People v. Ramirez CA4/1

Filed 11/13/20 P. v. Ramirez CA4/1
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION ONE

STATE OF CALIFORNIA

THE PEOPLE, D074948

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v. (Super. Ct. No. SCD273033)

RICARDO RAMIREZ,

Defendant and Appellant.

APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County,
Melinda J. Lasater, Judge. Affirmed.
Carl Fabian, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant
and Appellant.
Xavier Becerra, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Chief Assistant
Attorney General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, A. Natasha
Cortina and Kelley A. Johnson, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and
Respondent.
 I.
INTRODUCTION
Defendant Ricardo Ramirez appeals from a judgment entered after a
jury found him guilty of ten counts of sexual offenses committed against two
of his young nieces. After the jury convicted Ramirez on all of the charged
counts, the trial court sentenced him to state prison for a term of 150 years to
life.
On appeal, Ramirez raises two claims. First, Ramirez contends that
his convictions must be reversed because the trial court failed to fully
instruct the jury on the statutory elements of an uncharged offense.
Pursuant to Evidence Code section 1108, the trial court permitted the
prosecution to introduce evidence of an incident involving sexual conduct that
Ramirez was alleged to have committed against one of his nieces, but for
which he was not charged. Rather than provide the jury with the statutory
elements of any specific uncharged offense, the trial court suggested a
modification to the instruction in which the court would provide the jury with
factual details of the incident from which the jury would presumably be able
to determine whether the elements of an uncharged offense or offenses were
met. Ramirez’s attorney agreed with the court’s modification and consented
to the instruction as given. On appeal, Ramirez contends that the instruction
was incomplete because it did not include the general statutory elements of
any uncharged offense, and asserts that the error is structural, requiring
reversal per se, because the trial court “t[ook] the fact-finding role away from
the jury on these crucial allegations.” We reject Ramirez’s contention because
it conflates a failure to instruct on the elements of a charged offense and a
failure to do so with respect to the elements of an uncharged offense. We
further conclude that Ramirez has forfeited this contention on appeal by

2
consenting to the instruction without objection, and that even if we were to
assume error, there is not a reasonable probability that but for the error, the
defendant would have obtained a more favorable result.
Ramirez’s second contention is that the trial court abused its discretion
in granting the prosecution’s request to utilize the services of a therapy
support dog during one of the child victim’s testimony. According to Ramirez,
the relevant statute requires the demonstration of “a case-specific need for a
support dog,” and no such demonstration was made, resulting in a lack of
substantial evidence to support the court’s ruling. We conclude that the
record provides a sufficient showing of the benefit of a therapy dog for the
child victim in the case, as required by the statute. We further conclude that
even if we were to presume error, Ramirez has not demonstrated that he was
prejudiced by the presence of a therapy dog during the trial testimony of one
of the child victims.
Given our rejection of Ramirez’s appellate contentions, we affirm the
judgment.
II.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
A. Factual background
Ramirez lived with his wife and their son B. in a townhouse in Rancho
Peñasquitos in San Diego. Ramirez’s niece K.O. lived next door with her
parents, and another niece, L.G., lived down the street with her parents.
1. The facts underlying the offenses against K.O.
K.O. was born on January 22, 2006. At the time of trial, K.O. was 12
years old and in seventh grade.
Ramirez and his wife are K.O.’s godparents. Ramirez began sexually
abusing K.O. when she was in kindergarten. At trial, K.O. described some of

3
the abuse that occurred around the time she was in third grade. According to
K.O., she would often walk over to Ramirez’s home to play with B., who was
an infant at the time. There were occasions on which Ramirez was the only
adult present when K.O. went to his home. On those occasions, Ramirez
would distract B. by putting him in front of computer videos. Ramirez would
then take K.O. into his bedroom, lock the door, remove her clothes, and
remove his own clothes. Ramirez would tell K.O. to lie on an air mattress
that was in the room. He would then lie on top of her, inserting his penis into
her vagina. Sometimes, however, rather than taking off K.O.’s clothes,
Ramirez would tell K.O. to take off her own clothes, and she would do what
he told her to do. Ramirez did this to K.O. “[a] lot” while she was in third
grade and continuing until she was in fifth grade. K.O. testified that she felt
Ramirez’s penis “against [her] vagina” “[m]ore than 20 times.” According to
K.O., when she was in fourth grade, Ramirez was engaging in this conduct
with K.O. about once a week.
Ramirez would also touch K.O.’s breasts when she was undressed
during these encounters. One time Ramirez put his penis inside of K.O.’s
anus, and it hurt her. On at least another five occasions, Ramirez’s penis
touched K.O.’s anus but he did not insert it.
K.O. recalled two times when Ramirez told her not to tell her parents
about what was happening. However, K.O. finally decided to tell her mother
about what Ramirez was doing “[b]ecause [she] just had enough of it, and
[she] didn’t want to go through it” anymore. In July 2017, K.O. told her
mother that Ramirez had been “abusing” her and that he had raped her.
K.O.’s mother called her brother, L.G.’s father, and told him what K.O. had
disclosed to her. The following morning, K.O.’s mother contacted the police.

4
 K.O. suspected that Ramirez was doing similar things to L.G. because
at one point, Ramirez asked K.O. whether L.G. had “ever talked to [her]
about this.”
A few days later, K.O. was examined and interviewed at Rady
Children’s Hospital. K.O.’s physical exam was “normal.” The examiner
explained that “a normal examination doesn’t really help as much in knowing
whether a child was sexually abused or not” because “there’s a whole bunch
of reasons why a person might have [a] normal examination even after they
have been sexually -- they say they’ve been sexually penetrated.” For
example, sometimes the hymen can be torn, but it “heals up, and you can’t
tell that it’s ever been torn.” Another reason could be that the penetration
occurred without causing injury because “the tissue stretched out of the way.”
During an interview conducted by a forensic interviewer at Rady
Children’s Hospital, K.O. indicated that Ramirez had begun abusing her
when she was five or six years old and in Kindergarten. She further
indicated that Ramirez continued to abuse her “for many years” and said that
the abuse had happened “very often.” K.O. told the interviewer that, at
times, when she did not want to go with Ramirez into the bedroom, he would
pull her into the room by her arms. Ramirez would then close the door and
lock it. K.O. also said that Ramirez would remove her clothes and
underwear, and would then remove his own pants and underwear. He would
lie on top of K.O. and touch her breasts with his hands. He would also touch
her inner thighs, and then he would force his penis into her vagina. K.O. told
the interviewer that what Ramirez did made her feel “disturbed and
uncomfortable.” K.O. also indicated that she felt scared. K.O. told the
interviewer that Ramirez tried to put his penis in her “back” “part.” She
further stated that Ramirez would sometimes force her to kiss him.

