I-57 & Curtis, LLC v. Urbana & Champaign Sanitary District

FILED
2020 IL App (4th) 190850 August 26, 2020
Carla Bender
NO. 4-19-0850 4th District Appellate
Court, IL
IN THE APPELLATE COURT

OF ILLINOIS

FOURTH DISTRICT

I-57 AND CURTIS, LLC, a Florida Limited Liability ) Appeal from the
Company, ) Circuit Court of
Plaintiff-Appellant, ) Champaign County
v. ) No. 18MR867
THE URBANA AND CHAMPAIGN SANITARY )
DISTRICT, an Illinois Special District; THE CITY OF )
URBANA, an Illinois Body Politic and Corporate; )
)
THE CITY OF CHAMPAIGN, an Illinois Body Politic
)
and Corporate; THE VILLAGE OF SAVOY, an )
Illinois Body Politic and Corporate; and THE ) Honorable
VILLAGE OF BONDVILLE, an Illinois Body Politic ) Jason Matthew Bohm,
and Corporate, ) Judge Presiding.
Defendants-Appellees.

JUSTICE CAVANAGH delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Justices Knecht and Turner concurred in the judgment and opinion.

OPINION
¶1 Plaintiff, I-57 and Curtis, LLC, a Florida limited liability company, brought this

action against the Urbana and Champaign Sanitary District (Sanitary District), the City of

Champaign, and other municipal defendants, seeking to invalidate an intergovernmental contract

and some related ordinances. The contract, to which the Sanitary District and the municipal

defendants are signatories, governs annexations of territory to the Sanitary District and (by virtue

of such annexations) new connections to the sewer lines of the Sanitary District. Plaintiff considers

itself to be wronged by the contract and related ordinances in essentially two ways. First, as the

contract and an implementing ordinance require, the board of trustees of the Sanitary District
(Board) will allow plaintiff to annex its land to the Sanitary District and will allow plaintiff to

connect to a sewer line of the Sanitary District only if plaintiff enters into a municipal annexation

agreement with the City of Champaign—which plaintiff is unwilling to do because then the land

would be subject to the City of Champaign’s zoning regulations. Second, pursuant to an ordinance

of its own, the City of Champaign will approve the development of plaintiff’s land as a subdivision

(which would require connection to the sewer line of the Sanitary District) only if plaintiff enters

into a municipal annexation agreement with the City of Champaign.

¶2 Against this annexation leverage, the first amended complaint advances several

legal theories. Plaintiff claims that the intergovernmental contract is statutorily unauthorized, if

not positively forbidden by statutory law. Also, plaintiff claims that, by effectively stymieing the

development of plaintiff’s land, defendants have deprived plaintiff of a valuable property interest

without the due process of law. Finally, plaintiff claims that “coerced annexation” violates

plaintiff’s constitutional right to freely and voluntarily choose whether and how to participate in

the electoral process of municipal annexation. On those theories, the first amended complaint seeks

declaratory relief, damages, attorney fees, and injunctive relief.

¶3 After answering the first amended complaint, defendants moved for a judgment on

the pleadings. See 735 ILCS 5/2-615(e) (West 2018). The circuit court of Champaign County

granted the motion. Plaintiff appeals.

¶4 We have reviewed de novo (see Pekin Insurance Co. v. Wilson, 237 Ill. 2d 446, 455

(2010)) the uncontroverted well-pleaded facts in the first amended complaint (see Village of Worth

v. Hahn, 206 Ill. App. 3d 987, 990 (1990)), any fair and reasonable inferences that can be drawn

from those facts (see Wilson, 237 Ill. 2d at 455), the exhibits attached to the first amended

complaint (see State Farm Fire & Casualty Co. v. Young, 2012 IL App (1st) 103736, ¶ 11), the

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matters subject to judicial notice (see M.A.K. v. Rush-Presbyterian-St.-Luke’s Medical Center, 198

Ill. 2d 249, 255 (2001)), and the judicial admissions in the record (see id.). In our review, we find

no genuine issue of material fact, and we conclude that defendants are entitled to a judgment as a

matter of law. See Gillen v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co., 215 Ill. 2d 381, 385

(2005). Therefore, we affirm the judgment.

¶5 I. BACKGROUND

¶6 Boneyard Creek is about three miles long and runs through the cities of Champaign

and Urbana, Illinois, before flowing into the Saline Branch drainage ditch, north of downtown

Urbana. The creek drains the stormwater that runs off from Champaign and Urbana.

¶7 On January 31, 1949, the Sanitary District entered into an “indenture” (an archaic

word for a contract) in which the Sanitary District agreed to assume full responsibility for

Boneyard Creek. In re Saline Branch Drainage District, 172 Ill. App. 3d 574, 575 (1988). The

parties to this contract—let us call it “the Boneyard Indenture”—were the Sanitary District, the

Saline Branch Drainage District (Drainage District), the City of Urbana, and the City of

Champaign. Id. In the Boneyard Indenture, they “recognized the jurisdiction of the Sanitary

District over the Boneyard and its existing open tributaries, draining such lands, and over the

rights-of-way, improvements, drains[,] and drainage structures in the Boneyard.” Id.; see 70 ILCS

2405/7 (West 2018) (empowering the board of trustees of a sanitary district to “provide for the

drainage of such district by laying out, establishing, constructing[,] and maintaining one or more

channels *** for carrying off and disposing the drainage (including the sewage) of such district”).

The Sanitary District agreed to accept “ ‘full and complete responsibility for the improvements

and maintenance of the Boneyard and its existing open tributaries, and it [agreed] to provide and

keep in repair an adequate system of storm water drainage therein and to correct any sanitary and

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unhealthful conditions existing therein.’ ” In re Saline, 172 Ill. App. 3d at 575. The Drainage

District, for its part, agreed that lands lying within the boundaries of both the Drainage District

and the Sanitary District would be detached from the Drainage District and would cease to be

included in it. Id. at 576.

¶8 On March 16, 1992, the Sanitary District entered into another contract, this one

titled “Agreement re Boneyard Drainage District” (hereinafter, “Municipal Assumption

Agreement”). The contracting parties were the Sanitary District, the City of Champaign, and the

City of Urbana. In this contract, they acknowledged some persistent problems: pollutants still were

getting into Boneyard Creek, and the creek still was unable to handle all the stormwater from

Champaign and Urbana. Therefore, the City of Champaign and the City of Urbana wanted to take

over the management of these problems. To that end, the Sanitary District assigned to the City of

Champaign and the City of Urbana all of its rights and powers under the Boneyard Indenture, and

the City of Champaign and the City of Urbana assumed all of the duties of the Sanitary District

under the Boneyard Indenture. Within their respective geographical boundaries, the City of

Champaign and the City of Urbana agreed to take over, from the Sanitary District, full

responsibility for the improvement and maintenance of Boneyard Creek.

¶9 This municipal assumption of responsibility, however, was tied to another

agreement, which the Sanitary District executed at the same time:

“This [Municipal Assumption] Agreement is being executed concurrently with the

execution of a certain agreement entitled [‘]Agreement Concerning [S]anitary

[S]ewers[’] [(hereinafter, ‘Sewer Agreement’),] which is being executed by the

City of Champaign, City of Urbana, Village of Savoy, and [the] Sanitary District.

If a court of competent jurisdiction declares that the [Sewer] [A]greement ***, or

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 any provision therein, is invalid or otherwise unenforceable in whole or in part, or

declares this [Municipal Assumption] Agreement to be invalid or otherwise

unenforceable in whole or in part, the obligations of the Parties to this [Municipal

Assumption] Agreement shall forthwith cease and terminate at the date of the

exhaustion of the last appeal from such declaration of invalidity or

unenforceability.”

(Later, the Village of Bondville joined in the Sewer Agreement.) Thus, if the Sewer Agreement

were toppled in judicial proceedings, the Municipal Assumption Agreement would go down with

it, and there would be a return to the status quo ante: the Sanitary District once again would be

saddled with its obligations in the Boneyard Indenture.

¶ 10 The contractually indispensable Sewer Agreement was executed on March 16,

1992. Therein, the Sanitary District made the following promise (among others) to the City of

Champaign and the City of Urbana, referred to as the “Municipalities”:

“(b) New Sewer Connections. After the effective date of this [Sewer]

Agreement, the [Sanitary] District shall not allow any new sanitary sewer service

connections to Collector or Interceptor or District Approved Collector or Municipal

Approved Collector Sewers to serve properties outside of the Municipalities unless

the property to be served by such connection is the subject of a written annexation

or development agreement with the Municipality in whose Annexation Boundary

Limits the land to be served by the sewer lines, or the property is a lot within a

legally recorded final plat which plat has been approved by a Municipality prior to

the effective date of this Agreement.”

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That paragraph uses some technical terms. A “collector sewer” carries wastewater from a source

to an “interceptor sewer,” a larger sewer line that in turn carries the wastewater to the treatment

plant. The term “Annexation Boundary Limits” means “the annexation boundaries agreed to by

and between the Municipalities.” Thus, the Sanitary District agreed as follows in the Sewer

Agreement. From March 16, 1992, onward, the Sanitary District would not allow property outside

the cities of Champaign or Urbana to connect to its collector or interceptor sewers unless either of

two conditions were met: (1) the property was the subject of a written annexation agreement or

development agreement with the municipality within whose annexation boundary limits the

property was located or (2) when the Sewer Agreement was executed, the property already was a

lot in a legally recorded final plat approved by the municipality.

¶ 11 On or about March 1, 2011, pursuant to section 11-12-6 of the Illinois Municipal

Code (65 ILCS 5/11-12-6 (West 2010)), the City of Champaign adopted a comprehensive plan,

the “Champaign Tomorrow Comprehensive Plan.” Because of the City of Champaign’s adoption

of this comprehensive plan, section 11-12-5 of the Illinois Municipal Code (id. § 11-12-5) allowed

the City of Champaign to exercise subdivision control (not to be confused with zoning control)

over properties within one and a half miles outside its corporate boundaries, including plaintiff’s

property. The comprehensive plan contemplated the development of the area near the I-57 and

Curtis Road interchange, of which plaintiff’s property was a part.

¶ 12 In accordance with its comprehensive plan, the City of Champaign adopted

subdivision regulations, Chapter 31 of the City of Champaign’s municipal code (Champaign

Municipal Code § 31-101 et seq. (adopted Mar. 5, 2002)). Section 31-111 of the subdivision

regulations conditions subdivision plat approval on a municipal annexation agreement if the

subdivision would connect to the sewer system of the Sanitary District:

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 “A final plat shall not be approved where the approved engineering plans

provide for connection to any part of the sanitary sewer system of the City or the

*** Sanitary District, unless the land is within the City, or the owner of the

subdivision has submitted to the City a legally sufficient petition to annex, or the

City and owner have executed an Annexation Agreement.” Champaign Municipal

Code § 31-111 (amended Oct. 7, 2003) (hereinafter Subdivision Ordinance).

