19-3665
Montgomery v. Holland
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY
ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF
APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT=S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER
IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN
ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION ASUMMARY ORDER@). A PARTY CITING TO A SUMMARY
ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit,
held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of
New York, on the 12th day of November, two thousand twenty.
PRESENT:
DEBRA ANN LIVINGSTON,
Chief Judge,
JOSÉ A. CABRANES,
GERARD E. LYNCH,
Circuit Judges.
_______________________________________
Wilhelmina “Mina” Montgomery,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v. 19-3665
NBC Television, Lionsgate Entertainment
Corporation, Scott Abbott, Cinestar Pictures,
LLC, James Wong, Robert Bernacchi, Alixandre
Witlin, Joshua D. Maurer, Mariel Saldana, Zoe
Saldana, Netflix, Inc., City Entertainment,
Kippster Entertainment, Lionsgate Television,
NBC Universal Media, LLC,
Defendants-Appellees,
Agnieszka Holland, David A. Stern, Time
Warner, Inc., Cicely Saldana, Tom Patricia,
Federation Entertainment, Liaison Films, Kasia
Adamik,
Defendants.
_______________________________________
FOR PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT: Wilhelmina ”Mina”
Montgomery, pro se,
Brooklyn, NY.
FOR DEFENDANTS -APPELLEES: Tom J. Ferber, Ross M.
Bagley, Pryor Cashman LLP,
New York, NY.
Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Southern District of
New York (Broderick, J.).
UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND
DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
Appellant Wilhelmina “Mina” Montgomery, proceeding pro se, sued companies and
individuals associated with a two-part miniseries called “Rosemary’s Baby,” alleging that the
miniseries infringed on her copyright on two short stories, Drowning Paris in Mississippi Tears
or The Groaning Road: The True Story (the “True Story”) and Drowning Paris in Mississippi
Tears or The Groaning Road: A Synopsis of the Fictionalized Story (the “Fictionalized Story”).
The district court dismissed the complaint, finding that no infringement occurred because the
miniseries was not substantially similar to the short stories. Montgomery appeals the dismissal
moves to strike the appellees’ brief, and moves to view purportedly sealed documents. 1 We
1
Montgomery’s motion to strike appellees’ brief is denied; the brief was filed in accordance with
our scheduling order. In addition, Montgomery’s motion to view “sealed documents” is moot,
because (despite the notation on the docket) there are no sealed documents in this case. The items
in question are not retrievable from the electronic docket because they are not ordinary documents
but physical exhibits such as a copy of the Ira Levin novel and DVDs of the Roman Polanski film
2
assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, the procedural history of the case, and
the issues on appeal.
We review de novo both a district court’s grant of a motion to dismiss under Fed. R. Civ.
P. 12(b)(6) and its grant of a motion for judgment on the pleadings pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P.
12(c). See Bank of New York v. First Millennium, Inc., 607 F.3d 905, 922 (2d Cir. 2010) (Rule
12(c)); Nicosia v. Amazon.com, Inc., 834 F.3d 220, 230 (2d Cir. 2016) (Rule 12(b)(6)). “In
deciding Rule 12(c) motions, we employ the same standard applicable to Rule 12(b)(6) motions to
dismiss, accepting all factual allegations in the Complaint as true and drawing all reasonable
inferences in the nonmoving party’s favor.” Vega v. Hempstead Union Free Sch. Dist., 801 F.3d
72, 78 (2d Cir. 2015) (internal quotation marks and alterations omitted). To survive either motion,
a plaintiff’s complaint “must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to
relief that is plausible on its face.” WC Capital Mgmt., LLC v. UBS Secs., LLC, 711 F.3d 322,
328 (2d Cir. 2013). In addition to the complaint, we may consider “any written instrument
attached to it as an exhibit or . . . documents incorporated in it by reference.” Cortec Indus., Inc.
v. Sum Holding L.P., 949 F.2d 42, 47 (2d Cir. 1991). Pro se filings are liberally construed to raise
the strongest arguments they suggest. See Hill v. Curcione, 657 F.3d 116, 122 (2d Cir. 2011).
To state a claim for copyright infringement, a “copyright owner must demonstrate that
(1) the defendant has actually copied the plaintiff's work; and (2) the copying is illegal because a
substantial similarity exists between the defendant’s work and the protectible elements of
plaintiff’s.” Yurman Design, Inc. v. PAJ, Inc., 262 F.3d 101, 110 (2d Cir. 2001) (internal
and the miniseries itself. The record reflects that Montgomery was served with the items in
question.
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quotation marks omitted) (emphasis in original). Here, the district court only considered the issue
of substantial similarity. 2 See Walker v. Time Life Films, Inc., 784 F.2d 44, 52 (2d Cir.1986)
(declining to decide the issue of actual copying because no substantial similarity existed between
the two works).
The test for substantial similarity is “whether, in the eyes of the average lay observer, [one
work is] substantially similar to the protectible expression in the [other].” Williams v. Crichton,
84 F.3d 581, 587 (2d Cir. 1996). One cannot copyright ideas, scenes a faire, 3 or stock characters
and themes. Id. at 587–88. In evaluating substantial similarity, “we are principally guided by
comparing the contested design’s total concept and overall feel with that of the allegedly infringed
work.” Peter F. Gaito Architecture LLC v. Simone Dev. Corp., 602 F.3d 57, 66 (2d Cir. 2010)
(internal quotation marks omitted). In addition, we consider commonalities in the works’ “theme,
characters, plot, sequence, pace, and setting.” Williams, 84 F.3d at 588. The absence of
substantial similarity can be decided as a matter of law on a motion to dismiss. Peter F. Gaito
Architecture LLC, 602 F.3d at 64.