5
 2. The facts underlying the offenses against L.G.
L.G. was born on August 25, 2001, and was 17 at the time of trial. Her
parents are K.O.’s mother’s brother and sister-in-law. She testified about
four specific incidents during which Ramirez had abused her.
The first incident occurred when L.G. was approximately six or seven
years old and was at her aunt and Ramirez’s house playing with K.O. At
some point, L.G. and K.O.’s aunt left the apartment, and Ramirez took L.G.
into his bedroom. L.G. sat on Ramirez’s bed. Ramirez took her wrists in his
hands, raised her arms, and pinned her down on the bed. Ramirez then got
on top of L.G. He rubbed “his crotch” on L.G.’s “crotch” in a circular motion.
They were both fully clothed. L.G. testified that she “didn’t really know what
was going on,” so she “just stayed there.” At multiple points, Ramirez asked
her if she “liked it,” but she did not respond. According to L.G., she “could
very clearly hear heavy breathing” from Ramirez. After a few minutes, K.O.
walked into the room; at that point, Ramirez stopped what he was doing to
L.G., stood up, and they “went about [their] day.”
L.G. described the second incident as having occurred when she was at
Ramirez’s house, while her aunt was in the shower. L.G. was in Ramirez and
her aunt’s bedroom, sitting on the bed watching a movie. Ramirez was
sitting on a chair at a computer that was near the bed. Ramirez called for
L.G. to come over to the computer, saying, “[C]ome look at this.” L.G.
“scooted to the edge of the bed” in order to look at the computer screen. She
saw a naked woman performing oral sex on a naked man. At the time, L.G.
“didn’t know what it was,” but she knew that “there was a man and a woman
and they were both unclothed and she was doing something to his genitalia.”
By the time of trial, L.G. understood that the woman was “performing oral
sex” on the man. In response to seeing what was on the computer screen,

6
L.G. “was just shocked,” although she “didn’t really know what it was
because [she] was so young.” However, it made her “uncomfortable, and
weirded out[,] so [she] looked away.”
A little bit later, Ramirez stood up, “took out his genitalia,” and said to
L.G., “ ‘It’s your turn.’ ” L.G. saw that Ramirez’s penis was erect. She
immediately looked away. She was again “in shock and uncomfortable.” He
then “put his genitalia back into his pants, and he sat back down.” Soon
thereafter, L.G.’s aunt came into the room after her shower.
The third incident also occurred at Ramirez’s house. L.G.’s aunt left to
go to work. L.G. was sitting on the couch. Ramirez was holding B., who was
about six months old at the time, and asked L.G. if she wanted to hold B.
L.G. said that she did. As Ramirez went to place B. on L.G.’s lap, two of
Ramirez’s fingers “brushed” across L.G.’s vagina.
The fourth incident occurred at L.G.’s house, when B. was still a baby.
L.G.’s family held a family gathering, and everyone, including Ramirez, was
in the living room. L.G. was in her bedroom. When she left her bedroom to
go to the living room, she passed Ramirez, who was opening a bathroom door
in the hallway. As she passed him, Ramirez put his hand on L.G.’s back,
then “groped [her] crotch.” L.G. explained at trial that Ramirez “grazed his
fingers on [her] crotch,” from “the vagina back to the anus.” L.G.
“immediately opened the door [to the living room] as quickly as possible.”
L.G. disclosed the abuse to her mother after learning that K.O. had told
her mother that Ramirez “had molested her.” On July 15, 2017, L.G.’s
mother came to her room and sat on L.G.’s bed. She told L.G. what K.O. had
disclosed. L.G.’s “heart dropped” and she “felt like [she] got a knot [in her]
stomach because [she] knew that it had happened to [her] too.” When L.G.’s
mother asked whether something similar had happened to her, L.G. “didn’t

7
really say anything,” but she thought that “[b]ecause [she] was crying
already,” her mother “knew something had happened to [her].” L.G.
eventually did tell her mother “that it had happened, and he had done
something to [her] before,” but she “wasn’t descriptive or anything.”
3. Ramirez’s admissions to a social worker and police
After K.O.’s family reported Ramirez’s sexual abuse to police, Steven
Garcia, a social worker for the County of San Diego Child Welfare Services,
spoke with Ramirez about the allegations that both K.O. and L.G. had made.
In response to K.O.’s allegations, Ramirez told a social worker that “[K.O.]
and him had a relationship,” but he denied that he ever penetrated K.O.’s
vagina. Ramirez stated that the “first incident” happened in January 2017,
after K.O. had returned from a trip to Mexico, and that she “looked more
[like] an adult than a minor.” According to Ramirez, K.O. was in his room
and she “pretty much . . . looked excited, and it got to the point where they
ended up without clothes,” and then she “grabbed his penis and rubbed it
against her vagina.” Ramirez did not explain to the social worker how either
his own or K.O.’s clothing had been removed.
Ramirez also told the social worker about a second incident that
occurred approximately five weeks before the interview took place. During
this incident, according to Ramirez, he was in his bedroom playing with his
son when his son left to play with his computer. After his son left the room,
K.O. pulled her underwear to the side and began rubbing Ramirez’s penis
against her vagina. In a third incident, Ramirez explained that he and K.O.
were fully clothed when he began rubbing K.O.’s inner thigh. K.O. then
grabbed Ramirez’s penis and rubbed it against her vagina. Ramirez told
Garcia that there had been four to six incidents of K.O. rubbing his penis