In its first amended complaint, plaintiff observes that any plat of subdivision for the development

of plaintiff’s property necessarily would contemplate a connection to the sewer system of the

Sanitary District. Consequently, before approving any final plat related to the property, the City of

Champaign, pursuant to its Subdivision Ordinance, would require plaintiff to sign an agreement to

annex the property to the City of Champaign. Plaintiff further notes, in the first amended

complaint, that annexing the property to the City of Champaign would cause a substitution in the

governing zoning regulations: whereas plaintiff’s property now is subject to the zoning regulations

of Champaign County, the property would become subject to the zoning regulations of the City of

Champaign. (More precisely, we note, the execution and adoption of a municipal annexation

agreement would immediately subject the property to the zoning regulations of the City of

Champaign, regardless of whether the property ultimately were annexed. See 65 ILCS 5/11-15.1-

1, 11-15.1-2.1(a) (West 2018).)

¶ 13 On December 12, 2012, to further strengthen the tie between Sanitary District

annexation and municipal annexation, the Sanitary District adopted its own ordinance providing

as follows:

“The [Sanitary] District shall not allow any new sanitary sewer service

connections to Collector or Interceptor Sewers to serve properties outside the

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 corporate limits of one of the municipalities located within the [Sanitary] District,

unless the property to be served by such connection is the subject of a written

Annexation, or Development Agreement, with the Municipality in whose

Annexation Boundary Limits the land to be served by the sewer [lines], or the

property is a lot within a legally-recorded final Plat, which Plat had been approved

by the Municipality prior to June 11, 1990.” Urbana & Champaign Sanitary District

Ordinance No. 678, § 210 (adopted Dec. 6, 2012) (hereinafter Sanitary District

Ordinance).

See also 70 ILCS 2405/4 (West 2010) (empowering the board of trustees of a sanitary district to

“pass all necessary ordinances *** for the proper management and conduct of the business of the

board and the corporation, and for carrying into effect the objects for which the sanitary district

was formed”).

Thus, both the City of Champaign and the Sanitary District have adopted ordinances calculated to

give their Sewer Agreement the force of law.

¶ 14 On June 19, 2018, Peter Creighton, plaintiff’s managing director, petitioned the

Board of the Sanitary District to annex to the Sanitary District the land in question: about 99.136

acres at the northeast quadrant of Interstate 57 and Curtis Road, in unincorporated Champaign

County. See 70 ILCS 2405/23.4 (West 2018). Because the land was larger than 60 acres and was

not “wholly bounded” in the manner described by section 7-1-13 of the Illinois Municipal Code

(65 ILCS 5/7-1-13 (West 2018)), the land was ineligible for unilateral annexation to the City of

Champaign, that is, annexation by the City of Champaign without plaintiff’s consent. But,

notwithstanding the unfulfilled conditions of section 7-1-13, the land could be annexed to the City

of Champaign by agreement. See id. § 11-15.1-1.

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¶ 15 The Sanitary District put plaintiff’s petition on the agenda for the board meeting

scheduled for July 5, 2018. In that meeting, the proposed annexation of plaintiff’s property to the

Sanitary District was discussed. It appears, however, from the minutes of the meeting, that the

Board neither approved nor denied plaintiff’s petition.

¶ 16 On July 18, 2018, the executive director of the Sanitary District, Rick Manner, sent

an e-mail to plaintiff’s engineer, Chris Billing, the vice president of Berns, Clancy and Associates,

P.C. In the e-mail, Manner advised Billing that the lack of annexation to the City of Champaign

prevented the property from being developed with sewer service provided by the Sanitary District.

¶ 17 Later that same day, counsel for plaintiff, Patrick T. Fitzgerald, e-mailed counsel

for the Sanitary District, Mike McCormick, asking: “Is Peter Creighton’s entering into an

annexation agreement with the City of Champaign a condition precedent to his annexing to the

[Sanitary District], accessing sanitary sewer service[,] or both?” McCormick replied:

“Our concern is that Mr. Creighton understand and agree that no service can be

provided and no connection can be made until a development agreement or an

annexation agreement with the City is entered into. I don’t think there is a problem

with annexing so long as we are in agreement relating the property not being able

to connect until such an agreement with the City is established. I thought we might

enter into a very short annexation agreement memorializing this.”

¶ 18 Also on July 18, 2018, McCormick e-mailed Billing as follows:

“There is an outstanding issue regarding annexation into [the Sanitary

District]. We have been in contact with Mr. Creighton’s attorney, Pat Fitzgerald.

We have been waiting some feedback regarding Mr. Creighton’s willingness to

annex into the City of Champaign.

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 While Mr. Creighton has petitioned to annex into [the Sanitary District], my

understanding is that he has not made any arrangements to annex into the City of

Champaign. If [Berns, Clancy and Associates, P.C.,] has been involved in anything

to facilitate that annexation, please let us know[,] as that could restart the process

for [the Sanitary District’s] annexation.

As you are probably aware, the [Sewer] Agreement *** contains a

prohibition of [the Sanitary District’s] issuing connection permits or extending

sewers without an annexation or development agreement approved by the City.

So[,] the lack of annexation into the City is a serious concern that would prevent

development of the site with sewers and thereby what is possible for the site.”

¶ 19 On August 30, 2018, Manner wrote a memorandum to the Board of the Sanitary

District regarding the petitioned-for annexation of the land to the Sanitary District. It was Manner’s

understanding that Creighton, “the property owner,” “was not at all interested in annexing into the

City of Champaign,” even though the Sewer Agreement “prevented [the Sanitary District] from

approving sewer extensions or connections to many unincorporated subdivisions.” Manner had

conferred with the Board’s counsel, McCormick, who had explained to Manner that, although most

annexations to the Sanitary District went forward without question, the Board “still ha[d] a choice

regarding annexations.” In McCormick’s opinion, the Board had “complete freedom to either

annex, or not, based upon what the Board fe[lt] [was] in the best interest of the [Sanitary District].”

For example, “the Board ha[d] the option to reject annexing any parcel that [did not] already

conform to the [Sewer] Agreement.” After talking with McCormick, Manner had “confirmed with

the Board that[,] if the [Sewer] Agreement’s restrictions were somehow removed, *** there was

general concurrence that staff should intend to follow the [Sewer] Agreement’s restrictions,

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regardless of the legal standing of the agreement itself.” In other words, even if, for whatever

reason, the Sewer Agreement were not legally binding on the Board, the Board was of the view

that the Sewer Agreement was good policy that still should be followed.

¶ 20 After informing the Board of Creighton’s objection to submitting the land to the

jurisdiction of the City of Champaign, Manner suggested that “[n]o action [was] required” of the

Board at this time. Instead, he passed along McCormick’s recommendation that the staff negotiate

a sewer annexation agreement with Creighton:

“With these unique facts surrounding this request, Mike McCormick feels

it is prudent to negotiate an Annexation Agreement for this parcel with the owner.

The Annexation Agreement will explicitly review the development restrictions in

the [Sewer] Agreement and obtain a commitment that the owner will annex into

Champaign before requesting sewer service from [the Sanitary District]. This will

also allow [the Sanitary District] staff to proceed with the annexation, giving

everybody a path forward to turn this into a normal development. Staff agrees with

this approach.

***

There will be no need for action by the Board until a draft Annexation

Agreement is written and available for consideration—this will not occur until the

October Board Meeting or later.”

¶ 21 Afterward, the Sanitary District tendered to plaintiff a proposed annexation

agreement between plaintiff and the Sanitary District. Therein, plaintiff would agree, among other

things, “not to make an application to connect to sanitary sewer until an annexation agreement or

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development agreement with the City of Champaign ha[d] been signed and approved.” Also, in

the proposed agreement, plaintiff would acknowledge that,

“pursuant to the [Sewer] Agreement, the Sanitary District shall not connect the

Property to sanitary sewer nor will the Sanitary District provide sanitary sewer

services to the Property until such time as Plaintiff has entered into an Annexation

Agreement or a Development Agreement with the City of Champaign as

contemplated by the [Sewer] Agreement.”

(We quote here from the first amended complaint.)

¶ 22 According to the first amended complaint, “[p]laintiff negotiated in good faith to

voluntarily annex into the City of Champaign for two years, despite that [p]laintiff [was] not

required by law to do so.” But “[t]he City of Champaign unilaterally ended the negotiations with

[p]laintiff, thereby eliminating [p]laintiff’s ability to voluntarily annex into the City of

Champaign.”

¶ 23 To substantiate that allegation, plaintiff has attached to the first amended complaint

an e-mail of January 10, 2018, from Robert Kowalski, the assistant director of the Planning and

Development Department of the City of Champaign, to Fitzgerald and Creighton. The e-mail from

Kowalski reads as follows: “I should have added in my previous emails that it is the consensus of

our Staff that this draft agreement is as far as Staff can go in supporting flexibility from existing

regulations/practices—especially as it pertains to access and zoning. We can support processing

this agreement but cannot support further negotiating the terms. Thank you.” (The draft agreement

to which Kowalski refers does not appear to be attached to, or substantively described in, the first

amended complaint. Apparently, it was a proposed agreement drafted by the City of Champaign,

as distinct from the proposed agreement drafted by the Sanitary District. That is to say, there was

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a proposed municipal annexation agreement, as well as a proposed agreement for annexation to

the Sanitary District.) Plaintiff alleges: “Since the January 10, 2018[,] e[-]mail, no further

negotiations between [p]laintiff and the City of Champaign have taken place.”

¶ 24 Not only that, but “[t]he Sanitary District refused to take further action on

[p]laintiff’s request for annexation into the Sanitary District without [p]laintiff[’s] entering into an

agreement with the City of Champaign.” It seems, then, that plaintiff and the City of Champaign

are at an impasse—and that plaintiff and the Sanitary District, therefore, are at an impasse.

¶ 25 By this litigation, plaintiff seeks to break the impasse. Count I of the first amended

complaint seeks a declaratory judgment against defendants that the Sewer Agreement is “invalid

and unenforceable insofar as it prohibits any new connection prior to an annexation, an annexation

agreement, or a development agreement with a municipality.”

¶ 26 Count II seeks a declaratory judgment against two of the defendants, the City of

Champaign and the Sanitary District, that the Sewer Agreement is, to repeat the language from

count I, “invalid and unenforceable insofar as it prohibits any new connection prior to annexation,

an annexation agreement, or a development agreement with a municipality.”

¶ 27 Count III seeks a declaratory judgment against the Sanitary District that the

Sanitary District Ordinance “is invalid and unenforceable insofar as it conflicts with the Sanitary

District Act of 1917 [(Sanitary Act) (70 ILCS 2405/0.1 et seq. (West 2018))] and constitutes an

unauthorized transfer of the Sanitary District’s power to select who can connect to the Sanitary

District’s sewers to the City of Champaign because it prohibits any new connection prior to

annexation, an annexation agreement, or a development agreement with a municipality.”

