Com. v. Funk, D.

J-S48031-20

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
DANA PEZZETTI-FUNK :
:
Appellant : No. 3026 EDA 2019

Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered September 23, 2019
In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Criminal Division at
No(s): CP-51-CR-0002938-2018

BEFORE: KUNSELMAN, J., KING, J., and McCAFFERY, J.

MEMORANDUM BY McCAFFERY, J.: FILED NOVEMBER 17, 2020

Appellant, Dana Pezzetti-Funk, appeals from the judgment of sentence

entered in the Philadelphia County Court of Common Pleas following her

nonjury conviction of intimidation of witnesses or victims,1 criminal

conspiracy,2 and terroristic threats.3 On appeal, Appellant challenges the

sufficiency and weight of the evidence. For the following reasons, we affirm.

The facts underlying Appellant’s convictions were developed during the

non-jury trial as follows. Appellant and Stephanie Pezzetti-Funk (Co-

defendant) are sisters. Gia Fuscellaro (Complainant) was in a romantic

relationship with Appellant’s former boyfriend, with whom Appellant shares a
____________________________________________

1 18 Pa.C.S. § 4952(a)(1).

2 18 Pa.C.S. § 903(c).

3 18 Pa.C.S. § 2706(a)(1).
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child. N.T. Trial, 6/20/19, at 13-14. In June of 2016, Complainant was the

complaining witness in a separate case involving both Appellant and Co-

defendant. Id. at 27-28. A preliminary hearing for that matter was scheduled

for Monday, June 27, 2016. Id.

On or about June 24, 2016,4 Complainant was on Broad Street in the

City of Philadelphia when Appellant approached her and said, “Hello, bitch.

Are you going to court on Monday? I hope you don't go to court on Monday.”

N.T., Trial, at 27. Complainant also testified Appellant “told me to drop the

charges.” Id. at 19. She stated the Broad Street encounter made her feel

“upset” and “threatened.” Id. at 20, 42. Complainant notified the Assistant

District Attorney (ADA) of the incident and explained she “didn’t want to be in

contact with [Appellant and Co-defendant]” when leaving the upcoming

preliminary hearing. Id. at 29, 41-42. Therefore, Complainant arranged to

leave the courtroom first, followed later by Appellant and Co-defendant. Id.

at 29, 41-42. In its opinion, the trial court indicated the “staggered release”

was court-ordered. Trial Ct. Op., 1/29/20, at 2.

However, Complainant testified that, as she exited the courtroom

following the preliminary hearing on Monday, June 27, 2016, Appellant and

Co-defendant immediately followed her and “were right behind [her] the

whole time.” N.T., Trial, at 42. She testified that “[Appellant] was yelling

____________________________________________

4 There was a discrepancy in the testimony as to whether the encounter
occurred on Friday, June 24th, or Saturday, June 25th. N.T., Trial, at 35-37.

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things, calling [her] a bitch and a cock sucker[.]” Id. at 15. At the same

time, Complainant stated that Co-defendant approached her, “put her fists

up[,] and said I better drop the charges[,]” and that “when this is over she’s

going to beat me up[.]” Id. at 15, 40. During this encounter, Appellant stood

three to five feet away. Id. at 17, 34. Complainant testified the elevator

encounter made her feel “upset [and s]cared.” Id. at 19. Immediately

thereafter, Complainant attempted to contact the ADA, but when she was

unable to reach them, she filed a police report that same day. Id. at 30-31.

Appellant was subsequently charged with intimidation of witnesses or

victims, criminal conspiracy, and terroristic threats. However, on August 15,

2016, the trial court dismissed the charges for lack of evidence establishing a

prima facie case. See Trial Docket Entry, 8/15/16. On October 5, 2016, the

trial court denied the refiling of charges, and the Commonwealth filed a timely

appeal. See Trial Docket Entry, 10/5/16. On February 2, 2018, a panel of

this Court reversed the trial court’s order and remanded for further

proceedings, concluding the trial court erred in denying the Commonwealth’s

motion to refile charges where the evidence presented at the preliminary

hearing showed that Appellant, “acting in concert with her sister, threatened

[Complainant] to prevent her from testifying,” and Complainant “felt both

intimidated and scared as a result.” Commonwealth v. Pezzetti-Funk,

3368 EDA 2016 (unpub. memo. at 5, 7) (Pa. Super. Feb. 2, 2018). The panel

determined that this evidence “was all that was necessary to establish a prima

facie case.” Id. at 6.