8
against her vagina while they were clothed, but he said that he could not
recall the details of the other incidents.
Ramirez told Garcia that all of L.G.’s allegations were false. He did
mention an incident, however, involving his son B., when B. was a newborn.
According to Ramirez, the baby was falling and “he reached to catch [B.]
and . . . he accidentally -- from what he remembers -- brushed her thigh[,] but
[he] denied that he ever touched her vagina.”
Ramirez was taken into custody and was interviewed by police. During
approximately the first half hour of the interview, Ramirez denied all of the
allegations that had been made against him. After that, Ramirez began to
talk “about how he may have accidentally touched certain parts of [K.O.’s]
body.” Ramirez eventually admitted that “one time [he] gave in,” but claimed
that K.O. had “provoked it.” He told investigators that K.O. “threw herself on
top of [him]” and that she “took out [his] penis,” but he then clarified that
K.O. had “touched [his] penis on top of [his] pants.” When the investigators
told Ramirez that they knew there had been skin to skin contact, he
eventually said that his “penis touch[ed] her vagina without clothes, skin to
skin” for “seconds.” He continued to assert that he had not penetrated her
vagina.
As the interview continued, Ramirez conceded that there had been “a
couple” of incidents of non-skin-to-skin contact, but claimed “it[ had] been a
long time” since that occurred. He admitted that on one occasion, K.O. had
her clothes on, and on another occasion, there was contact “without clothes.”
He explained that during one incident, K.O. did not have clothes on and he
had his zipper down, and his penis only went “on top” of her vagina. Toward
the end of the interview, Ramirez said that he touched K.O.’s vagina with his
penis four times and claimed “[i]t was just like a grazing.” He conceded that

9
what he did with K.O. “really isn’t correct,” and he stated that he felt “bad”
and “very confused” about what had happened. He then added that K.O. had
“allowed it” to happen, that she had “initiated it,” and that she had
“provoke[d]” him.
Ramirez told police that he had never touched L.G. inappropriately, but
admitted that he had kissed her on the cheek once. He “noticed that she
didn’t like it,” and he believed that she had told her parents about it. When
speaking of L.G., Ramirez stated, “That girl is a big liar.” At the end of the
interview, Ramirez wrote two letters, one to K.O., and one to his wife and
son. In the letter to K.O., Ramirez said that he felt “very bad for what
happened,” asked her to forgive him, and stated, “If I have to pay in some
way, I will.” In the letter to his wife and son, Ramirez said that he had “let
[them] down,” and asked them to forgive him for his “wrong steps.”
4. Ramirez’s trial testimony
At trial, Ramirez recanted his prior admissions and denied having had
any sexual contact with either girl. Ramirez stated that everything he had
told the investigators during his police interview was a lie. He said that he
felt that he had to say what the police wanted to hear because, he claimed,
they were intimidating him and threatening his family. Ramirez testified
that he did not recall talking to a social worker about the allegations, and
that he did not recall admitting to that social worker that he had engaged in
sexual contact with K.O.
B. Procedural background
On September 6, 2018, a San Diego County jury convicted Ramirez of
two counts of sexual intercourse with a child 10 years old or younger (Pen.

10
Code,1 § 288.7, subd. (a); counts 1–2); sodomy with a child 10 years old or
younger (§ 288.7, subd. (a); count 3); four counts of forcible lewd acts upon a
child (§ 288, subd. (b)(1); counts 4–7); and three counts of lewd acts upon a
child (§ 288, subd. (a); counts 8–10). In connection with counts 4, 5, 6, 7, and
10, the jury found true the allegation that Ramirez had substantial sexual
conduct within the meaning of section 1203.066, subdivision (a)(8). In
connection with counts 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10, the jury found true the
allegation that Ramirez committed the offenses against more than one
victim, within the meaning of section 667.61, subdivisions (b), (c), and (e).
The trial court sentenced Ramirez to state prison for an indeterminate
term of 150 years to life.
Ramirez filed a timely notice of appeal.
III.
DISCUSSION
A. In consenting to the form of the challenged instruction regarding
uncharged sexual conduct admitted pursuant to Evidence Code
section 1108, Ramirez has forfeited his claim on appeal that the
instruction was erroneous; however, even if we presume that the court
erred in its phrasing of this instruction, Ramirez cannot demonstrate
prejudice

Ramirez contends that the trial court prejudicially erred by instructing
the jury with CALCRIM No. 1191A without providing the general statutory
elements of any specific uncharged sexual offense.2

1 Further statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise
indicated.

2 The parties disagree as to whether the evidence of uncharged conduct
that was admitted at trial constituted a single uncharged offense or instead,
two different uncharged offenses. The People assert in briefing that
Ramirez’s conduct in displaying pornography to L.G. and exposing himself to
11
 The prosecution was granted leave to introduce evidence of uncharged
conduct committed by appellant for the purpose of allowing the jury to find
that appellant was predisposed to commit the charged offenses under
Evidence Code section 1108.3 The uncharged conduct was introduced via

her constituted a single violation of section 288.2, subdivision (a)(2), and that
it is this offense to which the trial court was referring when it instructed the
jury pursuant to CALCRIM No. 1191A. Ramirez contends that the conduct
testified to with respect to the pornography incident constituted two separate
offenses. However, Ramirez did not identify the two offenses in his opening
brief. After the People asserted in their brief that the uncharged conduct was
admitted as evidencing a single uncharged offense under section 288.2,
subdivision (a)(2), Ramirez suggested in reply that the displaying of
pornography constituted a violation of section 288.2, subdivision (a)(2), and
that the displaying of his erect penis constituted a violation of section 314,
which makes it unlawful to, among other things, “willfully and lewdly . . .
[¶] . . . [e]xpose[ ] his person, or the private parts thereof, in any public place,
or in any place where there are present other persons to be offended or
annoyed thereby.” Ramirez thus argues that the trial court erred in failing to
instruct the jury as to the elements of these offenses. The record is unclear
with respect to which offense or offenses the trial court was relying on in
admitting the uncharged sexual conduct. As we describe further in section
III.A.1, the court referred to “crimes” and “offenses” in its jury instruction
pertaining to the uncharged conduct evidence. The record is unclear,
however, as to what the court and the parties intended with respect to the
particular uncharged offense or offenses at issue. Nevertheless, as we will
explain, we conclude that ultimately, whether one or both of the offenses
mentioned above were at issue does not alter the outcome of this appeal.
Even if Ramirez’s displaying his penis were treated as a separate uncharged
offense under section 314, rather than as evidence pertaining to the elements
of a violation of section 288.2, subdivision (a)(2), any error in failing to
instruct on the elements of section 314 is harmless for the same reasons that
we conclude the failure to instruct on the elements of section 288.2,
subdivision (a)(2) is harmless.