¶ 28 Count IV seeks a declaratory judgment against the City of Champaign that “the

Subdivision Ordinance [is] invalid and unenforceable in so far as it requires annexation, an

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annexation agreement, or a development agreement with a municipality prior to final plat approval

of any plat where the approved engineering plans provide for connection to any part of the sanitary

sewer system of the City of Champaign or the Sanitary District.”

¶ 29 Count V seeks a declaratory judgment against the City of Champaign and the

Sanitary District that the Sewer Agreement, the Sanitary District Ordinance, and the Subdivision

Ordinance are “invalid and unenforceable in so far as they, individually and collectively,

improperly coerce [p]laintiff to annex into the City of Champaign or enter into an annexation or a

development agreement with the City of Champaign in order to receive sanitary service.”

¶ 30 On a theory of “substantive due process,” count VI seeks from the City of

Champaign and the Sanitary District compensatory damages, punitive damages, and attorney fees.

Also, this count seeks “an order permanently enjoining the [d]efendants from requiring annexation,

an annexation agreement or final plat approval which is contingent on annexation prior to approval

of connection to the Sanitary District’s sewers.”

¶ 31 Count VII seeks “an order permanently enjoining [d]efendants from conditioning

any sewer connection with the Sanitary District, including those tributary to the Sanitary District,

upon annexation, an annexation agreement[,] or development agreement with the City of

Champaign or the other municipal [d]efendants, and for such other relief as the court deems

appropriate.”

¶ 32 II. ANALYSIS

¶ 33 A. The Power of the Contracting Parties to Enter Into the Sewer Agreement

¶ 34 Plaintiff claims that the Sewer Agreement is illegal under section 3 of the

Intergovernmental Cooperation Act (5 ILCS 220/3 (West 2018)), which provides as follows: “Any

power or powers, privileges, functions, or authority exercised or which may be exercised by a

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public agency of this State may be exercised, combined, transferred, and enjoyed jointly with any

other public agency of this State *** except where specifically and expressly prohibited by law.”

By plaintiff’s reasoning, because the Sewer Agreement prohibits any new sewer connection

permits for unincorporated land prior to the forging of an annexation agreement between the

landowner and the municipality, the Sewer Agreement effectively transfers to the municipality the

power to rule on petitions for annexation to the Sanitary District—a power that section 23.4 of the

Sanitary Act (70 ILCS 2405/23.4 (West 2018)) bestows only upon the Board of the Sanitary

District. Such a transfer of power, plaintiff argues, is unauthorized by section 3 of the

Intergovernmental Cooperation Act, which allows power to be transferred from one unit of local

government to another only on condition that the transfer is not “specifically and expressly

prohibited by law.” 5 ILCS 220/3 (West 2018).

¶ 35 Contrary to plaintiff’s contention, the Sewer Agreement transfers no power from

the Sanitary District to the City of Champaign. The Board of the Sanitary District retains its

statutory power to approve or deny plaintiff’s petition for the annexation of territory to the Sanitary

District. See 70 ILCS 2405/23.4 (West 2018). The City of Champaign cannot exercise that power.

¶ 36 Granted, the Sewer Agreement contractually bars the Board from approving

plaintiff’s petition unless plaintiff and the City of Champaign agree to the annexation of plaintiff’s

land to the City of Champaign. It takes two, however, to make such an agreement—the City of

Champaign and plaintiff—and plaintiff can stymie the contractual negotiations just as the City of

Champaign can. And yet plaintiff does not contend that the Board has transferred its power to

plaintiff. The Board has transferred its power to no one. By making its decision partly contingent

on the contractual negotiations between plaintiff and the City of Champaign, the Board has not

relinquished its power under section 23.4 (id.) to vote aye or nay on plaintiff’s petition. Regardless

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of the reasons or constraints that will drive the voting, it still will be the Board that votes, not the

City of Champaign. And even if plaintiff and the City of Champaign succeed in concluding a

municipal annexation agreement, the Board may nevertheless deny plaintiff’s petition for other

reasons. The Board retains its power under section 23.4. No one but the Board members will vote

on plaintiff’s petition.

¶ 37 This is not to deny that the Sanitary District and the City of Champaign have entered

into an intergovernmental contract that can force the Board’s hand when it considers a petition for

annexation to the Sanitary District. See 5 ILCS 220/5 (West 2018) (intergovernmental contracts).

But a forcing of the hand is what contracts are all about. See Polytechnical Consultants v. Lind

Plastic Products, Inc., 82 Ill. App. 3d 472, 474 (1980) (defining a contract as “an agreement

between competent parties, based upon sufficient consideration, to do or to refrain from doing a

particular thing [citation], for the breach of which the law gives a remedy”). Through an

intergovernmental contract, one unit of local government, A, can bind another unit of local

government, B, to exercise B’s statutory power in a certain way even though A itself lacks the

statutory power that B binds itself to exercise in a certain way. For an illustration of this truth, we

need look no further than a case that plaintiff cites, Rajterowski v. City of Sycamore, 405 Ill. App.

3d 1086 (2010).

¶ 38 Here are the facts in Rajterowski. A referendum was passed authorizing the City of

Sycamore, Illinois, a home rule municipality, to impose a tax on real property transferred within

its municipal boundaries. Id. at 1090. Accordingly, the city adopted an ordinance establishing the

transfer tax. Id. The purpose of the ordinance was to create a new source of funding for Sycamore

Community Unit School District No. 427. Id. An intergovernmental contract between the city and

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the school district described how the transfer-tax revenues, minus the city’s administrative

expenses, would be calculated and provided to the school district. Id.

¶ 39 The plaintiffs in Rajterowski were home buyers in the city who had incurred the

transfer tax. Id. at 1091. Count V of their complaint challenged the school district’s authority to

enter into an intergovernmental contract whereby the city would collect a transfer tax and give the

tax revenues to the school district. Id. at 1118. In support of their claim that the circuit court had

erred by dismissing count V as legally insufficient (see id. at 1091), the plaintiffs made the

following argument to the appellate court. Under section 17-2 of the School Code (105 ILCS

5/17-2 (West 2008)), the school district had authority to levy only ad valorem (translated as

“according to value”) taxes on real property. Rajterowski, 405 Ill. App. 3d at 1118. Therefore, the

plaintiffs argued, the school district, a non-home-rule entity, lacked the statutory authority to

impose a transfer tax, either directly or through the city, or to receive transfer tax revenues from

the city. Id. at 1119.

¶ 40 Much like plaintiffs in the present case, the plaintiffs in Rajterowski sprinkled their

argument with citations to Attorney General opinions to the effect that “non-home-rule entities

may not, by entering into intergovernmental agreements, circumvent statutory requirements or

limitations.” Id. Or, as one Attorney General opinion put it: “ ‘[T]he Intergovernmental

Cooperation section of the Constitution [(Ill. Const. 1970, art. VII, § 10)] and its statutory

counterpart, the Intergovernmental Cooperation Act [(5 ILCS 220/1 et seq. (West 2004))], are not

grants of authority to undertake jointly functions that the cooperating entities cannot undertake

individually.’ ” Rajterowski, 405 Ill. App. 3d at 1119 (quoting 2005 Ill. Att’y Gen. Op. No. 05-010,

https://illinoisattorneygeneral.gov/opinions/2005/05-010.pdf [https://perma.cc/M39P-X2GP]).

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¶ 41 The appellate court found the Attorney General opinions to be well-reasoned (id.

at 1120) but inapposite (see id. at 1123). While it was true that the school district lacked authority

to impose a transfer tax, it was the city and not the school district that imposed the transfer tax—

and it was undisputed that the city could impose a transfer tax. See id. at 1123. Thus, no statutory

limitation was circumvented. See id. The city, as opposed to the school district, had the

constitutional and statutory authority to impose the transfer tax. Id. at 1092-93. And none of the

School Code provisions upon which the plaintiffs relied forbade a school district to receive transfer

tax revenues from the city. Id. at 1123.

¶ 42 Likewise, in the present case, plaintiffs fail to identify any statutory requirement or

limitation that the Sewer Agreement circumvents. Specifically, plaintiffs fail to identify any power

the contracting parties are expected to exercise under the Sewer Agreement that they would lack

the authority to exercise apart from the Sewer Agreement. This point is driven home by the

consensus of the Board of the Sanitary District that the Sewer Agreement should continue to be

followed even if it were judicially invalidated. The Board of the Sanitary District has the statutory

power to approve or deny petitions for annexation to the Sanitary District, and the Board, freely

and on its own initiative, can make the presence or absence of a municipal annexation agreement

the deciding factor. See 70 ILCS 2405/23.4 (West 2018). “Any *** powers, *** functions, or

authority *** which may be exercised by a public agency of this State may be exercised, combined,

*** and enjoyed jointly with any other public agency of this State *** except where specifically

and expressly prohibited by law.” 5 ILCS 220/3 (West 2018); see also Ill. Const. 1970, art. VII,

§ 10(a) (providing that “[u]nits of local government *** may contract *** among themselves ***

to exercise *** any power or function, in any manner not prohibited by law or by ordinance”). We

are unaware of any law “specifically and expressly prohibit[ing]” the Board of the Sanitary District

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from conditioning its approval of a petition for annexation to the Sanitary District upon the

petitioner’s entering into a municipal annexation agreement, as the Sewer Agreement requires. 5

ILCS 220/3 (West 2018). The Board will exercise its statutory power in a certain way, as it agreed

to do in its intergovernmental contract with the City of Champaign and the City of Urbana, just as

Sycamore exercised its statutory power in a certain way, as it agreed to do in its intergovernmental

contract with the school district. That does not mean that the City of Champaign itself will vote on

plaintiff’s petition for annexation to the Sanitary District any more than the school district itself

imposed the transfer tax. Therefore, on the authority of Rajterowski, 405 Ill. App. 3d at 1123, we

reject plaintiff’s challenge to the validity of the Sewer Agreement.

¶ 43 B. The Board’s Power to Require Plaintiff to Enter Into an Annexation Agreement
With the City of Champaign as a Condition of Granting Plaintiff’s Petition for Annexation
to the Sanitary District

¶ 44 The Sanitary District, plaintiff observes, is not a home rule unit of government. See

Ill. Const. 1970, art. VII, § 6. Therefore, the Sanitary District “may exercise only those powers

granted to [it] by the constitution or by statute, together with such implied powers as are essential,

not merely convenient, to carry out their express powers.” Rajterowski, 405 Ill. App. 3d at 1121.

Special districts, such as the Sanitary District, “are creations of the legislature *** and their powers

are not to be enlarged by construction.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Baker v. Forest

Preserve District of Cook County, 2015 IL App (1st) 141157, ¶ 39. Plaintiff asserts that the

Sanitary District lacks “express authority anywhere in its enacting statutes to withhold services

based upon the jurisdiction, whether county or municipal, of the property to be served.”