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Upon remand, the charges were reinstated, and the case proceeded to

a joint nonjury trial with Co-defendant on June 6, 2018. The trial court found

Appellant guilty of all charges. On September 23, 2019, the trial court

sentenced Appellant to a term of 11½ to 23 months’ imprisonment, followed

by three years’ probation on each count and directed the sentences be served

concurrently. Order, 9/23/19, at 1-2. Appellant filed an untimely post-

sentence motion on October 6, 2019,5 challenging both the sufficiency and

weight of the evidence supporting her convictions. On October 22, 2019,

Appellant filed a timely notice of appeal.6

Appellant presents one question on appeal:

Was the evidence insufficient to sustain the conviction for Witness
Intimidation 18 [Pa.C.S.] § 4952[(a)(1)]; Conspiracy 18 [Pa.C.S.]
§ 903[(c)]; and Terroristic Threats 18 [Pa.C.S.] § 2796[(a)(1)]?

Appellant’s Brief at 11.

Our review of a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence is well-

established:

The standard of review for a challenge to the sufficiency of the
evidence is to determine whether, when viewed in a light most
favorable to the verdict winner, the evidence at trial and all
reasonable inferences therefrom is sufficient for the trier of fact to

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5 Appellant filed a post-sentence motion thirteen days after the court-
imposed sentence. See Pa.R.Crim.P 720(A)(1) (“[A] written post-sentence
motion shall be filed no later than 10 days after imposition of sentence.”)
(emphasis added).

6Appellant complied with the trial court’s directive to file a concise statement
of errors complained of on appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b).

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find that each element of the crimes charged is established beyond
a reasonable doubt. The Commonwealth may sustain its burden
of proving every element beyond a reasonable doubt by means of
wholly circumstantial evidence.

The facts and circumstances established by the Commonwealth
need not preclude every possibility of innocence. Any doubt raised
as to the accused's guilt is to be resolved by the fact-finder. As an
appellate court, we do not assess credibility nor do we assign
weight to any of the testimony of record. Therefore, we will not
disturb the verdict unless the evidence is so weak and inconclusive
that as a matter of law no probability of fact may be drawn from
the combined circumstances.

Commonwealth v. Von Evans, 163 A.3d 980, 983 (Pa. Super. 2017)

(citation omitted). Further, we emphasize the “fact finder is free to believe

all, part, or none of the evidence.” Commonwealth v. Sexton, 222 A.3d

405, 416 (Pa. Super. 2019) (citation omitted).

Preliminarily, we note that our review of Appellant’s brief reveals no

discussion of her claim that the evidence was insufficient to support her

conviction of criminal conspiracy. See Appellant’s Brief at 22-50. This Court

addresses only those issues properly presented and developed in an

appellant’s brief, as required by the Pennsylvania Rules of Appellate

Procedure. See Pa.R.A.P. 2101, 2119(a). Therefore, issues preserved and

presented, but not developed in a brief’s argument section, will be deemed

waived. Commonwealth v. Phillips, 141 A.3d 512, 522 (Pa. Super. 2016).

Accordingly, Appellant has waived any sufficiency challenge to her conspiracy

conviction.

With regard to her conviction of witness intimidation, Appellant argues

the evidence was “insufficient as a matter of law to sustain [her] conviction

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for the crime of intimidation that was charged in this case.” Appellant’s Brief

at 23. Appellant emphasizes she was charged and convicted of witness

intimidation under Subsection 4952(a)(1), which “criminalize[s] an offender

who is attempting to prevent a witness from reporting a crime.” Id.

(emphasis added). However, here, the “contact with [Complainant] took place

after [Complainant] had already reported [a] crime to the police[,]” and the

trial court found her guilty of attempting to intimidate Complainant “to

withhold testimony . . . relating to the commission of a crime[,]” which is

criminalized under Subsection 4952(a)(3). Id. at 23-24. Thus, she insists

the evidence did not satisfy the elements of the subsection of the witness

intimidation statute under which she was charged. See id. at 25.

Furthermore, Appellant argues “this case was nothing more than ‘trash talk’,

a continuing verbal squabble among women who had competing romantic

interests for the same boyfriend[.]” Id. at 23. She maintains the evidence

was insufficient to establish her intent to intimidate Complainant under the

statute when, considering their history, the incidents occurred during an

“unplanned chance meeting on a busy street in broad daylight, and . . . outside

a crowded courtroom, with other people present[.]” Id. at 33. Appellant also

alleges the trial court disregarded evidence “which may have cast doubt as to

the credibility of” Complainant, namely “violent and vulgar Instagram

screenshots” she directed at Appellant. Id. at 40, 42.