3 Evidence Code section 1108 provides in relevant part: “In a criminal
action in which the defendant is accused of a sexual offense, evidence of the
defendant’s commission of another sexual offense or offenses is not made
12
L.G.’s testimony that on one occasion, Ramirez beckoned her to view sexually
explicit matter on the computer that he was using and then displayed his
erect penis to her, telling her that it was “ ‘[her] turn.’ ”
1. Additional relevant background
Prior to trial, the People moved in limine to admit evidence of
Ramirez’s “uncharged sexual offense pursuant to Evidence Code § 1108.”
(Boldface & some capitalization omitted.) The People’s brief mentioned
“numerous acts of fondling and kissing” with respect to K.O., even though the
prosecution had “elected to charge a limited number of offenses.” The
People’s brief also specifically referred to “one occasion when [L.G.] was [a]
child, [in which] the defendant showed her pornography and asked her to
touch his exposed penis.” The People’s briefing did not identify or mention
which specific offense or offenses the conduct at issue might constitute.
During pretrial discussions about the parties’ various motions in
limine, the trial court raised the issue of the People’s motion to admit
evidence of uncharged sexual conduct. Defense counsel objected to the
admission of evidence of uncharged acts, arguing that it would be more
prejudicial than probative under Evidence Code section 352. The trial court
rejected this argument and concluded that the uncharged acts evidence that
the People had mentioned, which would not require the testimony of any
additional witnesses, would be admissible.
The uncharged acts that were admitted pursuant to Evidence Code
section 1108 and that were referred to in the challenged jury instructions
were those that were introduced via L.G.’s testimony. During that testimony,
L.G. mentioned an incident involving Ramirez, for which no charges were

inadmissible by Section 1101, if the evidence is not inadmissible pursuant to
Section 352.” (Id., subd. (a).)
13
filed in this case, in which Ramirez showed her pornography on his computer,
and then exposed his erect penis to her.
During the discussion regarding jury instructions, the trial court told
the attorneys: “I’m going to give [CALCRIM No.] 1191([A]). Please look at
your e-mails.[4] I really, really didn’t want to use code sections and official
definitions. I wanted to give descriptive terms. [¶] We know it’s a potential
uncharged crime. . . . So I opted to use descriptive acts as opposed to code
sections and code titles.” The court continued, “The phraseology I use is the
People presented evidence that the defendant committed the crimes of
displaying pornographic material to [L.G.] and exposing [his] penis to [L.G.]
and saying, ‘It’s your turn,’ that we’re [sic] not charged in this case. These
crimes are -- actually, I would delete that period. And then you may consider
this evidence only if the People prove it, et cetera. Just use the standard
instruction.”
Defense counsel replied, “That’s fine, [Y]our Honor.” The prosecutor
also agreed with the court’s proposed phrasing of the instruction. The court
then said, “I think it’s going to be easier to deal with in your arguments that
way.”
The court instructed the jury pursuant to CALCRIM No. 1191A, as

follows:

4 The e-mails that the trial court mentioned are not included in the
record on appeal. We remind the parties that any discussions regarding jury
instructions between the court and attorneys, whether oral and reported on
the record or in writing, are of assistance to a reviewing court in
understanding the court’s decisions regarding those jury instructions. Such
communications should be made part of the record on appeal because they
are relevant to this court’s ability to adequately address a claim involving a
challenge to the jury instructions.
14
 “The People presented evidence that the defendant
committed the crimes[5] of displaying pornographic
material to [L.G.] and exposing his penis to [L.G.] and
saying, ‘It’s your turn,’ that were not charged in this case.
You may consider this evidence only if the People have
proved by a preponderance of the evidence that the
defendant, in fact, committed the uncharged offenses. [¶]
Proof by a preponderance of the evidence is a different
burden of proof from proof beyond a reasonable doubt. A
fact is proved by a preponderance of the evidence if you
conclude that it is more likely than not [that] the fact is
true. If the People have [not] met this burden of proof, you
must disregard this evidence entirely. If you decide that
the defendant committed the uncharged offenses, you may,
but are not required to, conclude from that evidence that
the defendant was disposed or [inclined] to commit sexual
offenses and based on that decision also conclude that the
defendant was likely to commit the charged offenses as
charged here. [¶] If you conclude that the defendant
committed the uncharged offenses, that conclusion is only
one factor to consider along with all of the other evidence.
It is not sufficient by itself to prove that the defendant is
guilty of the charged offenses. The People must still prove
the charge beyond a reasonable doubt.”

5 The trial court referred to “crimes” and “offenses” in its jury instruction
pertaining to the uncharged conduct evidence. However, all of the conduct
that the trial court referred to—i.e., evidence of Ramirez displaying the
pornographic video, exposing his penis, and making the comment “ ‘It’s your
turn’ ”—could provide the elements of a single violation of section 288.2,
subdivision (a)(1), as we describe below. Given that we lack a record as to
what the court and the attorneys discussed in their e-mail exchanges, we
cannot be sure which uncharged offenses the court believed were at issue.
Ultimately, we conclude that it is not material to our analysis because
Ramirez cannot demonstrate that he was prejudiced by the court’s failure to
instruct on either of the two possible uncharged offenses.
15
 2. Analysis
Ramirez argues that the trial court’s instruction failed to provide the
jury with the elements of any uncharged offense with respect to the
uncharged conduct of displaying pornography and exhibiting his penis to L.G.
CALCRIM No. 1191A, which must be given whenever evidence of uncharged
sexual offenses has been introduced, provides, in its standard form:
“The People presented evidence that the defendant
committed the crime[s] of
that (was/were) not charged in this case. (This/These)
crime[s] (is/are) defined for you in these instructions.

