to do an investigation of that case, and it’s
Detective Moore that is saying things like, well, why didn’t
you just call the police to help you.

Well, I think that kind of answers the question, why you
don’t call the police to help you when you report a raping, a
drugging and an assault, and Dale Moore basically does
nothing.

Moore brought it up in the interview. Moore has got to live
with the fact that he did nothing in that case to investigate
the savage attack of my client. It’s relevant to his mindset
in terms of what they’re going to argue, he should have
locked the door.

***

It’s relevant to his mindset. It’s relevant to his malice. It’s
relevant to his intent. It’s very relevant. They brought it up.
They’ve got to live with it.

Id. at. 11-12.

Regarding the PBT evidence, the prosecution argued that such evidence

is per se inadmissible at trial. Id. at 14.

[Commonwealth]: Your Honor, the next motion is a motion
to preclude PBT evidence. There is evidence in this case that
Mr. Gross was given a PBT prior to being taken to the Spring
Township police department.

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We have provided the results and we’ve gone through the
case law and the case law that we were able to find dealt
with DUIs and underage drinking, and as this Court is well
aware, the only time that a PBT is admissible to show
probable cause to make an arrest and only at that point to
determine whether or not there’s a presence or absence of
alcohol.

The actual reading of a PBT is inadmissible, and clearly, at
the time of trial, even the indication that a PBT was done is
inadmissible.

The case law goes through and talks about the purpose of
the PBT for purposes of underage drinking, and that is to
show the presence, because one of the elements you have
to show is the presence of alcohol.

Id.

Gross responded that the trial court should allow the evidence because

it was “relevant to Gross’s consent to the interrogation and to his forming

[the] specific intent” required for first-degree murder. Id. at 17. He also cited

Commonwealth v. Ward, 605 A.2d 796, 797 (Pa. 1992), which stated that

“an accused has a fundamental right to present evidence so long as the

evidence is relevant and not excluded by an established evidentiary rule.” Id.

The trial court granted the Commonwealth’s motion to preclude any

mention of the sexual assault case, finding that “[a]ny evidence or testimony

of the assault would have been confusing or misleading to the jury.” Trial Ct.

Op., filed, 4/8/19 at 3. It found that “Detective Moore’s failure to investigate

the alleged sexual assault of [Gross] was slightly probative of the intent

element of first[-]degree murder.” Id. However, it nonetheless concluded that

it was properly excluded because “the assault was not alleged to have been

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perpetrated by the victim in this case and the alleged assault was reported

eight years before the events leading to [Gross’s] convictions in this case

occurred.” Id.

The trial court also precluded the PBT results. It noted that the case law

regarding the exclusion of PBT results did not directly address “a defendant’s

use of PBT results as evidence of voluntary intoxication.” Id. at 4. It

nevertheless excluded them, finding the case law to be controlling. It

explained, “Given the unreliable nature of PBT results, introducing them would

not only have been in contravention of settled case law, it was likely to have

misled the jury into believing the results of PBTs are definitive evidence of

intoxication, even if the results were used only as impeachment evidence.”

Id. The court also concluded that excluding this evidence did not interfere

with Gross’s presentation of his voluntary intoxication defense because

“[Gross] could have mounted this defense by other means through the trial.”

Id. at 5.

At trial, Detective Moore testified that when he responded to the scene

of the shooting, Gross told him that the night beforehand, he had been at the

hospital with his dying grandfather when his uncle “showed up” and “said I’m

coming over tomorrow and I’m going to take everything.” N.T., Trial,

11/27/2018, at 208. The detective said that Gross explained that when his

uncle showed up the next day, “I told him to leave. He didn’t. I shot him. I

shot him twice. The first time I tried to shoot him in the leg.” Id. at 209.

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Detective Moore then testified that while he did believe Gross was

intoxicated when he was talking to him at the scene, he was “not overly

concerned about his alcohol use”:

Q: During that period of time, did you make any
observations about the defendant’s level of intoxication?

A: I did believe he was drinking, but I talked to him. He was
able to answer questions. He seemed to answer them in the
correct context, the right order, like having memory recall.

