Michael Ray Senn v. State

In the
Court of Appeals
Second Appellate District of Texas
at Fort Worth
___________________________

No. 02-15-00201-CR
___________________________

MICHAEL RAY SENN, Appellant

V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS

On Appeal from the 213th District Court
Tarrant County, Texas
Trial Court No. 1308222R

Before Gabriel, Kerr, and Bassel, JJ.1
Memorandum Opinion on Remand by Justice Bassel

1
The panel on the initial opinion that was handed down in January 2017 consisted of Justices
Walker, Meier, and Gabriel. Justices Walker and Meier have since retired; thus, two new panel
members have been substituted in their places.
 MEMORANDUM OPINION ON REMAND

I. Introduction and Appellate Procedural History

This is the fourth time that we have dealt with this case.2 As set forth in our

January 2017 initial opinion, Appellant Michael Ray Senn sexually assaulted and

impregnated his adult biological daughter Brenda 3 while he was married to her

stepmother. A jury convicted Senn of prohibited sexual conduct, for which he was

sentenced to twenty years’ imprisonment, 4 and of sexual assault, for which he was

sentenced to life imprisonment after the jury affirmatively answered a special issue

statutorily enhancing his sexual-assault conviction from a second-degree felony to a

first-degree felony under Penal Code Section 22.011(f). See Tex. Penal Code Ann.

§§ 22.011(f), 25.02(a)(1), (c). In the initial appeal, after addressing Senn’s four

issues—challenging the sufficiency of the evidence to trigger the enhancement, the

constitutionality of Section 22.011(f) as applied to him, and the absence of a bigamy

instruction from the jury charge—we affirmed both of his convictions. See Senn v.

2
We did not request, nor did the parties file, new briefing when this case was
submitted after the recent remand.
3
To protect the anonymity of the victim, we use a pseudonym. See McClendon v.
State, 643 S.W.2d 936, 936 n.1 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1982).
4
Senn’s notice of appeal states that he is appealing “from the judgments
heretofore rendered against him,” but he does not raise any issue on appeal related to
his prohibited-sexual-conduct conviction.

2
State (Senn I), 551 S.W.3d 172, 183 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2017),5 vacated, State v.

Senn (Senn II), No. PD-0145-17, 2017 WL 5622955, at *1 (Tex. Crim. App. Nov. 22,

2017) (not designated for publication). The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals vacated

that judgment and remanded the case to this court to reevaluate Senn’s issues in light

of its intervening decision in Arteaga, in which the court held that under Section

22.011(f), the Texas Legislature “intended for the State to prove facts constituting

bigamy.” See Senn II, 2017 WL 5622955, at *1 (quoting Arteaga, 521 S.W.3d at 336).

We rendered a decision on remand, see Senn v. State (Senn III), No. 02-15-00201-

CR, 2018 WL 2248673 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth May 17, 2018) (op. on remand), but

we withdrew that opinion on rehearing and issued a substitute, Senn v. State (Senn IV),

No. 02-15-00201-CR, 2018 WL 5291889, at *1 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Oct. 25,

2018) (op. on remand and on reh’g), rev’d, Lopez v. State, 600 S.W.3d 43, 50 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2020). On remand and on rehearing, in considering Senn’s first issue—which

challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to trigger the statutory enhancement under

Section 22.011(f)—a majority of the panel interpreted Arteaga as requiring the State to

5
In Senn I, we held that “[t]he State was therefore not required to show that
Senn was engaged in a bigamous relationship with Brenda under [S]ection 25.01 in
order to trigger application of penal code [S]ection 22.011(f)’s enhancement
provision.” Id. at 177. We reached this holding after conducting a statutory-
construction analysis and concluding that the phrase in Section 22.011(f)—
“prohibited from marrying”—is not tied to Section 22.011(f)’s phrase—“under
[S]ection 25.01.” Thereafter, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals rejected this
statutory-construction analysis in Arteaga v. State, 521 S.W.3d 329, 335–37 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2017).