“You may consider this evidence only if the People have
proved by a preponderance of the evidence that the
defendant in fact committed the uncharged offense[s].
Proof by a preponderance of the evidence is a different
burden of proof from proof beyond a reasonable doubt. A
fact is proved by a preponderance of the evidence if you
conclude that it is more likely than not that the fact is true.

“If the People have not met this burden of proof, you must
disregard this evidence entirely.

“If you decide that the defendant committed the uncharged
offense[s], you may, but are not required to, conclude from
that evidence that the defendant was disposed or inclined
to commit sexual offenses, and based on that decision, also
conclude that the defendant was likely to commit [and did
commit] , as charged here.
If you conclude that the defendant committed the
uncharged offense[s], that conclusion is only one factor to
consider along with all the other evidence. It is not
sufficient by itself to prove that the defendant is guilty of
. The People must still
prove (the/each) (charge/ [and] allegation) beyond a
reasonable doubt.

16
 “[Do not consider this evidence for any other purpose
[except for the limited purpose of ].]”

The Bench Notes accompanying CALCRIM No. 1191A, include the
following paragraph discussing the court’s duty with respect to instructing
the jury as to each uncharged offense:
“Evidence Code section 1108(a) provides that ‘evidence of
the defendant’s commission of another sexual offense or
offenses is not made inadmissible by Section 1101.’
Subdivision (d)(1) defines ‘sexual offense’ as ‘a crime under
the law of a state or of the United States that involved any
of the following[,]’ listing specific sections of the Penal Code
as well as specified sexual conduct. In the first sentence,
the court must insert the name of the offense or offenses
allegedly shown by the evidence. The court must also
instruct the jury on elements of the offense or offenses.”

Ramirez asserts that by failing to provide the elements of any specific
Penal Code provision or provisions, the trial court “t[ook] the fact-finding role
away from the jury on these crucial allegations, [and thereby] deprived
appellant of his right to a jury trial.” He argues that this is “structural
error,” requiring automatic reversal, or alternatively, that it constitutes the
denial of his right to a fair trial, and thus implicitly contends that the
Chapman standard of prejudice should apply.
a. This claim was forfeited
As the People point out, Ramirez did not object to the instruction or
request that the trial court instruct the jury on the elements of any
uncharged offenses. Rather, Ramirez specifically agreed with the court’s
proposed modification of CALCRIM No. 1191A.
“ ‘Generally, a party may not complain on appeal that an instruction
correct in law and responsive to the evidence was too general or incomplete

17
unless the party has requested appropriate clarifying or amplifying
language.’ [Citation.]” (People v. Hudson (2006) 38 Cal.4th 1002, 1011–1012,
italics added; People v. Jennings (1991) 53 Cal.3d 334, 374 [failure to object to
court’s proposed special instruction forfeits claims on appeal.) Ramirez’s
contention is that the instruction regarding uncharged acts evidence
admitted pursuant to Evidence Code section 1108 was incomplete because it
failed to inform the jury of the elements of the uncharged offenses. Ramirez’s
failure to object to the incompleteness of the instruction in the trial court, and
the resulting failure to give the court an opportunity to correct any perceived
error in the instruction, results in forfeiture of that contention on appeal.
Ramirez nevertheless contends that forfeiture should not apply.
According to Ramirez, the trial court’s “failure to instruct the jury on any of
the elements of the two offenses constituted structural error and requires
reversal per se,” and maintains that the defect was “not subject to waiver by
his trial counsel alone, as it amounted to a concession of guilt.” Ramirez’s
argument conflates two different concepts. Evidence of uncharged offenses
presented pursuant to Evidence Code section 1108 does not subject a
defendant to criminal punishment for the conduct comprising the uncharged
offenses; rather, if determined to be true, such a finding creates merely a
permissive inference of guilt as to the charged offenses. As the trial court
informed the jury, a defendant’s commission of an uncharged offense may be
established by only a preponderance of evidence, demonstrating the
significant distinction between uncharged and charged offenses. The jury
was instructed that evidence of an uncharged offense, alone, is insufficient to
establish guilt as to a charged offense. (See CALCRIM No. 1191A [“[A
conclusion that the defendant committed the uncharged sex offense] is not
sufficient by itself to prove that the defendant is guilty of . The People must still prove (the/each) (charge/ [and] allegation)
beyond a reasonable doubt”].) Thus, a defendant is not subject to criminal
liability merely as a result of a finding that he or she committed an
uncharged sexual offense, and any instructional error related to the elements
of uncharged offenses necessarily is not equivalent to instructional error
involving the elements of charged offenses. (See People v. Jandres (2014) 226
Cal.App.4th 340, 359 (Jandres) [flawed version of CALCRIM No. 1191
identifying uncharged offense that was not a sexual offense did not violate
defendant’s right to due process by relieving prosecution of its burden of proof
on charged offenses].) “ ‘[T]here is no reasonable likelihood [an erroneous]
instruction on uncharged offenses relieved the prosecution of its burden of
proof with respect to the charged offenses’ ” because “[p]ropensity [is], of
course, not an element of any of the charged crimes.” (Ibid.) The failure to
object to instructional error related to uncharged offenses is therefore not
akin to “a concession of guilt,” as Ramirez suggests, and the complained-of
error may be subject to the usual rules for forfeiture of a claim.
We reject any implicit suggestion from Ramirez that his unpreserved
claim of instructional error is subject to review because the question affects
his substantial rights. (See § 1259.) A defendant’s substantial rights are
affected if an erroneous instruction results in a miscarriage of justice under
the (Watson) standard of prejudice review—i.e., if it is reasonably probable
that a jury would have reached a more favorable result absent the error.
(People v. Rivera (1984) 162 Cal.App.3d 141, 146.) As we discuss further in
part A.2.b, post, Ramirez cannot demonstrate that it is reasonably probable
that a jury would have reached a more favorable result if the trial court had
instructed the jury regarding the elements of the uncharged offenses
identified by the parties.