¶ 45 We disagree. The express authority is in section 17 of the Sanitary Act, which

provides as follows: “Any district formed hereunder shall have the right to permit territory lying

outside its limits *** to drain into and use any channel or drain made by it, upon such *** terms

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and conditions as may be mutually agreed upon ***.” (Emphasis added.) 70 ILCS 2405/17 (West

2018). Section 17 places no limits upon the terms or conditions for connection to the sanitary

district.

¶ 46 Nor does section 23.4 of the Sanitary Act prescribe or limit any conditions on the

denial of a petition for annexation to the Sanitary District:

Ҥ 23.4. Any territory which is not within the corporate limits of any

sanitary district but which is contiguous to a sanitary district and which territory

has no electors residing therein; or any such territory with electors residing thereon;

may be annexed to the sanitary district in the following manner: a written petition

signed by the owners of record of all land within such territory, or if such territory

is occupied, by the owners of record and by all electors residing thereon, shall be

filed with the clerk of the sanitary district, which petition shall request annexation

and shall state that no electors reside thereon (or that all such electors residing

thereon join in the petition, whichever shall be the case) and shall be under oath.

The board of trustees of the sanitary district to which annexation is sought shall

then consider the question of the annexation of the described territory. A two-thirds

vote of the board of trustees is required to annex. A copy of the ordinance annexing

the territory together with an accurate map of the annexed territory, certified as

correct by the Clerk of the District, shall be filed with the County Clerk of the

county in which the annexed territory is located.” Id. § 23.4.

¶ 47 Thus, section 23.4 specifies conditions in which territory may be annexed to the

sanitary district, as follows: the territory is contiguous to the sanitary district and a sworn petition

for annexation signed by all the owners of the territory and the resident electors, if any, has been

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filed with the clerk of the sanitary district. Id. Other than those minimal conditions for considering

the question of annexing the territory to the sanitary district, section 23.4 leaves the discretion of

the board of trustees untrammeled. See Krautsack v. Anderson, 223 Ill. 2d 541, 554 (2006)

(remarking that “the word ‘may’ ordinarily connotes discretion”). (At some places in the record,

there is a discussion of annexation to the Sanitary District, and at other places in the record, there

is a discussion of being allowed to connect to the sewer. By our understanding, annexation to the

Sanitary District is a precondition of being allowed to connect to the interceptor sewer of the

Sanitary District. Even after annexation, the landowner still must meet the technical requirements

for connection, whereupon the landowner is issued a connection permit.) Section 23.4 has nothing

to say about when the Board must approve a petition for annexation to the Sanitary District and

when the Board must deny the petition. It is entirely up to the Board—which, therefore, may

rationally decide that a certain class of petitions should be, in the best interest of the public, denied.

Once the conditions for consideration of the petition are met, there are no statutory curbs on the

Board’s discretion. See 70 ILCS 2405/23.4 (West 2018). From that point on, the text of section

23.4 is wide open.

¶ 48 A case that plaintiff cites reminds us that “[a] court may not add provisions that are

not found in a statute, nor may it depart from a statute’s plain language by reading into the

law exceptions, limitations, or conditions that the legislature did not express.” (Internal quotation

marks omitted.) Baker, 2015 IL App (1st) 141157, ¶ 39. Section 23.4 places no exception,

limitation, or condition on the power of the board of trustees to deny a petition for annexation to

the sanitary district. Nowhere does section 23.4 say that the Board is forbidden to deny the petition

on the ground that the territory is outside the boundaries of a municipality. Instead, once the

minimal conditions in section 23.4 are met, that section gives the Board the absolute discretion to

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approve or deny a petition for annexation to the sanitary district—for any reason that seems fitting

to the Board. See 70 ILCS 2405/23.4 (West 2018).

¶ 49 Looking beyond section 23.4, we find no statutory provision that limits or qualifies

this absolute discretion. Section 7-1-13 of the Illinois Municipal Code (65 ILCS 5/7-1-13 (West

2018)) does not do so. Essentially, all that section says is that unincorporated territory containing

60 acres or less that is “wholly bounded” as described in that section “may be annexed by any

municipality by which it is bounded in whole or in part, by the passage of an ordinance to that

effect after notice is given.” (Emphasis added.) Id. Section 7-1-13 has nothing to say, however,

about annexing territory to a sanitary district. See id.

¶ 50 In sum, then, we reject plaintiff’s claim that the Board of the Sanitary District lacks

statutory power to condition the approval of plaintiff’s petition for annexation to the Sanitary

District on plaintiff’s entering into a municipal annexation agreement with the City of Champaign.

Once the prerequisites for consideration are met, section 23.4 gives the Board the unqualified

discretionary power to approve or deny plaintiff’s petition.

¶ 51 Plaintiff might think that the Sewer Agreement is unfairly coercive to developers

and ill-advised as public policy. But the reason for denying a petition is not to be confused with

the power to deny the petition. “[T]he power to decide carries with it the power to decide wrong[ly]

as well as to decide right[ly].” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Steinbrecher v. Steinbrecher,

197 Ill. 2d 514, 532 (2001). In its open-ended statutory discretion (see 70 ILCS 2405/23.4 (West

2018)), the Board of the Sanitary District has the power to refuse the annexation of unincorporated

territory to the Sanitary District unless the territory is the subject of an annexation agreement with

the City of Urbana or the City of Champaign.

¶ 52 C. An Alleged Subterfuge or Circumvention of Section 7-1-13

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¶ 53 Plaintiff contends that, by “[b]locking access to the Sanitary District sewer unless

the [p]laintiff annexes the [p]roperty into the City of Champaign,” defendants perpetrate “a mere

subterfuge to allow the City of Champaign to force annexation” in circumvention of section 7-1-13

of the Illinois Municipal Code (65 ILCS 5/7-1-13 (West 2018)). Plaintiff quotes from Chicago

Title Land Trust Co. v. County of Will, 2018 IL App (3d) 160713, ¶ 34: “[C]ourts have scrutinized

the sometimes creative attempts of municipalities to annex property, particularly where th[o]se

attempts are merely a subterfuge to reach outlying areas.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.)

¶ 54 A “subterfuge,” though, is a “deception by artifice or stratagem in order to conceal,

escape, or evade.” Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, https://www.merriam-

webster.com/dictionary/subterfuge (last visited Aug. 18, 2020) [https://perma.cc/XD9M-UN7Z].

We do not see how the present case involved any deception. In their correspondence with plaintiff,

the City of Champaign and the Sanitary District never gave any reasons that were pretextual.

Annexation (or connection) to the Sanitary District was stalled because of the lack of a municipal

annexation agreement. Subdivision approval was stalled for the same reason. There was no

different reason that the stated reason concealed.

¶ 55 By contrast, in Chicago Title, 2018 IL App (3d) 160713, ¶ 42, the appellate court

found deception. The village in that case talked Commonwealth Edison (ComEd) into voluntarily

annexing its land to the village so that other properties would become contiguous to the village,

thereby enabling the village to annex those other properties unilaterally. Id. ¶¶ 6-7. The majority

in Chicago Title found some “unusual” and “curious” features in the annexation agreement

between the village and ComEd. Id. ¶ 39. The village promised, for example, not to tax ComEd

and not to enforce its zoning requirements and other regulations against ComEd. Id. Also, the

village promised to allow ComEd to disconnect from the village within one year or even within

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six months if the annexation of the other property fell through. Id. The majority concluded that the

voluntary annexation of ComEd’s property was “a sham transaction,” a trick, and a counterfeit

transaction that was practically devoid of substance. Id. ¶ 42. It was a subterfuge having no purpose

other than to enable the village to reach the other property. Id. Consequently, the majority in

Chicago Title chose to “ignore this sham transaction and conclude[d] that the [other] property was

not ‘wholly bounded’ by one more or more municipalities, as required by section 7-1-13 of the

[Illinois] Municipal Code [(65 ILCS 5/7-1-13 (West 2016))].” Chicago Title, 2018 IL App (3d)

160713, ¶ 42. It followed that the village lacked statutory authority to unilaterally annex the other

property, or so the majority held. Id.

¶ 56 Justice Holdridge dissented. He argued that, in assessing the validity of an

annexation, the reviewing court’s sole concern should be whether the procedures in the Illinois

Municipal Code were followed. Id. ¶ 52 (Holdridge, J., dissenting). If the landowner submitted to

the annexation knowingly and voluntarily, it was, in Justice Holdridge’s view, “of no legal

significance” that the municipality had “instigated or encouraged” the landowner to submit to the

annexation. Id. ¶ 55. The promises the village had made in the annexation agreement with ComEd

were explicitly authorized by statutory law. Id. ¶ 56. Far from engaging in “trickery, manipulation,

fraud, concealment, or subterfuge,” the village had “acted transparently and [had] complied with

all applicable statutory requirements.” Id. ¶ 58.

¶ 57 Assuming that the majority in Chicago Title was right—assuming that the village

in that case had engaged in deception or subterfuge to circumvent section 7-1-13 of the Illinois

Municipal Code—the present case is different. We see no subterfuge by the Sanitary District and

the City of Champaign to circumvent section 7-1-13 (65 ILCS 5/7-1-13 (West 2018)).

Notwithstanding the requirements that section 7-1-13 imposes for unilateral annexation, any “land

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in unincorporated territory,” contiguous or not, can be the subject of an annexation agreement

between the record owners of the land and a municipality. Id. § 11-15.1-1. Using section 11-15.1-

1 is not a circumvention of section 7-1-13.

¶ 58 Plaintiff argues, however, that, if plaintiff entered into a municipal annexation

agreement with the City of Champaign on pain of being denied access to the sewer system of the

Sanitary District—access that would be indispensable to developing the property—the annexation

agreement would not be truly voluntary. Instead, the annexation would be, in plaintiff’s view, a

“force[d] annexation of the [p]roperty in violation of [section] 7-1-13.” But if a landowner and a

municipality proceed under section 11-15.1-1, section 7-1-13 is inapplicable. Being inapplicable,

section 7-1-13 could not be circumvented. And as for section 11-15.1-1, it has nothing to say about

“forced annexations.”

¶ 59 Again, we must not “depart from a statute’s plain language by reading into

[it] exceptions, limitations, or conditions” that lack a basis in the statutory text. (Internal quotation

marks omitted.) Baker, 2015 IL App (1st) 141157, ¶ 39. Section 11-15.1-1 provides that “[t]he

corporate authorities of any municipality may enter into an annexation agreement with one or more

of the owners of record of land in unincorporated territory”—period. 65 ILCS 5/11-15.1-1 (West

2018). The statute does not condition that authority on the agreement’s being unmotivated by

economic incentives or annexation leverage. As Justice Holdridge notes in his dissent in Chicago

Title, “[t]he intentions of the parties to an annexation agreement (i.e., a municipality’s reasons for

encouraging the annexation and a landowner’s reasons for filing an annexation petition) are legally

irrelevant.” (Emphasis in original.) Chicago Title, 2018 IL App (3d) 160713, ¶ 55 (Holdridge, J.,

dissenting). He is right.