In support of Appellant’s conviction, the trial court concluded Appellant

acted “with the specific intent to deter Complainant from pursuing the criminal

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matter against [her].” Trial Ct. Op. at 6. It emphasized that mere days before

the preliminary hearing, Appellant approached the Complainant on the street

and attempted to intimidate her to withhold her testimony, and then,

immediately following the preliminary hearing, Appellant, in defiance of a

court instruction to allow Complainant to leave the courtroom first, conspired

with Co-defendant to again threaten and intimidate Complainant. Id. The

court found these incidents provided a sufficient basis to support Appellant’s

conviction for intimidation of witnesses or victims. Id. at 7.

For ease of review, we set forth the statutory provision at issue in this

appeal. A person may be found guilty of intimidation of witnesses or victims

if, inter alia,

(a) . . . with the intent to or with the knowledge that [her] conduct
will obstruct, impede, impair, prevent or interfere with the
administration of criminal justice, [she] intimidates or attempts to
intimidate any witness or victim to:

(1) Refrain from informing or reporting to any law
enforcement officer, prosecuting official or judge concerning
any information, document or thing relating to the
commission of a crime.

* * *

(3) Withhold any testimony, information, document or thing
relating to the commission of a crime from any law
enforcement officer, prosecuting official or judge.

18 Pa.C.S. § 4952(a)(1), (3).

Before we consider the merits of the issue raised on appeal, we must

first determine whether the issue has been properly preserved and developed

for our review. When so ordered, litigants are required to “concisely identify

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each error that the appellant intends to assert with sufficient detail to

identify the issue to be raised for the judge.” Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b)(4)(ii)

(emphases added). Errors identified in a 1925(b) concise statement “will be

deemed to include every subsidiary issue that was raised in the trial court

. . . .” Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b)(4)(v) (emphasis added). Compliance with the

Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) concise statement requirement guarantees the creation of

“records amenable to meaningful appellate review” by affording trial courts

the opportunity to opine on the issues litigants intend to raise on appeal.

Commonwealth v. Castillo, 888 A.2d 775, 779 (Pa. 2005). Where a

Pa.R.A.P 1925(b) concise statement is “too vague for the trial court to identify

and address the issue to be raised on appeal[,]” the ambiguity can result in

waiver. Commonwealth v. Dowling, 778 A.2d 683, 686 (Pa. Super. 2001).

Here, in her concise statement, Appellant argued simply that “[t]he

evidence of witness intimidation . . . was insufficient as a matter of law to

establish the [Appellant’s] guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” Appellant’s

Statement of Errors Complained of on Appeal, 1/5/20, at 1. She further

argues the incidents in question “established a mere minor squabble with

vulgar language and gestures,” which did not rise to the level of witness

intimidation, as her actions did not establish a “specific intent” to interfere

with the administration of justice. Id. at 1-2. However, Appellant did not

challenge the appropriateness of the subsection under which she was charged

and convicted. Thus, the trial court did not address this argument in its

opinion. Nevertheless, Appellant now attempts to define the scope of her

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appeal by arguing she was convicted of violating a subsection under which she

was not charged. Appellant’s Brief at 23-24. Because this claim was not

raised in the trial court or sufficiently identified in her concise statement, it is

waived for our review. See Castillo, 888 A.2d at 779; Dowling, 778 A.2d at

686.

Moreover, we note Appellant’s argument implies she was charged with

the wrong subsection of the witness intimidation statute. However, “[a]

defendant waives [a] challenge to a defect in the criminal information if the

defendant was placed on notice of the correct charge, defended against the

correct charge, and made no objection to the discrepancy in the charged

offense.” Commonwealth v. Raymond, 233 A.3d 809, 814 (Pa. Super.

2020). This Court’s discussion in Raymond is instructive.

In that case, the defendant raised a sufficiency challenge to his

conviction based on a defect in the criminal information. Raymond, 233 A.3d

at 811. Although he was charged with witness intimidation under Subsection

4952(a)(1), he argued the evidence was insufficient to convict him under that

subsection; rather, he conceded the Commonwealth presented sufficient

evidence for a conviction under Subsections 4952(a)(2) and (a)(3). Id. at

813. Indeed, at trial, the prosecution proceeded on a theory that the

defendant “had attempted to convince the complainant to change his

testimony or refrain from testifying against” him. Id. at 815-16. After finding

the defendant was on notice of the defect, the court determined he had

“defended himself against the appropriate charge and [had] made no

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objection, either in his pretrial motions or at any point at trial, to the

prosecution's theory.” Id. As a result, the Court concluded the defendant

waived his challenge to the defect in the criminal information. Id.