19
 b. Even if we presume error, Ramirez cannot demonstrate
prejudice

When a defendant contends that a jury instruction was erroneous, a
reviewing court must determine whether there is a reasonable likelihood that
the jury misconstrued or misapplied the law in light of the instructions given,
the entire record of trial, and the arguments of counsel. (Estelle v. McGuire
(1991) 502 U.S. 62, 70–75; People v. Wilson (2008) 44 Cal.4th 758, 803.)
Instructions should be interpreted to support the judgment rather than
defeat it if they are reasonably susceptible to such interpretation. (People v.
Ramos (2008) 163 Cal.App.4th 1082, 1088.) An appellate court reviews the
correctness of jury instructions de novo. (People v. Posey (2004) 32 Cal.4th
193, 218.)
There is no dispute that the modified CALCRIM No. 1191A instruction
properly informed the jury as to how it should consider the evidence of an
uncharged offense and the burden of proof with regard to that evidence.
What Ramirez challenges is the manner in which the trial court identified
the uncharged conduct at issue and specifically, the court’s failure to provide
the elements of any uncharged sexual offense. Although the Use Notes to
CALCRIM No. 1191A state, in relevant part, that the “court must also
instruct the jury on [the] elements of the offense or offenses” (Bench Notes to
CALCRIM No. 1191A), the trial court did not instruct the jury on the
elements of any uncharged offense. Instead, the court informed the jury that
the uncharged offense or offenses consisted of Ramirez “displaying
pornographic material to [L.G.] and exposing his penis to [L.G.] and saying,
‘It’s your turn.’ ”
The elements of the offense of displaying harmful material in violation
of section 288.2, subdivision (a)(1) are: 1. The defendant exhibited harmful

20
material to another person by any means; 2. When the defendant acted, he
knew the character of the material; 3. When the defendant acted, he knew,
should have known, or believed that the other person was a minor; 4. When
the defendant acted, he intended to arouse, appeal to, or gratify the lust,
passions or sexual desires of himself or of the other person; and, 5. When the
defendant acted, he intended to engage in sexual intercourse, sodomy, or oral
copulation with the other person or to have either person touch an intimate
body part of the other person. (See CALCRIM No. 1140; § 288.2, subd. (a)(2).)
Material is considered “harmful” for purposes of the offense if “1. It shows or
describes sexual conduct in an obviously offensive way; 2. A reasonable
person would conclude that it lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or
scientific value for minors; AND 3. An average adult person, applying
contemporary statewide standards, would conclude it appeals to prurient
interest.” (CALCRIM No. 1140.) The elements of the offense of exposing
oneself in violation of section 314 are “[t]he defendant willfully exposed his
genitals in the presence of another person or persons who might be offended
or annoyed by the defendant’s actions” and that “[w]hen the defendant
exposed himself, he acted lewdly by intending to direct public attention to his
genitals for the purpose of sexually arousing or gratifying himself or another
person, or sexually offending another person.” (CALCRIM No. 1160.) The
trial court did not provide the jury with the elements of either of these
offenses, and thus, the jury was not instructed to decide whether all of these
elements, including the intent elements, had been established by a
preponderance of the evidence. This was error.
Although the trial court erred in failing to instruct the jury with
respect to the elements of an uncharged offense or to link those elements to
the conduct that the court described in the instruction it gave, Ramirez

21
cannot demonstrate that the error was prejudicial. “[I]nstructional
error[, including instructional error associated with uncharged offense

evidence] is assessed under the Watson[6] reasonable probability standard,”
pursuant to which prejudicial error exists only where it is reasonably
probable that the jury would have reached a result more favorable to the
appellant in the absence of the error. (Jandres, supra, 226 Cal.App.4th at p.
359; see People v. Falsetta (1999) 21 Cal.4th 903, 924–925 [applying Watson
prejudice review standard to alleged error in failing to instruct jury on proper
use of propensity evidence].)
First, while the trial court did not instruct the jury on the elements of a
section 288.2, subdivision (a)(2) offense, the court’s description of the conduct
at issue essentially tracked the elements of an offense under that statute.7
L.G. described Ramirez calling her over to look at pornography that he was
viewing on a computer screen; the pornography involved a naked woman
orally copulating a naked man. Ramirez then displayed his own erect penis
and told L.G. that it was “ ‘[her] turn.’ ” The pornography that Ramirez
displayed to L.G. easily falls within the offense’s definition of “harmful
material.” Further, Ramirez’s displaying his erect penis and his comment to
L.G. indicated his intention to gratify his own sexual desires, and his
intention to engage in oral copulation with L.G. It is not reasonably probable
that a jury would have rejected the conclusion that Ramirez committed an
uncharged violation of section 288.2, subdivision (a)(1) if it believed that he
engaged in the conduct that L.G. described, as summarized in the trial court’s

6 People v. Watson (1956) 46 Cal.2d 818, 836–837 (Watson).

7 At least one of the elements, i.e., that L.G. was a minor when the
conduct occurred, was clearly not in dispute.
22
instruction. The only real question was whether the jury believed that this
incident occurred, and it is clear that the jury believed L.G.’s testimony over
Ramirez’s since it convicted Ramirez of all of the charged offenses for which
she was the victim.8
The same is true with respect to the failure to instruct on the elements
of a section 314 offense. The elements of section 314 are that “[t]he
defendant willfully exposed his genitals in the presence of another person or
persons who might be offended or annoyed by the defendant's actions” and
that “[w]hen the defendant exposed himself, he acted lewdly by intending to
direct public attention to his genitals for the purpose of sexually arousing or
gratifying himself or another person, or sexually offending another person.”
(CALCRIM No. 1160.) For the same reasons we conclude that Ramirez
cannot demonstrate that he was prejudiced by the failure to instruct the jury
with respect to an uncharged violation of section 288.1, subdivision (a)(1),
Ramirez also cannot demonstrate that he was prejudiced by the failure to
instruct on the elements of a section 314 offense. Again, the issue would have
been whether the incident occurred as L.G. described it; if the jury believed
that it did occur in the way in which L.G. described, there is no reasonable
probability that the jury would have concluded that Ramirez did not violate
section 314, even if it had been instructed on the elements that comprise a
section 314 offense.
Second, this case involved overwhelming evidence supporting the jury’s
guilty verdicts on all counts. At trial, both K.O. and L.G. testified in great