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¶ 60 To be sure, in a case on which plaintiff relies, Austin Bank of Chicago v. Village of

Barrington Hills, 396 Ill. App. 3d 1 (2009), the courts took account of the municipality’s reason

for retaining two narrow strips of land on its eastern boundary when granting a disconnection. The

true reason—an impermissible one, the appellate court agreed—was to prevent a further

disconnection of territory. But the disconnection statute, section 7-3-6 of the Illinois Municipal

Code (65 ILCS 5/7-3-6 (West 2006)) drove the analysis in Austin Bank, whereas the present case

has nothing to do with the disconnection statute.

¶ 61 In Austin Bank, there were two petitions for the disconnection of territory from the

village: an initial petition to disconnect 45 acres and a subsequent petition to disconnect 145 acres.

In the first petition, a developer petitioned for the disconnection of a 45-acre parcel from the

village. Austin Bank, 396 Ill. App. 3d at 2. The village granted the requested disconnection by

passing an ordinance—except that the ordinance retained, within the village’s jurisdiction, two

narrow “ ‘barrier parcels,’ ” as the parties to the litigation called them. Id. In the circuit court, the

village insisted that its reason for retaining these two strips of land was stormwater management.

Id. at 4. The circuit court was unconvinced. It found that the real reason why the village had

retained the barrier parcels was to prevent a disconnection of a 145-acre tract farther to the west,

beyond the barrier parcels. Id. at 6. Under the disconnection statute, disconnection of territory was

impermissible if it would cause one part of the municipality to become isolated from another part

of the municipality. See 65 ILCS 5/7-3-6(3) (West 2006). Thanks to the village’s retention of the

barrier parcels, disconnection of the 145 acres farther to the west would have been, under the

black-and-white terms of section 7-3-6(3), impermissible because such a disconnection would

have left the barrier parcels isolated from the rest of the village.

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¶ 62 Even so, a bank petitioned for the disconnection of the 145 acres, characterizing the

village’s decision to retain jurisdiction over the barrier parcels as “ ‘arbitrary, capricious, and a

sham.’ ” Austin Bank, 396 Ill. App. 3d at 5. The circuit court agreed with that characterization: the

retention of the barrier parcels was “ ‘a sham or subterfuge’ ” by the village to prevent the

disconnection of the 145 acres to the west. Id. at 6. Therefore, declining to recognize the barrier

parcels, the circuit court granted the bank’s petition to disconnect the 145 acres. Id. The village

appealed. Id.

¶ 63 The appellate court acknowledged that “disconnection of the subject property

would isolate the barrier parcels.” Id. at 9. The disconnection statute clearly stipulated that

disconnecting territory from a municipality was allowed only if the disconnection would “not

result in the isolation of any part of the municipality from the remainder of the municipality.” 65

ILCS 5/7-3-6(3) (West 2006). Nevertheless, the appellate court reasoned, if “a literal interpretation

of a particular clause would defeat the [legislature’s] obvious intent” and inflict a “great injustice”

that the legislature could not possibly have contemplated, the statute should not be interpreted (or

applied) according to its literal terms. (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Austin Bank, 396 Ill.

App. 3d at 9. “The legislature intended section 7-3-6 to liberally permit disconnection absent a

hardship or impairment to the municipality.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id. The appellate

court deferred to the circuit court’s factual finding that “the isolation of the barrier parcels was the

result of a legal gimmick by the [v]illage to improperly defeat [the bank’s] disconnection petition.”

Id. at 14. Countenancing such a gimmick would have been inconsistent with a liberal construction

of section 7-3-6. See id. at 9-10. Not only that, but the village was unable to show any hardship or

impairment that would result from the disconnection of the 145 acres. Id. at 13. Therefore, the

appellate court affirmed the circuit court’s judgment in the bank’s favor. Id. at 14.

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¶ 64 For two reasons, we are unconvinced that Austin Bank would justify a reversal of

the circuit court’s judgment in the present case.

¶ 65 First, whereas the village in Austin Bank had engaged in a sham or subterfuge,

defendants in the present case are innocent of any such wrongdoing. As far as we can see, they

have never misrepresented their reasons or intentions. They have been up front about their

objectives. Plaintiff argues in its brief: “The City of Champaign expressly acknowledges that it

desires to zone and tax the Property, and Sanitary District services will be withheld to further that

objective. [Citation.] This is a transparent and unlawful attempt to conduct an end run around the

prohibition on extraterritorial zoning ***.” Thus, the City of Champaign expressly and

transparently acknowledges its objectives of zoning and taxing plaintiff’s land. Also, the City of

Champaign expressly and transparently acknowledges its use of the annexation leverage in its

Subdivision Ordinance to achieve those objectives. Whatever criticisms could be leveled against

the City of Champaign, pretense or deceit would not be among them.

¶ 66 Second, in Austin Bank, the appellate court rejected a “ ‘black-and-white’ or literal

interpretation of the statute.” Id. at 9. We agree that, sometimes, following the literal terms of a

statute would frustrate the legislative intent that is evident in the statute. But courts must be very

careful about departing from the unambiguous language of a statute in the name of avoiding

“injustice,” “absurdity,” or supposed offenses against “common sense.” That sort of logic is

perilous. It can easily turn into a rationalization for a judicial rewriting of the statute:

“[T]o maintain the separation of the legislative and judicial branches and avoid

compromising our fidelity to the text, we should be extremely reluctant to

second-guess the clear language of legislation ***. [Citation.] Whenever a court

disregards the clear language of legislation in the name of ‘avoiding absurdity,’ it

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 runs the risk of implementing its own notions of optimal public policy and

effectively becoming a legislature. Interpreting legislation to mean something other

than what it clearly says is a measure of last resort, to avoid ‘great injustice’ or an

outcome that could be characterized, without exaggeration, as an absurdity and an

utter frustration of the apparent purpose of the legislation. [Citation.]” (Internal

quotation marks omitted.) Illinois State Treasurer v. Illinois Workers’

Compensation Comm’n, 2015 IL 117418, ¶ 39.

¶ 67 We see no compelling reason to depart from the plain terms of the governing

statutes in this case. We decline to effectively rewrite the statutes by inserting exceptions,

conditions, or limitations that lack any basis in the statutory text. See Home Star Bank & Financial

Services v. Emergency Care & Health Organization, Ltd., 2014 IL 115526, ¶ 24. Under section

23.4 of the Sanitary Act (70 ILCS 2405/23.4 (West 2018)), the Board of the Sanitary District has

the discretionary power to approve or deny a legally sufficient petition for annexation of territory

to the Sanitary District. Section 23.4 places no limits on that discretion. Under section 3 of the

Intergovernmental Cooperation Act (5 ILCS 220/3 (West 2018)), the Sanitary District may agree

to exercise its power “jointly”—that is, collaboratively or cooperatively—with the City of

Champaign by approving annexations to the Sanitary District only on the condition that the owner

of the territory to be annexed enters into a municipal annexation agreement with the City of

Champaign. Such coordination or cooperation between the Sanitary District and the City of

Champaign is allowable, section 3 says, “except where specifically and expressly prohibited by

law.” Id. We are unaware of any law “specifically and expressly prohibit[ing]” the Board of the

Sanitary District from conditioning its approval of a petition for annexation to the Sanitary District

upon the petitioner’s entering into a municipal annexation agreement, as the Sewer Agreement

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requires. Id. Nowhere does the Illinois Municipal Code specifically prohibit such an

intergovernmental contract. Section 11-15.1-1 (65 ILCS 5/11-15.1-1 (West 2018)) allows an

annexation agreement regardless of whether the requirements in section 7-1-13 for a unilateral

annexation are met. No condition, limitation, or exception written into the text of section 11-15.1-1

or any other statute, as far as we know, forbids the Sanitary District, the City of Urbana, and the

City of Champaign from incentivizing or leveraging owners of unincorporated territory to enter

into a municipal annexation agreement as a condition of being allowed to annex the territory to the

Sanitary District.

¶ 68 This is not to ignore or minimize plaintiff’s predicament. Undeniably, plaintiff has

been subjected to coordinated annexation leverage. As plaintiff points out, plaintiff cannot even

build a single residence on the 100 acres and install a private septic system. Champaign County

has passed an ordinance providing as follows: “No CONSTRUCTION PERMIT shall be issued

for construction of a PRIVATE SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM where a PUBLIC SEWER

SYSTEM is available unless a physical barrier or local ordinance exists which prevents connection

to the PUBLIC SEWER SYSTEM.” Champaign County Ordinance No. 969, § 6.2.5(A) (eff. Sept.

1, 2015). Defendants, however, have not exceeded their statutory powers, and if such annexation

leverage is undesirable, the remedy is with the legislature.

¶ 69 D. The Claim of Extraterritorial Zoning

¶ 70 In March 2011, pursuant to section 11-12-6 of the Illinois Municipal Code (65 ILCS

5/11-12-6 (West 2010)), the City of Champaign adopted a comprehensive plan, the “Champaign

Tomorrow Comprehensive Plan.” Because of its adoption of this comprehensive plan, section

11-12-5 (id. § 11-12-5) allowed the City of Champaign to pass ordinances “exercis[ing]

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subdivision control over properties within one and one-half (1.5) miles from the City of

Champaign’s corporate boundaries” (to quote from the first amended complaint).

¶ 71 Specifically, section 11-12-5(1) provides:

“The plan, as recommended by the plan commission and as thereafter adopted in

any municipality in this state, may be made applicable, by the terms thereof, to land

situated within the corporate limits and contiguous territory not more than one and

one-half miles beyond the corporate limits and not included in any municipality.

Such plan may be implemented by ordinances (a) establishing reasonable standards

of design for subdivisions and for resubdivisions of unimproved land and of areas

subject to redevelopment in respect to public improvements as herein defined;

(b) establishing reasonable requirements governing the location, width, course, and

surfacing of public streets and highways, alleys, ways for public service facilities,

curbs, gutters, sidewalks, street lights, parks, playgrounds, school grounds, size of

lots to be used for residential purposes, storm water drainage, water supply and

distribution, sanitary sewers, and sewage collection and treatment; and (c) may

designate land suitable for annexation to the municipality and the recommended

zoning classification for such land upon annexation.” Id. § 11-12-5(1).