3
prove “facts constituting one of the six bigamy prohibitions listed in [S]ection 25.01.”6

Id. at *5. After stating that “no facts exist that Senn committed a bigamy offense”

with Brenda, the majority held that the evidence was “insufficient to ‘prove facts

constituting bigamy’ as required by Arteaga’s holding.” Id. at *6. We modified the trial

court’s judgment on the sexual-assault conviction to a second-degree felony and

remanded the case for a new punishment hearing. Id. at *6–7. The State filed a

petition for discretionary review, which the Court of Criminal Appeals granted, along

with a petition from a case decided by the Amarillo Court of Appeals and a petition

from a case decided by the Houston First Court of Appeals. See Lopez, 600 S.W.3d at

44.

The Court of Criminal Appeals consolidated the three petitions to address a

split among the three courts of appeals and held that “the State does not have to

prove commission of bigamy to trigger the enhancement under Section 22.011(f).

The requirement . . . is satisfied if the State proves that the defendant was legally

married to someone other than the victim at the time of the sexual assault.” Id. at 47–

48. The Court of Criminal Appeals specifically held that “[t]he evidence that Senn

was married to another when he sexually assaulted the victim was sufficient to

enhance punishment under Section 22.011(f).” Id. at 49–50. The court therefore

6
Justice Gabriel authored the dissenting opinion on remand and on rehearing
and stated, “I would hold that the State was required to proffer sufficient evidence
that if Senn had married or held himself out to be married to his daughter, he would
have committed bigamy.” Senn IV, 2018 WL 5291889, at *8 (Gabriel, J., dissenting).

4
reversed our decision in Senn IV and remanded the case to us to consider Senn’s

sufficiency claim in light of its holding and to consider his remaining claims. Id. at 50.

After applying the holding from Lopez to Senn’s first issue and noting that Senn

does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence to support the underlying sexual

assault, we hold that the evidence is sufficient to trigger the enhancement under

Section 22.011(f). After applying the charge holding in Arteaga to the jury charge here,

we hold that the trial court erred by not including the “law applicable to the case” but

that the error was not harmful. We also review his two constitutional challenges but

find them lacking. Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s judgments.

II. The Evidence is Sufficient to Trigger the Enhancement

In his first issue, Senn argues that the evidence is insufficient to trigger the

statutory enhancement under Section 22.011(f). Specifically, Senn argues that there is

“no evidence whatsoever” that he was engaged in a bigamous relationship with

Brenda and that the special issue should not have been submitted to the jury.

As set forth above, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals already decided in

Lopez that “[t]he evidence that Senn was married to another when he sexually

assaulted the victim was sufficient to enhance punishment under Section 22.011(f).”

Id. at 49–50. Yet this case was remanded to us “for consideration of Senn’s

sufficiency claim in light of [that] holding.” Id. at 50. Senn’s sufficiency claim,

however, is limited solely to the alleged lack of bigamy evidence; nowhere in his brief

5
does he challenge the sufficiency of the evidence to support the sexual assault. 7

Because the State put on evidence at trial, including Senn’s marriage license, showing

that he was married to someone else when he sexually assaulted Brenda, we hold that

the evidence is sufficient to trigger the statutory enhancement under Section 22.011(f).

Accordingly, we overrule Senn’s first issue.

III. The Charge Error did not Cause Actual Harm

In his fourth issue, Senn argues that the trial court reversibly erred by failing to

include any instructions on bigamy in the jury charge. Specifically, Senn complains

that the charge lacks any reference to Section 25.01 “even though the bigamy statute

is expressly referenced in [Section] 22.011(f).”

A. The Charge

The jury charge includes the following special issue immediately after the

sexual-assault charge:

If you find the defendant guilty of sexual assault, you shall answer the
special issue. Otherwise, do not answer the special issue.

For the special issue, the State must prove beyond a reasonable
doubt that at the time the offense of sexual assault, as set out above, was
committed, [Brenda] was a person whom the defendant was prohibited
from marrying or purporting to marry or with whom the defendant was
prohibited from living under the appearance of being married.

7
Moreover, the evidence demonstrates that Senn referred to the baby that
Brenda birthed as his baby and made the following statement when he was
confronted about sexually assaulting Brenda: “If you want it [sex] and the girl doesn’t
say, ‘No,’ so you do it anyway, that’s not rape is it?” See Tex. Penal Code Ann.
§ 22.011(a)(1), (b)(4).