8 It is also possible that defense counsel’s decision to agree to the trial
court’s modification of the instruction to omit the lengthy generic elements of
the offense had a strategic purpose, because having a jury spend more time
focusing on these elements would have served only to highlight the conduct at
issue and give it even more importance at trial.
23
detail about Ramirez’s sexual abuse. A video of K.O.’s interview at the
hospital was also admitted, and K.O.’s statements during that interview were
consistent with her trial testimony. In addition, Ramirez admitted engaging
in criminal sexual contact with K.O. on at least four to six occasions, both
during an interview with a social worker and with police investigators,
though he denied penetrating her vagina with his penis. Ramirez also wrote
a letter to K.O., asking her to forgive him, and wrote a letter to his wife
essentially admitting that he had engaged in inappropriate conduct. The
testimony from both girls was specific, and Ramirez’s admissions gave
credence to the testimony of the victims, even if his admissions were not
consistent with their testimony in certain particulars. We conclude that it is
not reasonably probable that the jury would have reached a result more
favorable to Ramirez if the trial court had provided an instruction that
included all of the elements of either of the possible uncharged offenses.
B. The trial court did not err in granting the prosecution’s request to have a
therapy dog at K.O.’s feet while she testified; even if we were to presume
error, Ramirez cannot demonstrate prejudice

Ramirez contends that the trial court failed to require the prosecution
to present facts indicating a case-specific need for the use of a therapy dog
before granting the prosecution’s request that a therapy dog be permitted to
be present with the victims while they testified at trial.9 According to
Ramirez, the “statute imposes a duty on the movant to produce evidence
showing the use of a support dog is warranted,” and, he argues, the lack of
such evidence in this case means that trial court’s exercise of discretion is
“not supported by substantial evidence” (boldface & some capitalization

9 The People’s motion requested the use of a therapy dog’s services for
both victims at trial. However, the therapy dog was ultimately utilized only
during K.O.’s testimony.
24
omitted). Ramirez contends that the lack of “substantial evidence of a case-
specific need for a support dog . . . demonstrates a manifest abuse of
discretion by the trial court in granting the motion without an evidentiary
basis.” He argues that the trial court’s error with respect to the therapy dog
prejudiced him because the dog’s presence made K.O. a more sympathetic
witness and more likely to be believed.
1. Additional background
Before trial, the People moved pursuant to section 868.4 for permission
to have a therapy dog present in court for the victims during their testimony.
A therapy dog had been present during both victims’ testimony at the
preliminary hearing. In the People’s motion, the People argued that
“[t]estifying in court can be a terrifying process, especially for children who
may have to testify against a relative or friend of the family.” The People
further noted that “a therapy dog would reduce anxiety [and] assist the
witness in testifying.”
During discussions of the parties’ in limine motions, the issue of the
therapy dog was raised. Ramirez’s attorney objected to the use of a therapy
dog, arguing that “it’s a bit of overkill in this case,” that “it’s just going to
elicit sympathy for the alleged victims in this case,” and that “this potential
sympathy card” would undermine Ramirez’s “right to a fair trial and due
process.” According to defense counsel, both girls had testified at the
preliminary examination and “at no point . . . did they ever become emotional
or needed a break or anything like that or even go over and interact with the
therapy dog.”
The trial court asked for the People’s response, but interposed a
question about where the therapy dog had sat “during the preliminary
hearing.” The prosecutor indicated that the therapy dog “assisted one, if not

25
both, of the child witnesses,” and was seated at the feet of the witness during
the witness’s testimony, while the handler sat “against the wall of the
witness stand.” The prosecutor touched on the qualifications of the dog and
trainer, and then stated, “[The dog] was of aid to the victims -- both before
and during the hearing . . . .” The prosecutor also mentioned that a jury
instruction that was “new this year,” “specifically states that the jury cannot
use the presence of the support dog in any way . . . for other reasons that
would be prejudicial to the defendant,” and argued that there is “existing case
law permitting the presence of a support dog in cases precisely like this one.”
The court concluded that it would allow the therapy dog to be present
as long as the dog was sitting at the child’s feet and the handler was behind
the child.
As K.O. took the stand, the court admonished the jury as follows:
“Ladies and gentlemen, the witness will be accompanied by a support dog.
You’re to ignore the dog. Don’t take anything – there’s no implication in
having the dog present. That’s to be disregarded by you in the testimony.” In
addition, included in the jury instructions was the following instruction:
“[K.O.] had a dog present during her testimony. Do not consider the support
dog’s presence for any purpose.”
2. Analysis
The trial court approved the use of a therapy dog for twelve-year-old
K.O. pursuant to section 868.4. Section 868.4 provides, in pertinent part:
“(a) If requested by either party in a criminal or juvenile
hearing, and if a therapy or facility dog is available to the
party within the jurisdiction of the judicial district in which
the case is being adjudicated, the following individuals
shall be afforded the opportunity to have a therapy or
facility dog accompany him or her while testifying in court,
subject to the approval of the court:

26
“(1) A child witness in a court proceeding involving any
serious felony, as defined in subdivision (c) of Section
1192.7, or any violent felony, as defined in subdivision (c) of
Section 667.5.

“(2) A victim who is entitled to support persons pursuant to
Section 868.5, in addition to any support persons selected
pursuant to that section.

“(b) Before a therapy or facility dog may be used pursuant
to subdivision (a), the party seeking to utilize the therapy
or facility dog shall file a motion with the court, which shall
include the following:

“(1) The training or credentials of the therapy or facility
dog.