So while I did believe I wouldn’t ride in a car with him, I
did believe – he wasn’t swaying. He was able to walk. So
while I did believe he was intoxicated for driving a car
purposes, I did not – I was not overly concerned about his
alcohol use.

Id. at 213.

Defense counsel objected at sidebar that Detective Moore’s testimony

about Gross’s degree of intoxication “opened the door” to the PBT evidence.

Id. at 218.

Your Honor, I believe they opened the door to the PBT
evidence by the examination of this witness as to his level
of intoxication as to why – I’ve never been given an answer
as to why this witness would give him a PBT but I think his
testimony today opened the door to the fact that he gave it
to him, what the result was and why he hid it, recorded on
– and never turned it over until we demanded the party turn
it over in January.

Id. at 218-19. The Commonwealth responded that it questioned Detective

Moore about his observations of Gross’s intoxication because it anticipated

that Gross might present a voluntary intoxication defense. Id. at 219. The

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trial court concluded that the Commonwealth had not opened the door for the

admission of the PBT. Id. at 220.

The jury convicted Gross of the above offenses and the trial court

sentenced Gross to life imprisonment for the murder charge and imposed no

further penalty for aggravated assault. Gross filed a post-sentence motion

challenging the preclusion of evidence of the sexual assault case and the PBT,

as well as the ruling that the Commonwealth did not open the door to the

admission of the PBT. The trial court denied the motion and this timely appeal

followed.

Gross raises the following issues before this Court:

I. Did the lower court abuse its discretion in excluding
evidence that [] the arresting officer gave [Gross] a
Portable [sic] Breath Test during questioning, that the
result of that test was .213 blood alcohol content, that
the officer did not include the testing or the result in
any report, and kept the result hidden on his personal
phone until the District Attorney directed him to turn
it over?

II. Did the lower court abuse its discretion when it found
that the Commonwealth did not open the door to the
admission to this evidence when it solicited testimony
from the detective about his observations of [Gross’s]
level of intoxication and that he “was not overly
concerned about it”?

III. Did the lower court abuse its discretion in granting a
Commonwealth Motion in Limine excluding evidence
that [Gross] had been raped years earlier and the
arresting officer in the instant matter, refused to
investigate?

Gross’s Br. at 4 (suggested answers omitted).

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We address Gross’s first and third issues together as they both deal with

the trial court’s granting of the Commonwealth’s motions in limine. We review

the grant of a motion in limine for an abuse of discretion. Commonwealth v.

Valcarel, 94 A.3d 397, 398 (Pa.Super. 2014). An abuse of discretion exists

where there is an “overriding or misapplication of the law, or the exercise of

judgment that is manifestly unreasonable, or the result of bias, prejudice, ill-

will or partiality, as shown by the evidence of record.” Commonwealth v.

Santos, 176 A.3d 877, 882 (Pa.Super. 2017).

Gross first maintains that the trial court should have denied the

Commonwealth’s motion in limine regarding Gross’s sexual assault. He argues

that the evidence was relevant to show Detective Moore’s alleged bias against

Gross. Gross’s Br. at 22-23. He further argues that evidence about Detective

Moore’s alleged “failure to investigate” the sexual assault was relevant to

refute any testimony or argument that the reasonable response to his uncle’s

behavior would have been to call the police. Id. at 24. He further argues that

such evidence would have explained Detective Moore’s testimony that Gross

appeared angry during his interview with police. Id. at 23-24.

The Commonwealth responds that although evidence of bias, interest,

or corrupt motive is relevant to impeach a witness’s testimony, Gross has not

explained how Detective Moore’s involvement in the prior case evidenced any

such bias, interest, or corrupt motive. The Commonwealth further points to

the limitation on impeaching testimony with evidence of a collateral matter.

See Commonwealth v. Boczkowski, 846 A.2d 75 (Pa. 2004);

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Commonwealth v. Guilford, 861 A.2d 365, 369 (Pa.Super. 2004) (“[A]

witness may not be contradicted on ‘collateral’ matters . . . and a collateral

matter is one which has no relationship to the case at trial”) (citation omitted).