In the present case, the same is true. Regardless of the crime charged

in her information, Appellant was on notice that the Commonwealth intended

to prove she threatened Complainant in an attempt to prevent her from

testifying under Subsection (a)(3). A panel of this Court highlighted that fact

in Appellant’s first appeal. See Pezzetti-Funk, 3368 EDA 2016 (unpub.

memo. at 5) (“The Commonwealth presented evidence at the preliminary

hearing that [Appellant], acting in concert with her sister, threatened

[Complainant] to prevent her from testifying.”). Appellant never argued

before the trial court that her actions did not support a conviction under

Subsection (a)(1) because Complainant had already reported the crime.

Instead, she defended the charge by attempting to impeach the credibility of

Complainant. N.T., Trial, at 59-64. Accordingly, even if this claim were

preserved in Appellant’s Rule 1925(b) statement, we would conclude she is

entitled to no relief.

Appellant also asserts the trial court disregarded evidence “which may

have cast doubt as to the credibility of” Complainant, namely “violent and

vulgar Instagram screenshots” she directed to Appellant. Appellant’s Brief at

40, 42. Claims focused on the credibility of witnesses challenge the weight,

not the sufficiency, of the evidence. Commonwealth v. Palo, 24 A.3d 1050,

1055 (Pa. Super. 2011). A challenge to the weight of the evidence is

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“addressed to the discretion of the trial court,” Commonwealth v. Thomas,

194 A.3d 159, 167 (Pa. Super. 2018) (citation omitted), and, thus, must first

be raised before the trial court either before sentencing or in a timely post-

sentence motion. See Pa.R.Crim.P. 607, 720(a). Although Appellant included

a challenge to the weight given Complainant’s credibility in a post sentence

motion, that motion was untimely filed, and her claim is therefore waived.

See Commonwealth v. Wrecks, 931 A.2d 717, 719 (Pa. Super. 2007) (“An

untimely post-sentence motion does not preserve issues for appeal.”).

Lastly, Appellant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting

her conviction of terroristic threats. Appellant contends she “never uttered

any words threatening a crime of violence . . . against [Complainant].”

Appellant’s Brief at 45. Further, she maintains “a cl[e]nched fist is not

communication [as is] required by section 2706[.]” Id. at 50. Additionally,

Appellant asserts her statements resulted from an agitated and angry state of

mind and the terroristic threat statute was not intended to criminalize such

behavior. Id. at 44, 47.

A person may be convicted of terroristic threats if she “communicates,

either directly or indirectly, a threat to commit any crime of violence with

intent to terrorize another.” 18 Pa.C.S. § 2706(a)(1). As defined in the

statute, “the term ‘communication’ means conveys in person . . . .” 18 Pa.C.S.

§ 2706(e). “[T]he harm sought to be prevented by the statute is the

psychological distress that follows from an invasion of another’s sense of

personal security.” Commonwealth v. Kline, 201 A.3d 1288, 1290 (Pa.

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Super. 2019) (quotation omitted), appeal denied, 216 A.3d 1038 (Pa. 2019).

It is immaterial whether the perpetrator has the ability to execute the threat

or whether the victim actually believes the threat will be carried out. Id.

Furthermore, this Court has held, under proper circumstances, gestures

suggesting the presence of danger may sufficiently communicate an intent to

terrorize. Id. at 1291. However, the terroristic threats statute was not meant

to criminalize “‘spur-of-the moment’ threat[s] made during a period of

‘transitory anger.’” Id. at 1291-92.

The decision in Kline instructive. In that case,

the victim testified that on at least seven prior occasions [the
defendant] would stare at her, from his nearby property, with a
“flat affect” and watch her and her family enter and exit the home.
She also testified that [the defendant] would make eye contact
with her and keep staring at her until her family would finally enter
their house. These occurrences made the victim feel on edge, put
her on “heightened alert,” and made her wonder “[w]hat . . . he
[was] going to do to [her children].” On the date of the alleged
threatening incident, the victim testified that [the defendant]
stepped “deliberately at [her] car,” put both hands up and made
a gun-firing motion at her. The victim testified that she was
psychologically distressed at [the defendant’s] hand gesture.
Instead of retreating to her home when [the defendant] made the
gesture, she continued to drive directly to the police station where
Trooper Frank Ross testified that the victim “look[ed like]
someone that was terrorized.