6
 Now bearing in mind the foregoing instruction on the Special
Issue, if you believe from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that,
at the time of the offense of sexual assault, [Brenda] was a person whom
the defendant was prohibited from marrying or purporting to marry or
with whom the defendant was prohibited from living under the
appearance of being married, then you will answer “WE DO” to the
Special Issue on the verdict form.

Unless you so find beyond a reasonable doubt, or if you have a
reasonable doubt thereof, you will answer “WE DO NOT” to the
Special Issue.

During the charge conference, Senn objected to the charge’s omission of “Section

25.01” and asked the trial court to “include the definition in 25.01 in the definition

section of the jury charge.”

B. Applicable Law

The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals set forth in Arteaga how the special issue

under Section 22.011(f) should be submitted in the jury charge:

Here, the special issue submitted as part of the sexual-assault charge
asked the jury whether it found beyond a reasonable doubt that Arteaga
“was prohibited from marrying [Doe].” As we have explained, however,
the bigamy statute defines when a person is prohibited from marrying
another for purposes of 22.011(f), not the Family Code.[8] Thus, the
bigamy statute is “law applicable to the case” and should have been
included in the charge because the jury had to understand what

8
The abstract portion of the charge in Arteaga included Texas Family Code
Section 6.201, which defines when a marriage is void based on consanguinity. 521
S.W.3d at 332–34; see also Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 6.201. That Section—like Penal
Code Section 25.01, which does not include marrying a person in consanguinity as
prohibited bigamous conduct—does not define a criminal offense. The application
portion, however, did not mention the consanguinity statute, and “the jury was
instructed that it could convict Arteaga only under the circumstances alleged in the
indictment (i.e., that Arteaga was ‘prohibited from marrying’ his daughter).” Id. at
332.

7
 “prohibited from marrying” meant before it could determine whether
Arteaga was guilty of the allegations. Tex. Code Crim. Proc. [Ann.] art.
36.14 (the trial court must set forth the law applicable to the case in the
jury charge); Plata [v. State], 926 S.W.2d [300,] 302 [(Tex. Crim. App.
1996)]. In contrast, the law of consanguinity in the Family Code was not
law applicable to the case and should not have been included in the
charge. Plata, 926 S.W.3d at 302–03.

521 S.W.3d at 338. The court concluded that the sexual-assault jury charge was

erroneous because it did not properly instruct the jury regarding the “law applicable to

the case.” Id.

C. Charge-Error Analysis

Unlike the charge in Arteaga, Senn’s charge did not include the consanguinity

statute in the abstract portion of the charge. So the issue here is not whether the

charge erroneously included a reference to a statute that was not “law applicable to

the case” but whether the charge provided the jury with any guidance on how to

decide if Senn was “prohibited from marrying” Brenda. See id. at 339 (citing Tex.

Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 36.14, which states that “the judge shall, before the

argument begins, deliver to the jury . . . a written charge distinctly setting forth the law

applicable to the case”). Because the charge here did not include a single reference to

Section 25.01, the bigamy statute, we conclude that the sexual-assault jury charge in

this case was erroneous because it did not properly instruct the jury regarding the “law

applicable to the case.” See id.

8
 D. Harm Analysis

Having found error, we now assess harm. When charge error is preserved at

trial, the reviewing court must reverse if the error caused some harm. Rogers v. State,

550 S.W.3d 190, 191 (Tex. Crim. App. 2018); Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171

(Tex. Crim. App. 1985) (op. on reh’g). “Some harm” means actual harm and not

merely a theoretical complaint. Rogers, 550 S.W.3d at 191. There is no burden of

proof associated with the harm evaluation. Id. This evaluation entails a review of the

whole record, including the jury charge, contested issues, weight of the probative

evidence, arguments of counsel, and other relevant information. Id. at 192.

Here, unlike in Arteaga where the appellant was not married when he

committed the sexual assault, the record demonstrates that Senn was married to

someone other than Brenda at the time that he committed the sexual assault. See 521

S.W.3d at 339 (“Arteaga was not married during the period of abuse . . . .”). Although

the jury charge did not define “prohibited from marrying,” the jury had before it the

uncontested evidence of Senn’s marriage license.