The trial court determined that although the evidence was, at best,

“slightly probative,” it was nonetheless properly precluded because it risked

confusing the jury. Trial Ct. Op. at 3. The court pointed out that the victim in

the shooting was not Gross’s attacker in the sexual assault case, the attack

occurred eight to nine years before the shooting, and thus concluded that the

evidence would thus be confusing or misleading to the jury.

“All relevant evidence is admissible, except as otherwise provided by

law. Evidence that is not relevant is not admissible.” Pa.R.E. 402. Evidence is

relevant “if it logically tends to establish a material fact in the case or tends

to support a reasonable inference regarding a material fact.” Commonwealth

v. Antidormi, 84 A.3d. 736, 749 (Pa.Super. 2014) (quoting Commonwealth

v. Weakley, 972 A.2d 1182, 1188 (Pa.Super.2009)). Even if evidence is

relevant, the court may nonetheless exclude it if its probative value is

outweighed by a danger of “unfair prejudice, confusing the issues, misleading

the jury, undue delay, wasting time, or needlessly presenting cumulative

evidence.” Pa.R.E. 403.

The trial court’s preclusion of evidence of the sexual assault was not an

abuse of discretion. While Gross’s prior sexual assault may have been

somewhat probative as a response to some aspects of the Commonwealth’s

case, on balance, it was a collateral issue and would easily have confused the

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issues for the jury. It was not directly relevant to any element of the murder

charges and would not have refuted proof that Gross possessed the mens rea

for those charges. Gross’s uncle was undisputedly not Gross’s attacker in the

sexual assault, nothing here suggests that on the night of the shooting his

uncle attempted to sexually assault him, and we do not see how the prior

sexual assault would otherwise explain away his reaction to his uncle. As for

Gross’s bid to use the evidence to respond to the Commonwealth’s case,

allowing the sexual assault investigation into evidence would have created a

significant danger of distracting the jury into a collateral issue. Admitting the

evidence risked the jury focusing on Detective Moore’s actions in the prior

investigation, rather than the evidence for and against the present charges.

The trial court did not abuse its discretion in granting the Commonwealth’s

motion to preclude this evidence.

Next, Gross challenges the preclusion of the PBT results. According to

Gross, “Evidence of a defendant’s intoxication is relevant in a first[-]degree

murder case because such intoxication speaks to the defendant’s capacity for

possessing the requisite intent to kill.” Gross’s Br. at 14. He does acknowledge

that courts have held PBT results inadmissible at trial in a DUI prosecution.

Id. However, he argues that precluding them in a first-degree murder

prosecution on the ground that they are not reliable is misguided. He asserts

that “the exclusion of the evidence on that basis ignores . . . that Detective

Moore had every opportunity to ask [Gross] to go to the hospital for a blood

draw to obtain a definitive blood alcohol reading and did not do so.” Id. at 16.

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He further contends that Detective Moore “hid” the PBT results by only

recording the results on his cell phone in a screenshot of the readout and not

mentioning the PBT in any police report. Gross states he only received a copy

of the screenshot after the preliminary hearing, and it indicated a blood alcohol

content of .213 percent. Id. at 9. Gross maintains that the evidence was

substantively relevant to support his intoxication defense and the court

therefore should have denied the motion in limine. Id. at 16-17.

For its part, the Commonwealth asserts that the trial court properly

precluded the PBT results. It states that “our Courts have continually

prohibited the admission of PBTs due to the lack of reliability.”

Commonwealth’s Br. at 10.

If an officer has reasonable suspicion to believe a person is driving “or

in actual physical control” of a motor vehicle while under the influence of

alcohol, the Vehicle Code authorizes a police officer before arresting the

person to administer a PBT “on a device approved by the Department of Health

for this purpose.” 75 Pa.C.S.A. § 1547(k). However, “[t]he sole purpose of

this [PBT] is to assist the officer in determining whether or not the person

should be placed under arrest.” Id.