It appears, then, that “subdivision control,” as plaintiff terms it, can cover a lot of things. And,

besides, in the absence of a statute expressly and specifically giving the State exclusive control

over subdivision regulation (see Better Government Ass’n v. Village of Rosemont, 2017 IL App

(1st) 161957, ¶ 32), the City of Champaign, as a home-rule unit (Johnny Bruce Co. v. City of

Champaign, 24 Ill. App. 3d 900, 902 (1974)), may adopt any subdivision ordinance it sees fit to

adopt. The City of Champaign, “a home rule unit, may exercise any power pertaining to its

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government and affairs,” including the power of requiring a municipal annexation agreement as a

condition of approving a subdivision plat. Better Government Ass’n, 2017 IL App (1st) 161957,

¶ 32.

¶ 72 And yet, plaintiff points out in the first amended complaint, “subdivision control,”

extensive as it is, must not be confused with zoning. All that the City of Champaign’s

comprehensive plan can do is recommend a zoning classification for the land, upon annexation.

See id. Plaintiff further points out that, because Champaign County has adopted its own zoning

ordinance (Champaign County Zoning Ordinance (as amended through Aug. 23, 2018)), section

11-13-1 of the Illinois Municipal Code (65 ILCS 5/11-13-1 (West 2018)) forbids the City of

Champaign to extend its zoning regulations outside its corporate limits. Therefore, plaintiff’s

property is not subject to the zoning ordinances of the City of Champaign, although (as we

understand plaintiff to acknowledge) plaintiff’s property is subject to the subdivision ordinances

of the City of Champaign—the “subdivision control” to which plaintiff refers in its first amended

complaint.

¶ 73 Under the Subdivision Ordinance adopted by the City of Champaign, if the property

to be subdivided is outside city limits and will connect to the city’s sewer system or to the sewer

system of the Sanitary District, approval of a final plat is conditional on the owner’s (1) petitioning

for annexation to the city or (2) executing an annexation agreement with the city. Specifically, the

Subdivision Ordinance provides as follows:

“A final plat shall not be approved where the approved engineering plans provide

for connection to any part of the sanitary sewer system of the City or the Urbana-

Champaign Sanitary District, unless the land is within the City, or the owner of the

subdivision has submitted to the City a legally sufficient petition to annex, or the

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 City and owner have executed an Annexation Agreement.” Champaign Municipal

Code § 31-111 (adopted Oct. 7, 2003).

¶ 74 Plaintiff observes in the first amended complaint: “Any plat of subdivision

necessary to develop [plaintiff’s] [p]roperty will necessarily include plans that provide for

connection to a part of the sanitary sewer system of the Sanitary District.” Consequently, the City

of Champaign, which has “subdivision control” over plaintiff’s property, “will require [p]laintiff

to submit to annexation or execute an annexation agreement” before the city approves a

subdivision plat. Plaintiff complains that annexation of the property to the City of Champaign “will

result in [p]laintiff being subject to the City of Champaign’s zoning regulations upon the [p]roperty

rather than being subject to the zoning regulations of Champaign County as the [p]roperty

currently is.”

¶ 75 In its brief, plaintiff asserts: “An intergovernmental agreement that results in the

expansion of zoning authority outside city limits to an area within one and one-half miles beyond

the city limits is expressly forbidden by [section 11-13-1 of the Illinois Municipal Code (65 ILCS

5/11-13-1 (West 2018))].” The intergovernmental agreement at issue in this case is the Sewer

Agreement. It is unclear how the Sewer Agreement is even relevant in this context. Sewer

Agreement or no Sewer Agreement, the Subdivision Ordinance requires plaintiff to agree to the

municipal annexation of the land as a condition of obtaining approval of a final plat. After plaintiff

enters into an annexation agreement with the City of Champaign, the land will be “subject to the

ordinances, control, and jurisdiction of the annexing municipality in all respects the same as

property that lies within the annexing municipality’s corporate limits.” Id. § 11-15.1-2.1(a). So, it

is true, after the execution and adoption of the annexation agreement, the zoning of plaintiff’s

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property by the City of Champaign would be extraterritorial—but it would be extraterritorial

zoning authorized by section 11-15.1-2.1(a).

¶ 76 For that reason, an Attorney General opinion from 1976 on which plaintiff relies is

inapplicable. It answered a question that is not raised in the present case. The state’s attorney of

McHenry County asked the Attorney General whether McHenry County and the City of Crystal

Lake could enter in an intergovernmental cooperation agreement whereby McHenry County would

transfer its zoning authority to the City of Crystal Lake. 1976 Ill. Att’y Gen. Op. No. S-1029, at 7,

https://illinoisattorneygeneral.gov/opinions/1976/S-1029.pdf [https://perma.cc/UA7U-5LAN].

The Attorney General’s answer was no. He gave a three-pronged rationale for his negative answer.

First, McHenry County had adopted its own zoning ordinance. Id. at 5. Second, section 11-13-1

of the Illinois Municipal Code (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1973, ch. 24, ¶ 11-13-1) forbade a municipality to

exercise zoning powers outside its corporate limits if the county had adopted its own zoning

ordinance or, more precisely, “ ‘if the county *** ha[d] adopted “AN ACT in relation to county

zoning,” approved June 12, 1935[,] as amended’ [(Ill. Rev. Stat. 1973, ch. 34, ¶ 3151 et seq.)].”

1976 Ill. Att’y Gen. Op. No. S-1029, at 3-4, https://illinoisattorneygeneral.gov/opinions/1976/S-

1029.pdf [https://perma.cc/UA7U-5LAN] (quoting Ill. Rev. Stat. 1973, ch. 24, ¶ 11-13-1). Third,

under article VII, section 10(a), of the Illinois Constitution (Ill. Const. 1970, art. VII, § 10(a)) and

sections 3 and 5 of the Intergovernmental Cooperation Act (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1973, ch. 127, ¶¶ 743,

745), an intergovernmental cooperation agreement could not transfer power from one unit of local

government to another if statutory law forbade the transferee from exercising that power. 1976 Ill.

Att’y Gen. Op. No. S-1029, at 7, https://illinoisattorneygeneral.gov/opinions/1976/S-1029.pdf

[https://perma.cc/UA7U-5LAN]. In short, statutory law forbade the City of Crystal Lake to

exercise extraterritorial zoning since McHenry County had adopted its own zoning ordinance.

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Therefore, McHenry County could not enter into an intergovernmental agreement with the City of

Crystal Lake whereby McHenry County would transfer its zoning powers to the City of Crystal

Lake.

¶ 77 Although plaintiff neglects to so mention, the Attorney General wrote: “This

opinion is limited to the facts and issues of this instance and should not be construed as defining

or interpreting the sweep of section 10(a) of article VII [(Ill. Const. 1970, art. VII, § 10(a))] in

other factual situations.” 1976 Ill. Att’y Gen. Op. No. S-1029, at 8,

https://illinoisattorneygeneral.gov/opinions/1976/S-1029.pdf [https://perma.cc/UA7U-5LAN].

The facts and issues in the present case are significantly different from those the Attorney General

addressed. The crucial difference is this. In the event that plaintiff and the City of Champaign

entered into an annexation agreement, section 11-15.1-2.1(a) of the Illinois Municipal Code (65

ILCS 5/11-15.1-2.1(a) (West 2018)) would make plaintiff’s land “subject to the ordinances,

control, and jurisdiction of the annexing municipality in all respects the same as property that lies

within the annexing municipality’s corporate limits.” In that event, the general statutory

prohibition in section 11-13-1 of the Illinois Municipal Code (65 ILCS 5/11-13-1 (West 2018))

would still exist. But section 11-15.1-2.1(a), being specific to annexation agreements, would serve

as an exception to the general prohibition in section 11-13-1. See People v. Penrod, 316 Ill. App.

3d 713, 718 (2000) (“Where there is one statute or a provision thereof dealing with a subject in

general and comprehensive terms and another statute or provision dealing with a part of that same

subject in a more minute and particular way, the particular enactment is held to qualify and to be

operative as against the general provisions.”).

¶ 78 E. Plaintiff’s Due Process Theory

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¶ 79 Plaintiff argues that “[c]oerced annexation violates due process.” The fourteenth

amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits states from “depriv[ing] any person of life,

liberty, or property, without due process of law.” U.S. Const., amend. XIV, § 1. Likewise, the

Illinois Constitution provides that “[n]o person shall be deprived of life, liberty[,] or property

without due process of law.” Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 2. In both of those constitutional provisions,

the protectable interests are life, liberty, and property.

¶ 80 “The starting point, in any due process analysis, is a determination of whether one

of these protectable interests—life, liberty or property—is present, for if there is not, no process is

due.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Balmoral Racing Club, Inc. v. Illinois Racing Board,

151 Ill. 2d 367, 405 (1992). Plaintiff claims that “[c]oerced annexation violates [p]laintiff’s

property rights.” In plaintiff’s view, “units of local government [have] band[ed] together” to

deprive plaintiff of property without due process of law. Citing Groenings v. City of St. Charles,

215 Ill. App. 3d 295, 308 (1991), plaintiff argues that “[t]he application of land use regulations

offends substantive due process rights related to property if the application is arbitrary,

unreasonable, or capricious and does not bear a substantial relationship to the public welfare.”

¶ 81 Groenings, however, tends to undercut plaintiff’s argument. For, in Groenings, the

appellate court concluded that “[d]eprivation of mere hoped-for economic gain” failed to qualify

as a deprivation of property in the constitutional sense. Id. at 309. The factual context of that

holding in Groenings was essentially as follows. The plaintiffs owned 80 acres of unincorporated

territory in Kane County, Illinois, between the city of St. Charles and the village of Wayne. Id. at

298. Because the property would have been more valuable inside St. Charles than outside (id. at

308), the plaintiffs petitioned St. Charles to annex the property (id. at 299). St. Charles denied the

plaintiffs’ petition for annexation, and the same day that St. Charles did so, it passed an ordinance

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authorizing the execution of a boundary agreement with Wayne. Id. at 298. In the boundary

agreement, St. Charles and Wayne agreed to neither annex nor exercise zoning or subdivision

control beyond their respective sides of the agreed-upon boundary line. Id. The boundary

agreement prohibited St. Charles from annexing the plaintiffs’ property. Id.

¶ 82 Stung by the denial of their annexation petition and learning of the boundary

agreement, the plaintiffs sued St. Charles and Wayne. Id. at 299. The plaintiffs claimed that the

boundary agreement violated their right to substantive due process by “infring[ing]” on “their right

to the reasonable use of their property.” Id. at 308.