Whether Brenda had a mental disease or defect was a hotly contested issue, but

the State did not specifically argue that Brenda was a person whom Senn was

prohibited from marrying due to her mental capacity. See generally Tex. Fam. Code

Ann. § 6.108 (stating that court may grant an annulment of a marriage to a party to

the marriage if the other party did not have the mental capacity to consent to marriage

or to understand the nature of the marriage ceremony because of a mental disease or

9
defect). Instead, in its opening statement the State mentioned Brenda’s inability to do

certain tasks on her own due to her diagnosis of “mild mental retardation” and then

tied its closing argument about Brenda’s mental capacity to the language in the sexual-

assault charge by stating that Brenda is “a person with a mental disease or defect” and

that Senn had known that her whole life “because he’s her dad.” 9 The State then

moved on to the special issue, stating that

[a]s to the Special Issue, we request that you answer, “We do,” that
[Senn] was a person who was prohibited from marrying [Brenda]. Why
was he prohibited from marrying her? Look at State’s Exhibit 2 [Senn’s
marriage license]. He was married to somebody else. You heard
testimony [about] that, and here’s the marriage license.

The defense in its closing argument attempted to rebut the evidence that

Brenda had a mental disease or defect. And with regard to the special issue, defense

counsel pointed out in its opening statement that the State must prove a “prohibited

marital relationship” and argued in closing,

9
The jury charge on the sexual-assault count stated,

Now bearing in mind the foregoing instructions, if you believe from the
evidence beyond a reasonable doubt, that on or about the 1st day of May
2011, in Tarrant County, Texas, the defendant, Michael Ray Senn, did
intentionally or knowingly cause the penetration of the female sexual
organ of [Brenda] by inserting defendant’s penis in [Brenda’s] female
sexual organ without the consent of [Brenda], and [Brenda] is a person
who[m] the defendant knows that as a result of mental disease or defect [Brenda]
was at the time of the sexual assault incapable of appraising the nature of
the act or of resisting it, then you will find [the] defendant guilty of
sexual assault as charged in Count One of the indictment. [Emphasis
added.]

10
 So in other words, the State’s brought you testimony and evidence that
Michael was, in fact, married. You have not heard any evidence, and . . .
[t]here’s nothing in this charge that tells you it’s illegal for someone
who’s married then to marry or purport to marry or live with someone
else under the appearance of being married.

The State argued in rebuttal, “If you’re married to somebody else, you can’t

marry [Brenda].”

In considering any other relevant information in the record, we note that the

record reflects that the jurors sent one note requesting all submitted evidence, which

would have included Senn’s marriage license.

After performing the harm analysis prescribed for objected-to charge error, we

conclude that the error in the charge did not cause Senn actual harm because the

uncontested evidence showed that he was married and was therefore prohibited from

marrying Brenda. See Rogers, 550 S.W.3d at 191. Accordingly, we overrule Senn’s

fourth issue.

IV. Section 22.011(f) is not Unconstitutional as Applied to Senn10

In his second issue, Senn argues that Section 22.011(f) is unconstitutionally

10
In the petition for discretionary review for Senn II, Senn did not challenge this
court’s constitutional holdings in Senn I. The Court of Criminal Appeals did not
discuss those holdings in Senn II and vacated this court’s judgment only, not its
opinion. But in his brief to the Court of Criminal Appeals challenging Senn IV, Senn
argued that the Senn I constitutional holdings were premised on this court’s mistaken
view of the Section 22.011(f) enhancement; thus, those claims should be remanded
also. The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals remanded this case to us “for
consideration of [Senn’s] remaining claims.” See Lopez, 600 S.W.3d at 50. Therefore,
we address Senn’s second and third issues that raise as-applied challenges to Section
22.011(f).

11
vague as applied to him in violation of his right to due process under the Fifth and

Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution. 11 In his third issue, Senn

argues that Section 22.011(f), as applied to him, violates equal protection under the

Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.12 We discuss each of these

constitutional challenges below.

A. Standard of Review

An as-applied challenge to the constitutionality of a statute asserts that a

statute, although generally constitutional, operates unconstitutionally as to the

claimant because of his particular circumstances. Faust v. State, 491 S.W.3d 733, 743

(Tex. Crim. App. 2015). When reviewing the constitutionality of a statute, we

presume that the statute is valid and that the legislature acted reasonably in enacting it.