Kline, 201 A.3d at 1290-91. The defendant was subsequently convicted on

one count of terroristic threats. Id. at 1289. On appeal, this Court concluded

the conviction resulted directly from the psychological distress caused by the

defendant’s invasion of the victim’s sense of personal security. Id. at 1291.

Additionally, the court found, “[u]nlike a ‘spur-of-the-moment’ threat made

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during a period of ‘transitory anger,’” the incident followed seven separate

occasions where the defendant would stare at the victim and her family “‘with

a flat affect’ as they entered and exited the car and house.” Id. at 1291-92

(footnote omitted). Accordingly, the Court concluded, under the

circumstances of the defendant’s case, the evidence was sufficient to prove

he communicated an intent to terrorize the victim beyond a reasonable doubt.

Id. at 1292.

Applying the foregoing analysis, Kline is in direct conflict with

Appellant’s assertion that “a cl[e]nched fist is not communication required by

section 2706[.]” See Appellant’s Brief at 50. Rather, Appellant relies upon a

non-precedential decision of this Court, Commonwealth v. Maxey, 2821

EDA 2014 (unpub memo.) (Pa. Super. Jan. 5, 2016), for the proposition that

“body language alone cannot constitute ‘communication’ for the purposes of

a terroristic threat conviction.” Appellant’s Brief at 49. In Maxey, this Court

reversed a conviction for terroristic threats, finding “solely nonverbal conduct,

especially consisting only of raising ones hands to his chest,” did not constitute

terroristic threats “in light of the Commonwealth’s inability to present evidence

that Appellant uttered any words to suggest that he intended to terrorize [the

victim].” Maxey, 2821 EDA 2014 (unpub. memo. at 8).

Appellant’s reliance on Maxey is improper. First, pursuant to the

Superior Court’s Internal Operating Procedures (IOPs), “[a]n unpublished

memorandum decision filed prior to May 2, 2019, shall not be relied upon or

cited by a Court or a party in any other action or proceeding[.]” Pa. Super.

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Ct. IOP § 65.37. As Maxey was filed on January 5, 2016, almost three and

one-half years before the May 2, 2019, IOP date, Appellant’s reliance on

Maxey is prohibited. Furthermore, we conclude Maxey does not support

Appellant’s claim that nonverbal conduct is insufficient evidence of an intent

to terrorize. Appellant’s Brief at 21, 45. The ratio decidendi in Maxey was

not joined by a majority of the panel. Judge Panella concurred only in the

result, and Judge Fitzgerald filed a concurrence, writing separately “that under

appropriate circumstances, physical gestures or other symbols may ‘convey’

a threat to commit a crime of violence with the intent to terrorize another”

although he concluded “such circumstances were not present in this case.”

Maxey, 2016 WL 71924, at *1, *3 (Fitzgerald, J., concurring) (citations

omitted).

Here, the trial court explained Appellant’s conviction was supported by

evidence of Complainant’s “prompt reporting following each incident[,]

indicat[ing] that she experienced the distress sought to be prevented under

the statute.” Trial Ct. Op. at 8. Viewing the evidence in “a light most favorable

to the verdict winner[,]” we reject Appellant’s assertion that her behavior was

a “‘spur-of-the moment’ threat made during a period of ‘transitory anger.’”

Kline, 201 A.3d at 1291-92; Von Evans, 168 A.3d at 983. Rather, in the

present case, Appellant first attempted to intimidate the victim from testifying

before the preliminary hearing. See N.T., Trial, at 27 (Appellant told

Complainant “I hope you don’t go to court on Monday.”). She then defied a

court-ordered “staggered release” after the hearing and screamed obscenities

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at Complainant in the courthouse, while Co-defendant, her sister, approached

Complainant, told her she “better drop the charges,” and “put her fists up and

said, when this is over she’s going to beat [Complainant] up[.]” Id. at 15,

18, 34, 40. Thus, Appellant’s actions, in concert with Co-defendant, were

sufficient to establish Appellant communicated to Complainant a threat to

commit a crime of violence with the intent to terrorize her. See Kline, 201

A.3d at 1291-92. Accordingly, no relief is warranted.

Because Appellant has failed to demonstrate the evidence was

insufficient to support her convictions, we affirm the judgment of sentence.

Judgment of sentence affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 11/17/2020

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