Here, the “total concept and overall feel” of the miniseries is very different from the two
short stories. Id. at 66 (internal quotation marks omitted). The True Story is a naturalistic
character sketch that closes with the mysterious disappearance of the narrator’s close friend after
2
Accordingly, the district court’s description of Montgomery’s stories as “unpublished” played
no role in its analysis, and any error on that point would have been harmless. Likewise,
Montgomery’s arguments regarding Holland’s access to her work miss the mark because access is
probative of actual copying, but not substantial similarity. See Boisson v. Banian, Ltd, 273 F.3d
262, 267–68 (2d Cir. 2001).
3
Scenes a faire are “sequences of events which necessarily follow from a common theme” or
“plot situation[].” Reyher v. Children’s Television Workshop, 533 F.2d 87, 91 (2d Cir. 1976).
4
he moves in with a pair of elderly Nazis. The Fictionalized Story appears to be the opening
portion of a Nazi-hunting thriller. By contrast, the miniseries is a horror story in which a group
of Satanists employ supernatural powers to commit gruesome murders, and rape and impregnate
the protagonist. 4
Montgomery argues that the district court failed to apply the “pattern” test, under which,
she contends, the works are substantially similar. This test conceives of a copyright as
“cover[ing] the ‘pattern’ of [a] work . . . the sequence of events, and the development of the
interplay of characters.” Warner Bros. Inc. v. Am. Broad. Cos., Inc., 720 F.2d 231, 240 n.7 (2d
Cir. 1983) (quoting Zechariah Chafee, Jr., Reflections on the Law of Copyright, 45 Colum. L. Rev.
503, 513–14 (1945)) (ellipses in original). She also argues that the district court overlooked
significant similarities between the miniseries and her short stories, including the “plot, the
verbatim dialogue within similar scenes spoken by similar characters in a similar settings, [and]
the exact dates in the . . . works.” Appellants’ Br. at 24. Given the absence of any recognizable
similarity between the protectable elements of the works, these arguments are unavailing.
A review of the three works at issue in this case reveals that their plots are entirely
dissimilar. Montgomery identified common plot elements in her amended complaint—including
an interracial friendship, an investigation, a mysterious disappearance, and an incident involving
a strange photograph. But her list merely “emphasizes random similarities scattered throughout
the works,” and such a list “cannot support of finding of substantial similarity because it fails to
4
Although the miniseries is based largely on Ira Levin’s 1967 novel Rosemary’s Baby and the
subsequent 1968 theatrical motion picture of the same name, directed by Roman Polanski, the
district court did not review those works or consider their relationship to the miniseries, since the
question of copying was not before it.
5
address the underlying issue: whether a lay observer would consider the works as a whole
substantially similar to one another.” Williams, 84 F.3d at 590 (internal quotation marks omitted).
The portions of dialogue that Montgomery identified as “verbatim” in her complaint are limited to
isolated word choices, short common phrases, and purportedly similar expressions of common
ideas, such as the concept of feeling transported in time. But copyright protections “extend[] only
to those components of a work that are original to the author”—that is, those that are
“independently created by [the] author” and “come[] from the exercise of the creative powers of
the author’s mind.” Boisson v. Banian, Ltd, 273 F.3d 262, 268 (2d Cir. 2001). These isolated
words, phrases, and concepts lack the originality required for copyright protection. Moreover,
the settings of cafés, bridges crossing the Seine, apartments, and parties are all scenes a faire
arising from the works’ respective depictions of Americans living in Paris, and therefore are not
protectable. Cf. Williams, 84 F.3d at 589 (while two works shared “a setting of a dinosaur zoo or
adventure park, with electrified fences, automated tours, dinosaur nurseries, and uniformed
workers, these settings are classic scenes a faire that flow from the uncopyrightable concept of a
dinosaur zoo”). Finally, Montgomery’s allegations regarding common significant dates in the
works are difficult to follow. She largely appeared to draw connections between dates or spans
of time appearing in the miniseries (or associated with its production) and events in her own life,
rather than within her copyrighted work. Montgomery also appeared to argue that all three works
refer to a disappearance that occurred in the 1980s. Like the other alleged similarities, this is a
trivial element of the works and is not an original expression protectable by copyright. See
Boisson, 273 F.3d at 268.
In sum, the district court properly concluded that no reasonable jury could find that the
6
similarities between the works were sufficient to prove “a substantial similarity exists between the
[miniseries] and the protectible elements of [the short stories].” Yurman Design, Inc., 262 F.3d
at 110. The absence of substantial similarity is dispositive of Montgomery’s copyright claims,
regardless of the identity of the defendants. Accordingly, to the extent that Montgomery
challenges the district court’s decisions dismissing unserved defendants and striking her second
amended complaint, which attempted to add defendants, any error by the district court was
harmless. Montgomery’s arguments regarding the time she was granted to file her brief in this
Court have no bearing on whether the district court erred in dismissing her complaint and do not
compel a different result: she does not identify any arguments that she was unable to raise in her
brief, and she did not request leave to file an amended complaint.
We have considered all of Montgomery’s remaining arguments and find them to be without
merit. Accordingly, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court, DENY Montgomery’s
motion to strike the appellees’ brief, and DENY as moot Montgomery’s motion for us to consider
purportedly sealed records in the district court docket and her motion to view the same.
FOR THE COURT:
Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court
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