“PBT results are not admissible at trial.” Commonwealth v. Marshall,

824 A.2d 323, 328 (Pa.Super. 2003). In Marshall, we rejected the

Commonwealth’s attempt to introduce PBT results at trial, explaining that the

statute authorizing PBTs, 75 Pa.C.S.A. § 1547, explicitly limits their use to

“assist[ing] the officer in determining whether or not the person [suspected

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of DUI] should be placed under arrest.” Id. (quoting 75 Pa.C.S.A. § 1547(k)).

We further pointed out that the administrative approval of PBT devices is

limited to “field screening only,” because “PBT results are not sufficiently

reliable to establish at trial the requisite elements of a DUI offense.” Id.

The admissibility of PBT results in cases under the Crimes Code, rather

than the Vehicle Code, was at issue in Commonwealth v. Brigidi, 6 A.3d

995, 996 (Pa. 2010). There, the defendant was convicted of the summary

offense of underage drinking. See 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 6308. The Commonwealth

had admitted into evidence at trial the results of PBT, over a defense objection.

The Pennsylvania Supreme Court concluded the trial court had

improperly admitted the PBT results. The Court explained that the

administrative approval under subsection 1547(k) was limited to “field use of

the pre-arrest breath testing unit to assist in determining probable cause.” Id.

at 1000. The Court thus held that the Commonwealth could not “rely on

statutory and administrative approvals of pre-arrest breath testing devices

pursuant to Section 1547 of the Vehicle Code to justify the admission of test

results into evidence in prosecutions under the Crimes Code.” Id. at 1001.

The Court stated that the Commonwealth could in another case under the

Crimes Code obtain admission of such evidence through established judicial

means, i.e., with evidence and argument sufficient to establish admissibility.

Id. However, the Court disallowed the evidence there because the

Commonwealth had failed to avail itself of such established means.

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Guided by Marshall and Brigidi, we conclude that the trial court did

not abuse its discretion in precluding the PBT results from the trial of this case.

Like the Commonwealth in Brigidi, he has not presented evidence and

argument sufficient to establish their admissibility. Gross’s claim that the

results were relevant to his defense does not change that, or override the text

of subsection 1547(k) or the holdings of Brigidi and Marshall. The trial court

properly precluded the PBT results.

In his last issue, Gross contends that the trial court erred in concluding

that the Commonwealth did not open the door to the admission of the

previously precluded PBT evidence. He maintains that the Commonwealth did

so by eliciting Detective Moore’s testimony that he was not “overly concerned”

about Gross’s intoxication. Gross argues that he should have been able to

cross-examine Detective Moore as follows:

“If you were not overly concerned why did you give him the
PBT?” “Did your level of concern change when you saw that
the result of that PBT was a .213 percent blood alcohol[?]”
“If you were not overly concerned about that level why did
you hide it on your cell phone instead of noting it in a police
report?”

Gross’s Br. at 19-20.

“A litigant opens the door to inadmissible evidence by presenting proof

that creates a false impression refuted by the otherwise prohibited evidence.”

Commonwealth v. Nypaver, 69 A.3d 708, 716 (Pa.Super. 2013). We review

rulings on the scope of cross-examination for abuse of discretion.

Commonwealth v. Murphy, 182 A.3d 1002, 1006 (Pa.Super. 2018).

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Gross is not entitled to relief on this issue. If, as Gross contends,

Detective Moore harbored some concern about Gross’s drinking, the

detective’s testimony that he was not “overly concerned” was not misleading,

as he also testified that Gross had been drinking to a point that he “wouldn’t

ride in a car with him.” Moreover, the PBT results would not have allayed any

misimpression about the degree of Detective Moore’s “concern.” Such

evidence related strictly to the test results, not to Detective Moore’s “concern.”

Furthermore, even assuming that Detective Moore’s testimony created a false

impression that he was in fact not concerned about Gross’s alcohol use, and

thus “opened the door,” any error in precluding the PBT results at that point

was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. See Commonwealth v. Koch, 39

A.3d 996, 1003 (Pa.Super. 2011). The jury heard significant testimony that

Gross was under the influence at the time of the crime, in addition to Detective

Moore’s testimony on the subject. The trial court did not abuse its discretion.

Judgment of sentence affirmed.

Judge Dubow joins the opinion.

Judge Olson concurs in the result.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 10/14/2020

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