Id. at 743–44. A challenger to the constitutionality of a statute has the burden to

establish its unconstitutionality. State v. Rosseau, 396 S.W.3d 550, 557 (Tex. Crim. App.

2013).

Senn also relies on due-course-of-law language within the Texas constitution
11

but does not argue that the Texas constitution provides greater protection than the
federal constitution. See Tex. Const. art. I, § 19. Thus, we will analyze his due-process
claim solely on federal grounds. See Muniz v. State, 851 S.W.2d 238, 251–52 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1993) (holding that failure to provide a rationale for interpreting state
constitution more broadly than federal constitution and failure to provide separate
substantive analysis for state ground forfeits state ground).

Senn also relies on equal-rights language within the Texas constitution but
12

does not argue that the Texas constitution provides greater protection than the federal
constitution. See Tex. Const. art. I, § 3(a). Thus, we will analyze his equal-protection
claim solely on federal grounds. See Muniz, 851 S.W.2d at 251–52.

12
 B. Section 22.011(f), as Applied to Senn, is not Unconstitutionally
Vague and Therefore does not Violate Due Process

1. The Law on Reviewing a Vagueness Challenge

To withstand a vagueness challenge, a criminal statute must give a person of

ordinary intelligence a reasonable opportunity to know what is prohibited. Kolender v.

Lawson, 461 U.S. 352, 357, 103 S. Ct. 1855, 1858 (1983); Grayned v. Rockford, 408 U.S.

104, 108, 92 S. Ct. 2294, 2298–99 (1972); Long v. State, 931 S.W.2d 285, 287 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1996). Further, the law must establish determinate guidelines for law

enforcement. Long, 931 S.W.2d at 287.

A statute is not rendered unconstitutionally vague merely because words or

terms are not specifically defined. Engelking v. State, 750 S.W.2d 213, 215 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1988); Ahearn v. State, 588 S.W.2d 327, 338 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1979).

Instead, undefined terms in a statute are to be given their plain and ordinary

meanings, and words defined in dictionaries and with meanings so well-known as to

be understood by a person of ordinary intelligence are not considered vague and

indefinite. Watson v. State, 369 S.W.3d 865, 870 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012); see Tex. Gov’t

Code Ann. § 311.011(a) (providing that statutory “[w]ords and phrases shall be read in

context and construed according to the rules of grammar and common usage”).

When a court analyzes a statute pursuant to a vagueness challenge and when, as

here, no First Amendment rights are involved, the reviewing court “need only

scrutinize the statute to determine whether it is impermissibly vague as applied to the

13
challenging party’s specific conduct.” Bynum v. State, 767 S.W.2d 769, 774 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1989). The challenging party bears the burden to establish that the statute is

unconstitutional as applied to him; that it might be unconstitutional as applied to

others is not sufficient. See Vuong v. State, 830 S.W.2d 929, 941 (Tex. Crim. App.

1992). We must look at an appellant’s conduct alone and then examine whether that

conduct was clearly prohibited by the statute. Cain v. State, 855 S.W.2d 714, 718 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1993).

2. Senn’s Vagueness Challenges

Senn challenges the statute as unconstitutionally vague due to (1) lack of notice

and (2) “standardless” enforcement. See Johnson v. United States, 576 U.S. 591, 595, 135

S. Ct. 2551, 2556 (2015) (citing Kolender, 461 U.S. at 357–58, 103 S. Ct. at 1858). Senn

contends that the statute is ambiguous as to its swath regarding the type of prohibited

conduct and the person (i.e., the actor or the victim) who is married. We address each

of his grounds below.

a. Section 22.011(f) Provides Fair Notice of the
Prohibited Conduct

Senn argues that “the statute fails to provide adequate notice that being married

will subject an offender to a significantly greater punishment for a sexual assault than

a single person.” Senn contends that “Section 22.011(f) specifically indicates that the

enhancement applies if the ‘victim was a person whom the actor was prohibited from

marrying . . . under Section 25.01’” and that “[r]eviewing [Section] 22.011(f) alongside

14
[Section] 25.01 would seem to lead an ordinary individual to believe that he must be

engaged in a bigamous relationship to be subjected to the higher penalty.”