“(2) The training of the therapy or facility dog handler.

“(3) Facts justifying that the presence of the therapy or
facility dog may reduce anxiety or otherwise be helpful to
the witness while testifying.

“(c) If a party, pursuant to subdivision (b), makes a showing
that the therapy or facility dog and handler are suitably
qualified and will reasonably assist the testifying witness,
the court may grant the motion, unless the court finds the
use of a therapy or facility dog would cause undue prejudice
to the defendant or would be unduly disruptive to the court
proceedings.

“(d) The court shall take appropriate measures to make the
presence of the therapy or facility dog as unobtrusive and
nondisruptive as possible, including requiring the dog to be
accompanied by a handler in the courtroom at all times.

“(e) If a therapy or facility dog is used during a criminal
jury trial, the court shall, upon request, issue an
appropriate jury instruction designed to prevent prejudice
for or against any party.”

27
 The prosecutor requested the presence of a therapy dog during the
trial. The prosecutor stated in the motion that a dog was available within the
jurisdiction where the trial would take place and provided facts regarding the
training and credentials of the therapy dog and its handler. It is undisputed
that K.O. was a child witness in a court proceeding involving serious felonies,
as set forth in section 868.4, subdivision (a)(1).10
Although there were not abundant facts presented to “justify[ ] that the
presence of the therapy or facility dog may reduce anxiety or otherwise be
helpful to the witness while testifying,” the motion did include the
prosecutor’s contention that “[t]estifying in court can be a terrifying process,
especially for children who may have to testify against a relative or a friend
of the family,” as in this case, and the fact that “a therapy dog would reduce
anxiety [and] assist the witness in testifying.” Additionally, in argument
before the trial court, the prosecutor noted that both victims had utilized the
services of a therapy dog during their preliminary hearing testimony, and
that the dog’s services were “of aid to the victims -- both before and during
the hearing . . . .”
Although minimal, this showing was sufficient to meet the
requirements of section 868.4, subdivision (b)(3). The fact that the same child
victim for whom the request was made for a therapy dog at trial utilized one
during the preliminary hearing and found the dog to be of aid constitutes
justification that the presence of a therapy dog may be helpful to her while
testifying at another proceeding. Ramirez suggests that his attorney’s
argument that the two girls testified at the preliminary hearing “without

10 Section 868.4, subdivision (a)(1) refers to the “serious felonies” outlined
in section 1192.7, subdivision (c), which includes, among other felonies, any
“lewd or lascivious act on a child under 14 years of age.”
28
emotional difficulty” and purportedly “did not interact with the dog in any
manner” provided a “factual basis for his objection, and not just a conclusion.”
However, the fact that both victims utilized a therapy dog and seemed to be
able to testify well and without significant emotional outbursts could be
viewed as demonstrating the success of the therapy dog services, rather than
a demonstration that the dog’s services were not necessary or helpful. The
court could have relied on the fact that the child victim for whom the dog’s
services were being requested at trial used the dog’s services during her prior
testimony and found those services to be “of aid . . . both before and during
the hearing,” in exercising its discretion to permit the therapy dog to be
utilized at trial for that young witness.
Even if we were to assume for purposes of argument that the People
did not provide a sufficient factual justification for the trial court’s exercising
its discretion to allow the use of a therapy dog for a minor witness who
otherwise met the requirements of section 868.4, subdivision (a), Ramirez has
not demonstrated that the presence of the therapy dog during K.O.’s
testimony was prejudicial to him. Although Ramirez does not offer the
relevant standard of prejudice review that he believes applies to his claim of
error, it is clear that he is not arguing that this error would be anything other
than an error of state law. If error is found under state law, it is assessed for
prejudice using the standard described in People v. Watson (1956) 46 Cal.2d
818, with the question being “whether defendant has established there exists
a reasonable probability he would have obtained a more favorable result if
the error had not occurred.” (People v. Moore (2011) 51 Cal.4th 1104, 1130.)
We therefore apply the Watson standard of prejudice review to determine
whether the error asserted was harmless.

29
 Ramirez posits that the child victim “would be seen by the jurors in a
more sympathetic light with the presence of the therapy dog at [her] side,
which had the potential to be the deciding circumstance in the jurors’ minds.”
He suggests that because “dogs[ ] play an important role in the lives of a
large percentage of the population,” this “presents the opportunity for a juror
to be swayed by something other than the evidence at trial.” We reject
Ramirez’s argument. First, the contention that the presence of a therapy dog
sitting at a child witness’s feet would be “the deciding circumstance in the
juror’s minds” as to whom to believe is pure speculation. The dog was
utilized only during K.O.’s testimony, not L.G.’s, yet the jury clearly believed
L.G.’s testimony, as well. Further, it is not surprising that the jury believed
the testimony of both victims—not because a therapy dog was present during
one of the victim’s testimony, but because Ramirez’s testimony was
contradicted by his own statements to both a social worker and police
investigators. Although Ramirez claimed at trial that he just told the police
investigators what they wanted to hear, he had no explanation for his
statements to the social worker, and claimed not to recall even having spoken
to the social worker.
A second reason Ramirez’s argument is without merit is that the jury
was specifically instructed not to consider the presence of the therapy dog for
any purpose. We presume the jury followed the court’s instructions. (See
People v. Yeoman (2003) 31 Cal.4th 93, 139 [the presumption that jurors
understand and follow instructions is “ ‘[t]he crucial assumption underlying
our constitutional system of trial by jury’ ”].) A conclusion that the jury
would have weighed K.O.’s testimony as more credible as a result of the
presence of a therapy dog would contravene the presumption that jurors
understand and follow the court’s instructions; we decline to reach such a

30
conclusion. It is not reasonably probable that Ramirez would have obtained a
more favorable result if the court had declined to permit the use of the
therapy dog’s services during K.O.’s testimony. Thus, any error in permitting
a therapy dog to be present in court during K.O.’s testimony was harmless.
IV.
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.

AARON, J.

WE CONCUR:

BENKE, Acting P. J.

DATO, J.

31