¶ 83 “This cannot be so,” the appellate court responded. Id. What had St. Charles and

Wayne done to change the present use of the plaintiffs’ property? Nothing. Id. The property always

had been, and still was, located in unincorporated Kane County. Id. The property still was subject

to the county zoning regulations, just as before. Id. “The uses of the property currently possible

within the county ha[d] not changed.” Id. The most that plaintiffs could say was that, because of

the boundary agreement, they might not have been able to get as much money out of the property

as they possibly could have gotten if the property were annexed to St. Charles. Id. “What plaintiffs

really seem to want,” the appellate court observed, “is for St. Charles to act to increase the value

of their property. This St. Charles is not obligated to do.” (Emphases in original.) Id. In sum:

“[T]he action taken by St. Charles and Wayne had no effect on the [plaintiffs’]

existing rights to use their property. The present zoning and/or uses of the land

remained exactly as they had been before the agreement. No new regulations or

restrictions were imposed. No existing permissible uses were denied or limited.”

Id. at 309.

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¶ 84 In other words, it was not as if the passage of a new regulation had yanked the

carpet out from under the plaintiffs’ feet, depriving them of a valuable land use that they enjoyed

before the passage of the regulation. The plaintiffs’ discontent, rather, was that the boundary

agreement had shut the door to one option: not for the present use of their land but for a possible

future use. See id. But that possible future use—the use of the land as annexed territory within the

city limits of St. Charles—was never more than an expectation to begin with. Id. Even without the

boundary agreement, St. Charles might well have decided against annexation. Id. The holding in

Board of Regents of State Colleges v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564, 577 (1972), was apropos: “To have a

property interest[,] a person must have more than a unilateral expectation of it; rather, he must

have a legitimate claim of entitlement to it.” Groenings, 215 Ill. App. 3d at 307. “Deprivation of

mere hoped-for economic gain” was, in the appellate court’s view, “a minimal incursion *** into

[the] plaintiffs’ property rights”—“if it [was] an incursion at all.” Id. at 309. The disappointment

of a unilateral expectation was “not a deprivation in the constitutional sense and [did] not raise due

process concerns.” Id.

¶ 85 In the present case, plaintiff’s due process claim is even weaker than the due process

claim in Groenings. The plaintiffs in Groenings had the argument that the boundary agreement

was a change in the legal landscape that happened during their tenure as landowners. In the present

case, by contrast, plaintiff does not allege that the rules were changed after plaintiff bought the

property. Plaintiff’s case is not like City of Chicago v. Wells, 236 Ill. 129, 129-30 (1908), for

example, in which the appellant owned a tract of land that had never been subdivided and the City

of Chicago, on its own initiative and without the appellant’s consent, passed an ordinance

subdividing the land into strips of 25 feet each. Nothing comparable happened in this case. It is

not that plaintiff bought the land and that, afterward, a new set of land-use rules were adopted.

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Instead, the story that plaintiff tells in the first amended complaint is essentially this. Creighton,

plaintiff’s managing director, having attended elementary school, junior high school, and high

school in Champaign, was “now seeking to further invest in his community.” The contemplated

investment would entail developing the land as a subdivision. To get the project started, plaintiff

approached the local governmental agencies. It was then that plaintiff discovered various

ordinances and intergovernmental agreements, which have been in force for decades and which

plaintiff finds to be unpalatable. Given that narrative, the observations that the appellate court

made in Groenings likewise could be made in the present case. For all that appears in the first

amended complaint, ever since plaintiff bought the property, “[t]he uses of the property currently

possible within the county have not changed.” Groenings 215 Ill. App. 3d at 308. “No new

regulations or restrictions were imposed. No existing permissible uses were denied or limited.” Id.

at 309. There has been no regulatory devaluation of what plaintiff paid for. Since plaintiff’s

purchase of the property, it is unclear how plaintiff has been deprived of a property interest.

¶ 86 As the United States Supreme Court explained in Roth, 408 U.S. at 577, “[t]o have

a property interest in a benefit, a person clearly must have more than an abstract need or desire for

it. He must have more than a unilateral expectation of it. He must, instead, have a legitimate claim

of entitlement to it.” That is what a property interest is—a legitimate claim of entitlement—and

the legitimacy of the claim depends on a legal authority outside the Constitution, such as state law.

To quote again from Roth:

“Property interests, of course, are not created by the Constitution. Rather

they are created and their dimensions are defined by existing rules or

understandings that stem from an independent source such as state law—rules or

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 understandings that secure certain benefits and that support claims of entitlement

to those benefits.” Id.

¶ 87 We are unaware of any Illinois case addressing a claim of entitlement to subdivision

approval. Therefore, we have looked for decisions from other jurisdictions that might be

informative. One decision that seems relevant and soundly reasoned is Bower Associates v. Town

of Pleasant Valley, 761 N.Y.S.2d 64 (App. Div. 2003). In that case, the plaintiff brought a civil-

rights action (see 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (2000)) against a town and its planning board on the ground

that they had denied the plaintiff’s application for subdivision approval. Bower Associates, 761

N.Y.S.2d at 66. The essence of the plaintiff’s claim was a deprivation of property without due

process of law. Id. at 68.

¶ 88 Because the plaintiff in Bower alleged a deprivation of property, the plaintiff had

to “show the existence of a protectable property interest.” Id. “Protectable property interests arise,”

the reviewing court explained, “when there is a legitimate claim of entitlement pursuant to a State

or local law.” Id. A claim of entitlement would be legitimate, and a protectable property interest

would arise, only if “the municipal authority [were] required to grant the application upon

ascertainment that certain objectively ascertainable criteria ha[d] been met.” (Internal quotation

marks omitted.) Id. Under New York law, subdivision approval, instead of being an entitlement,

was “discretionary.” Id. “[T]he presence of *** discretion preclude[d] any legitimate claim of

entitlement.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id. The reviewing court concluded that, given the

discretionary nature of municipal decision-making in this field, the plaintiff lacked “a protectable

property interest in subdivision approval.” Id. at 69.

¶ 89 In the present case, plaintiff fails to explain how, under objectively ascertainable

criteria set forth in state or local law—criteria that eliminate local governmental discretion—

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plaintiff is entitled to subdivision approval. See Champaign Municipal Code § 31-104 (adopted

Mar. 5, 2002) (providing that “[t]he provisions of this chapter [(chapter 31, ‘Subdivision

Regulations’)] shall be held to be the minimum requirements for the promotion of the public health,

safety and general welfare” (Emphasis added.)). Therefore, plaintiff has no protectable property

interest in subdivision approval. It is true, as plaintiff notes, that “[l]egislative decisions made by

municipalities are subject to review only for arbitrariness as a matter of substantive due process.”

(Internal quotation marks omitted.) In re Application of the Park District of La Grange, 2013 IL

App (1st) 110334, ¶ 75. But there can be no arbitrary deprivation in violation of due process unless

there was, in the first place, a protectable interest of which the person could be deprived. Plaintiff

has a desire for subdivision approval but no property interest in subdivision approval. The City of

Champaign could not arbitrarily and capriciously deprive plaintiff of a property interest that

plaintiff lacked in the first place.

¶ 90 The same analysis applies to the question of annexation to the Sanitary District.

Plaintiff fails to explain how, under objectively ascertainable criteria set forth in state or local law,

plaintiff is entitled to an approval of its petition for annexation to the Sanitary District. Instead, it

appears that the Board of the Sanitary District has wide discretion to deny the petition. While it is

true that the Board’s discretion to approve the petition is limited by the Sewer Agreement, the

Board’s discretion to deny the petition appears to be unlimited. We are unaware of any objective

criteria, legally binding on the Board, that would bestow on plaintiff a property interest in not

being denied. Absent a property interest, plaintiff has no legally sufficient due process claim

against the Sanitary District any more than plaintiff has a legally sufficient due process claim

against the City of Champaign or any other of the municipal defendants.

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¶ 91 Even if plaintiff had a property interest in subdivision approval by the City of

Champaign and in annexation to the Sanitary District, we would decline to hold that those

defendants acted arbitrarily and capriciously by insisting on plaintiff’s execution of a municipal

annexation agreement, as the Sewer Agreement required. See Park District of La Grange, 2013 IL

App (1st) 110334, ¶ 75. Such an insistence was a legislative decision having a real and substantial

relation to the public health, safety, and general welfare. See id. The Sewer Agreement makes

sense. The problems afflicting Boneyard Creek are stubborn and, most likely, expensive to remedy.

Every dollar that the Sanitary District spent on Boneyard Creek was one dollar less that the

Sanitary District had to spend on its core mission of maintaining the sewer system. The City of

Urbana and the City of Champaign, whose residents were subjected to the toxic floodwaters of

Boneyard Creek, offered the Sanitary District a way out. These municipalities would assume

responsibility for the maintenance and improvement of Boneyard Creek, thereby relieving the

Sanitary District of that financial burden, if the Sanitary District would do something for them: if

any owner of unincorporated territory petitioned for annexation to the Sanitary District, the Board

of the Sanitary District would require, as a condition of granting the petition, that the landowner

execute an annexation agreement with the municipality. This agreed-upon condition seems

reasonably defensible. Taming Boneyard Creek and cleaning it up will undoubtedly be expensive

and an added financial burden to the City of Urbana and the City of Champaign. An expansion of

their tax base is, therefore, justifiable. Also, because the problem of Boneyard Creek, which the

City of Urbana and the City of Champaign are taking on, is largely a problem of stormwater

management, the City of Urbana and the City of Champaign understandably want some control

over the extent to which their outskirts will be paved with impervious surfaces. Viewed that way,

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the Sewer Agreement is “a rational means to accomplish a legitimate purpose.” (Internal quotation

marks omitted.) Id.

¶ 92 F. The Right to Choose Whether to Participate in the Political Process

¶ 93 1. Hoepker

¶ 94 Plaintiff quotes from the City of Champaign’s “Curtis Road Interchange Area

Master Plan”: “Without annexation into the City of Champaign, the development will not be

approved for sanitary sewer service or other necessary services.” Then quoting from a decision by

the Supreme Court of Wisconsin, Hoepker v. City of Madison Plan Comm’n, 563 N.W.2d 145,

151 (Wis. 1997), plaintiff contends that this coercive condition denies plaintiff its “political right

to participate in an annexation proceeding by voluntarily deciding whether to support or oppose

annexation.”

¶ 95 In Hoepker, the plaintiffs wanted to develop 49 acres into a residential subdivision.

Id. at 146. Because the land was within three miles of the City of Madison, the city had

“extraterritorial plat approval jurisdiction over it.” Id. at 147. The city approved the plaintiffs’

preliminary plat—but only on condition that the plaintiffs agreed to an annexation of the territory

to the city. Id. at 148. (There was a second condition, irrelevant to our discussion, that the plat be

reconfigured to provide “an adequate open space corridor.” Id.) The city explained to the plaintiffs

that, without public water and a public sewage system, water quality problems were likely to

develop. Nitrates had been accumulating in Wisconsin wells. And it was much cheaper to install

water and sewer lines before the land was built on than afterward. Id. at 147.