After our initial opinion was handed down, the Texas Court of Criminal

Appeals performed a detailed statutory-construction analysis of Section 22.011(f) in

Arteaga and then reiterated parts of that analysis in Lopez. See Lopez, 600 S.W.3d at

46–47; Arteaga, 521 S.W.3d at 335–37. The court explained that “[t]he key to the

analysis is the phrase ‘prohibited from’ and how it is used in the statute.” Arteaga, 521

S.W.3d at 335. In addressing the issue of whether the “prohibited from marrying or

purporting to marry” enhancement of Section 22.011(f) was limited to bigamy under

Section 25.01 or also included the Texas Family Code’s ban on marrying a close

relative, the court determined that Section 22.011(f) was ambiguous on this point.

Lopez, 600 S.W.3d at 46–47 (citing Arteaga, 521 S.W.3d at 332–33, 335–36, and Tex.

Fam. Code Ann. § 6.201). The court resolved this grammatical ambiguity by

examining the bigamy statute—Section 25.01—in conjunction with Section 22.011(f).

Id. at 47 (citing Arteaga, 521 S.W.3d at 336). The court noted that the bigamy statute

prohibits a person from engaging in six types of conduct and reasoned that Section

22.011(f)’s use of the phrase “prohibited from” incorporated all six bigamy

prohibitions. Id. (citing Arteaga, 521 S.W.3d at 336, and Tex. Penal Code Ann.

§ 25.01). After reading Section 22.011(f) together with Section 25.01, the court

concluded that the legislature intended for the State, when enhancing punishment

under Section 22.011(f), to prove only facts that would constitute Section 25.01

15
bigamy if the actor were to marry or purport to marry the victim or were to live with

the victim under the appearance of being married. Senn’s constitutional argument

reasons that a person of ordinary intelligence would not understand Section 22.011(f)

to have such a meaning.

We conclude that the phrase “prohibited from marrying . . . under Section

25.01” is composed of common words, such that a person of ordinary intelligence

would be put on fair notice of what conduct violates the statute. The language “was

prohibited from marrying” as used in Section 22.011(f) is not ambiguous when read

with Section 25.01, which lists the six types of conduct that a person is prohibited

from engaging in. This language focuses on the victim’s or perpetrator’s status, not

whether a bigamy offense actually occurred. Here, looking at Senn’s conduct alone, as

we are required to do in an as-applied challenge, we note that he committed sexual

assault while he was married to someone other than the victim. See Cain, 855 S.W.2d

at 718. As discussed in the analysis of Senn’s first issue, the State put on evidence of

the preceding facts to prove up the enhancement—that Senn was legally married to

someone other than Brenda at the time of the sexual assault and thus was prohibited

from marrying Brenda. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 22.011(f); Lopez, 600 S.W.3d at

46. Section 22.011(f) is therefore not vague as applied to Senn because, as a person of

ordinary intelligence, he had fair notice that the offense of sexual assault might be

16
elevated to a first-degree felony should he commit that offense against a person he

was prohibited from marrying for the reasons enunciated in Section 25.01.13

b. Section 22.011(f) does not Encourage Arbitrary or
“Standardless” Enforcement

Senn further argues that he was subjected to “standardless” enforcement in this

case because his “status as [Brenda’s] biological father also rendered him subject to

the enhancement.”14 Essentially, Senn argues that Section 22.011(f) is vague because

it does not list every type of marital prohibition that will trigger enhancement.

The vagueness doctrine, however, “is not a principle designed to convert into a

constitutional dilemma the practical difficulties in drawing criminal statutes both

general enough to take into account a variety of human conduct and sufficiently

specific to provide fair warning that certain kinds of conduct are prohibited.” Colten v.

Kentucky, 407 U.S. 104, 110, 92 S. Ct. 1953, 1957 (1972). Instead, a statute is not

vague if it contains objective criteria for determining what conduct is prohibited. See

Watson, 369 S.W.3d at 871.

13
Senn also argues that the statute is ambiguous because “[i]t is unclear whether
the statute provides for harsher penalty only where the defendant is married, . . . only
where the victim is married, or both.” But in analyzing Senn’s as-applied challenge,
we focus our analysis on his conduct, not on whether the statute is unconstitutionally
vague under other scenarios. See Cain, 855 S.W.3d at 718; Bynum, 767 S.W.2d at 774.
14
Senn also argues within this section of his brief that “the jury instructions
failed to provide any direction as to the type of marital prohibition [that] triggers
liability under the statute.” We addressed this argument above within the charge-error
analysis.

17
 Here, Section 22.011(f) specifically mentions Section 25.01, which contains

objective criteria alerting an actor to the type of situation in which a sexual assault

may be enhanced to a first-degree felony. See id. The Texas Court of Criminal

Appeals in Arteaga, and as reiterated recently in Lopez, has held that the version of

Section 22.011(f) that was in effect when Senn committed the sexual assault was

limited to bigamy and did not encompass sexual conduct that is prohibited by

consanguinity. The fact that Senn was also prohibited from marrying Brenda because

she was his daughter does not make Section 22.011(f) vague as applied to him. Cf.

Earls v. State, 707 S.W.2d 82, 86–87 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986) (stating that the fact that a

person’s conduct violates two parts of a statute or even two different statutes does

not make the statute vague as long as the proscribed conduct is described so as to give

a person fair notice that it violates the statute); State v. Empey, 502 S.W.3d 186, 193–94

(Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2016, no pet.) (holding that Penal Code Section

31.03(e)(4)(F) does not violate due process and does not encourage arbitrary and

discriminatory enforcement merely because the prosecutor can choose between

pursuing alternative but clearly-defined penalties that may apply to the same act of

theft). Because Section 22.011(f) is general enough to take into account a variety of

human conduct and sufficiently specific to provide fair warning that the actor will be

penalized more harshly if he is prohibited from marrying the victim—as Senn is

here—it is not vague as applied to Senn and therefore does not permit arbitrary

enforcement. See Colten, 407 U.S. at 110, 92 S. Ct. at 1957; Watson, 369 S.W.3d at 871.

18
 3. Section 22.011(f) is not Unconstitutionally Vague as Applied
to Senn

Because Senn has not satisfied his burden to show that Section 22.011(f) is

unconstitutionally vague specifically as applied to his conduct, we hold that Section

22.011(f) is not unconstitutionally vague as applied to him and therefore does not

violate due process. See generally Estes v. State (Estes III), 566 S.W.3d 342, 347–48 (Tex.

App.—Fort Worth 2018, no pet.) (op. on remand) (holding that Section 22.011(f) did

not violate substantive due process as applied to Estes because “the enhanced-

punishment scheme triggered by Estes’s marital status at the time of the offenses did

not directly limit or substantially interfere with his right to marry”). 15 We overrule

Senn’s second issue.

C. Section 22.011(f), as Applied to Senn, does not Violate Equal
Protection

When we addressed Senn’s as-applied equal-protection challenge to Section

22.011(f) in Senn I, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals had ruled only on whether

Section 22.011(f) was facially constitutional. See Rosseau, 396 S.W.3d at 558. Since

then, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has addressed an as-applied equal-

protection challenge to Section 22.011(f) and has concluded that the statute is

rationally related to the compelling interest that the State has in protecting children

from sexual abuse. See Estes II, 546 S.W.3d at 694, 700, 706. In Estes II, the appellant

15
The initial opinion from this court, Estes v. State (Estes I), 487 S.W.3d 737
(Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2016), was reversed by the Court of Criminal Appeals. See
Estes v. State (Estes II), 546 S.W.3d 691 (Tex. Crim. App. 2018).

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had engaged in a sexual relationship with a fourteen-year-old girl while he was married

to someone else. Id. at 694. The Court of Criminal Appeals held that Section

22.011(f), as applied to Estes—a married man who was convicted of sexual assault—

was rationally related to the State’s interest in protecting children from sexual

exploitation. Id. at 700, 706. Because the basic facts before us are the same as those

in Estes—a married man was convicted of sexual assault—we follow suit and hold that

Section 22.011(f) as applied to Senn is rationally related to the State’s interest in

protecting children from sexual exploitation. See id. Accordingly, we overrule Senn’s

third issue.

V. Conclusion

Having addressed and overruled each of the four issues that Senn raised in his

initial brief, we affirm the trial court’s judgments.

/s/ Dabney Bassel

Dabney Bassel
Justice

Do Not Publish
Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b)

Delivered: October 15, 2020

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