¶ 96 Nevertheless, the plaintiffs balked at the condition of annexation, and they

challenged the condition in court. Ultimately, the case came before the Supreme Court of

Wisconsin. Id. at 149. After identifying the applicable standards of review—deference to the city’s

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factual reasons for conditionally approving the plat but a de novo determination of constitutional

and statutory authority (id.)—the supreme court scrutinized the statutory provision under which

the city claimed authority to impose its condition of annexation.

¶ 97 Section 236.45 of the Wisconsin statutory code (Wis. Stat. § 236.45 (West 1996))

pertained to local subdivision regulation. Subsection (1) provided that the purpose of section

236.45 was “ ‘to promote the public health, safety[,] and general welfare of the community’ ” and

to “ ‘further the orderly layout and use of land.’ ” Hoepker, 563 N.W.2d at 150 n.14 (quoting Wis.

Stat. § 263.45(1) (West 1996)). Subsection (2) provided as follows:

“ ‘To accomplish the purposes listed in sub[section] (1), any municipality, town[,]

or county which has established a planning agency may adopt ordinances governing

the subdivision or other division of land which are more restrictive than the

provisions of this chapter.’ ” Id. at 150 (quoting Wis. Stat. § 263.45(2) (West

1996)).

In reliance on subsection (2), the city had adopted a more restrictive ordinance, which provided

that the city might “require an annexation agreement as part of the preliminary plat approval

process.” Id. The crucial issue, as the supreme court saw it, was whether this ordinance was truly

authorized by section 236.45 (Wis. Stat. § 236.45 (West 1996)). Hoepker, 563 N.W.2d at 150.

¶ 98 The supreme court previously had interpreted section 236.45 as giving cities broad

discretion in subdivision control, provided that the ordinances were “not contrary, expressly or by

implication, to the standards set up by the legislature.” (Emphasis and internal quotation marks

omitted.) Id. “The legislature ha[d] set forth the standards for annexation in chapter 66” of the

Wisconsin statutory code (Wis. Stat., ch. 66 (West 1996)), a chapter titled “General Municipality

Law.” Hoepker, 563 N.W.2d at 150. Chapter 66 created “safeguards so that [n]o populated fringe

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area [might] become part of the city until the majority of electors and/or property owners in a

particular area desire[d] to annex.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id. Under chapter 66, the

electors and property owners would signify such a desire by signing a petition for annexation. See

id. at 150-51; Wis. Stat. § 66.0217(2), (3)(a), (3)(b) (West 1996)).

¶ 99 The signing of an annexation petition, the Supreme Court of Wisconsin held, was

“more than the exercise of a private right or of a property right.” (Internal quotation marks

omitted.) Hoepker, 563 N.W.2d at 150. It was, rather, the exercise of a political right, like voting.

Id. at 150-51. Because the signing of an annexation petition was like voting, it should not be tainted

by crass commercialism: “The signing of an annexation petition, like voting, constituting

participation in a governmental process is governed by a higher standard of conduct than prevails

in the marketplace—votes are not a commodity of commerce.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.)

Id. at 151. In other words, under chapter 66 of the Wisconsin statutes, signing an annexation

petition was analogous to voting, and voting was not supposed to be degraded to a contractual

transaction, i.e., a signature on the annexation petition in return for subdivision approval.

Municipalities were forbidden to “coerce or unfairly induce an elector and/or property owner into

agreeing to annexation.” Id. at 150. By conditioning approval of the plaintiffs’ preliminary plat on

their agreement to sign an annexation petition, the city had had “unduly” and “improper[ly]” tried

to “influenc[e]” and “coerc[e]” the plaintiffs, “contrary to the safeguards provided in ch[apter] 66.”

Id. at 151.

¶ 100 In our perusal of chapter 66 of the Wisconsin statutes, we have been unable to find

any provision authorizing the execution of an annexation agreement between a landowner and a

municipal government. That would explain the Wisconsin Supreme Court’s conclusion that the

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City of Madison was “unduly influencing a property owner to sign an annexation petition, contrary

to the safeguards provided in ch[apter] 66.” (Emphasis added.) Id.

¶ 101 Hoepker is distinguishable because Illinois statutory law, in contrast to Wisconsin

statutory law, explicitly authorizes the negotiation and execution of an annexation agreement

between a landowner and a municipality. Section 11-15.1-1 of the Illinois Municipal Code

provides:

“The corporate authorities of any municipality may enter into an annexation

agreement with one or more of the owners of record of land in unincorporated

territory. That land may be annexed to the municipality in the manner provided in

Article 7 [(65 ILCS art. VII)] at the time the land is or becomes contiguous to the

municipality. The agreement shall be valid and binding for a period of not to exceed

20 years from the date of its execution.

Lack of contiguity to the municipality of property that is the subject of an

annexation agreement does not affect the validity of the agreement ***.” 65 ILCS

5/11-15.1-1 (West 2018).

Thus, the execution of an annexation agreement does not automatically annex the land to the

municipality: once the land becomes contiguous to the municipality, the annexation procedures in

article VII still have to be followed. An annexation agreement is not an annexation.

¶ 102 Even so, practical consequences could immediately follow from the municipal

adoption of an annexation agreement executed by the landowner. With exceptions for some

counties and properties (not relevant here), “property that is the subject of an annexation agreement

adopted under this Division [(Division 15.1, titled ‘Annexation Agreements’ (id. §§ 11-15.1-1 to

11-15.1-5))] is subject to the ordinances, control, and jurisdiction of the annexing municipality in

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all respects the same as property that lies within the annexing municipality’s corporate limits.” Id.

§ 11-15.1-2.1(a). This could be regarded as a significant concession to the municipality.

¶ 103 But the landowner can negotiate for concessions, too. For example, the landowner

can negotiate for changes to ordinances and the master plan (id. § 11-15.1-2(b)), a limitation upon

increases in permit fees (id. § 11-15.1-2(c)), or an abatement of property taxes (id.

§ 11-15.1-2(e-5)).

¶ 104 In short, the give-and-take of commercialism is exactly what the Illinois General

Assembly envisions in division 15.1. “By definition, an annexation agreement is a contract

between a municipality and an owner of land in unincorporated territory.” Doyle v. Village of

Tinley Park, 2018 IL App (1st) 170357, ¶ 28; see also United City of Yorkville v. Fidelity & Deposit

Co. of Maryland, 2019 IL App (2d) 180230, ¶ 74. Section 11-15.1-2 of the Illinois Municipal Code

(65 ILCS 5/11-15.1-2 (West 2018)) is broad and inexhaustive as to the contractual terms that the

landowner and the municipality can negotiate. The list of examples in section 11-15-1.2 ends with

a catchall: “Any other matter not inconsistent with the provisions of this Code, nor forbidden by

law.” Id. § 11-15.1-2(f). To put it differently, section 11-15.1-2(f) authorizes any term in an

annexation agreement unless that term is incompatible with a provision of the Illinois Municipal

Code or unless the law positively forbids that term. We are aware of no provision of the Illinois

Municipal Code that necessarily would be violated if a landowner and a municipality agreed to

subdivision approval in return for a municipal annexation.

¶ 105 2. Hussey

¶ 106 On the authority of Hussey v. City of Portland, 64 F.3d 1260 (9th Cir. 1995),

plaintiff maintains that, by withholding subdivision approval unless plaintiff enters into an

annexation agreement, the City of Champaign unconstitutionally burdens plaintiff’s right to vote.

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¶ 107 In Hussey, the City of Portland offered a sewer-connection subsidy to nonresident

electors in an area known as “Mid-County” who irrevocably consented to an annexation. Id. at

1262. The consent forms stated that, if Portland attempted to annex Mid-County by election, “ ‘this

agreement [would] constitute[ ] a waiver of the right to vote *** [and] such persons [would] count

as yes votes.’ ” Id. at 1263.

¶ 108 The Ninth Circuit held that, “[b]ecause the consent forms [were] analytically like

votes, and [were] a substitute for them, legally they [had to] be treated as votes.” Id. at 1265. The

Portland ordinance “severely and unreasonably interfere[d] with the right to vote,”

“disproportionately affect[ing] the poor,” like a poll tax. Id. at 1266. Therefore, the restrictions

were subject to strict scrutiny. Id. The ordinance failed strict scrutiny and, hence, was “an

unconstitutional infringement on the fundamental right to vote.” Id.

¶ 109 But the right to vote can be infringed only if there are voters. That is why the Ninth

Circuit distinguished a case from the Sixth Circuit, Carlyn v. City of Akron, 726 F.2d 287 (6th Cir.

1984), and a case from the Fourth Circuit, Berry v. Bourne, 588 F.2d 422 (4th Cir. 1978). The

Ninth Circuit observed: “Neither of the annexation methods at issue in those cases [(Carlyn and

Berry)] granted electors any say in the proceedings; the consent of landowners alone was required.

Without the participation of voters, there can be no voting.” Hussey, 64 F.3d at 1264.

¶ 110 An “ ‘elector’ means anyone registered to vote.” 65 ILCS 5/7-1-1.1 (West 2018).

Plaintiff, being a Florida limited liability company, is not, and can never be, registered to vote.

Thus, plaintiff is not, and can never be, an elector. Plaintiff does not allege that any electors reside

on the land. It seems unlikely that any electors would do so while the land is undeveloped and

lacks a sewer system. Consequently, plaintiff, the landowner, would be the only signatory to an

annexation petition, which would “state that no electors reside therein” (see id. § 7-1-8). Hussey,

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by its own terms—by its own distinguishing of Carlyn and Berry—is distinguishable from the

present case.

¶ 111 III. CONCLUSION

¶ 112 The Sewer Agreement, the Sanitary District Ordinance, and the Subdivision

Ordinance are constitutionally and statutorily authorized and violate no constitutional right.

Therefore, we affirm the circuit court’s judgment.

¶ 113 Affirmed.

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 No. 4-19-0850

Cite as: I-57 & Curtis, LLC v. Urbana & Champaign Sanitary District,
2020 IL App (4th) 190850

Decision Under Review: Appeal from the Circuit Court of Champaign County, No. 18-MR-
867; the Hon. Jason Matthew Bohm, Judge, presiding.

Attorneys Matthew R. Trapp and Jason E. Brokaw, of Giffin, Winning,
for Cohen & Bodewes, P.C., of Springfield, and Kristina M. Swanson,
Appellant: of Wooden McLaughlin LLP, of Indianapolis, Indiana, for
appellant.

Attorneys James A. Martinkus, of Erwin, Martinkus & Cole, Ltd., of
for Champaign, for appellee Urbana and Champaign Sanitary
Appellee: District.

Thomas S. Yu and Frederick Stavins, of Champaign, for
appellee City of Champaign.

James D. Green, of Thomas Mamer LLP, of Champaign, for
appellee Village of Savoy.

Joseph P. Chamley and Amanda Riess, of Evans, Froehlich, Beth
& Chamley, of Champaign, for appellee Village of Bondville.

James L. Simon and Curt S. Borman, of Urbana, for appellee City
of Urbana.

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