People v. Ingram

2020 IL App (2d) 180353
No. 2-18-0353
Opinion filed June 10. 2020

IN THE

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

SECOND DISTRICT

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE ) Appeal from the Circuit Court
OF ILLINOIS, ) of Kane County.
)
Plaintiff-Appellee, )
)
v. ) No. 17-CM-2124
)
KARLOS E. INGRAM, ) Honorable
) Christine A. Downs,
Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge, Presiding.

PRESIDING JUSTICE BIRKETT delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Justices Hudson and Brennan concurred in the judgment and opinion.

OPINION

¶ 1 Following a bench trial, defendant, Karlos E. Ingram, was convicted of battery (720 ILCS 5/12-

3(a)(2) (West 2016)). He appeals, contending that he was denied his statutory right to a speedy

trial. Specifically, he argues that the trial court improperly charged him with time that elapsed after

defense counsel agreed to the next available trial date, which was within the speedy- trial term. We

affirm.

¶2 I. BACKGROUND

¶ 3 Defendant was arrested on July 31, 2017, and was released on bail that same day. On August

1, 2017, his attorney, John Paul Ivec, mailed his appearance and a “speedy trial demand,” which

were file-stamped on August 3, 2017. On September 14, 2017, the case was called for
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status and continued “by agreement” until October 19. On that date, the case was continued until

November 1 on the prosecution’s motion.

¶ 4 No court reporter was present on November 1, 2017. An order entered that day states, “Motion

for continuance by agreement.” The case was “continued for bench trial” to February 1, 2018.

¶ 5 The State later moved to advance and continue the trial date. At a hearing on January 25, 2018,

at which no court reporter was present, the court granted the motion “over Defendant’s objection.”

The order further provides, “Defendant demands speedy trial and objects to all continuances.” The

court continued the case to May 3, 2018.

¶ 6 On February 1, 2018, the court changed the trial date to April 12, 2018. The court’s order

provides, “The State spoke to Attorney Ivec regarding a change in the trial date. Although Attorney

Ivec is aware of the new trial date, Defendant persists in his demand for speedy trial and objects to

all continuances.”

¶ 7 On April 2, 2018, defendant moved to dismiss the charge, alleging a violation of his speedy-

trial right. He noted that the initial trial date, February 1, was within the speedy-trial term. He

contended that, under People v. Zeleny, 396 Ill. App. 3d 917 (2009), his agreement to a trial date

within the speedy-trial term did not “delay” the trial and, thus, the time should not be charged to

him. He argued that, if that time were counted, the speedy-trial period had expired. The State

countered that the record reflected that the continuance was “by agreement” and should be charged

to the defense like any other continuance.

¶ 8 The trial court denied the motion. Relying on its recollection as well as the written orders in

the record, the court found that the continuance from November 1, 2017, to February 1, 2018,

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was by agreement and thus chargeable to defendant. The court specifically found that the

“continuance for trial was agreed to by defendant.” The court further stated:

“Unlike the other court dates, defendant did not object on November 1st to the

attribution of time to him when the case was continued.

This was not a situation where defendant was objecting to the continuance and

persisting in his demand for speedy trial but noting that he was available for trial on

February 1, 2018 and that he would acquiesce to that trial date.”

¶ 9 The court noted that cases such as People v. Wynn, 296 Ill. App. 3d 1020, 1027-28 (1998),

drew a subtle distinction between acquiescing to a trial date and expressly agreeing to a

continuance and that Zeleny had cited Wynn for that proposition. The court reiterated that this case

involved the latter situation.

¶ 10 Defendant moved to reconsider. Defense counsel offered his own recollection of the

November 1, 2017, hearing, in which he attempted to secure a trial date in November or December.

The court denied the motion. The court stated that it did not recall that conversation but, in any

event, defendant agreed to the February 1 date and did not reassert his speedy-trial demand when

trial was set for that date.

¶ 11 Following a bench trial, the court found defendant guilty of battery and sentenced him to 18

months’ court supervision. Defendant filed a motion for a new trial, asserting, among other things,

that he did not receive a speedy trial. The court denied the motion, and defendant timely appeals.

¶ 12 II. ANALYSIS

¶ 13 Defendant again contends that he was deprived of a speedy trial. Citing People v. Cordell,

223 Ill. 2d 380 (2006), Zeleny, and People v. LaFaire, 374 Ill. App. 3d 461 (2007), he contends

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that his agreement to a trial date within the speedy-trial term was not a “delay” and thus could not

be charged to him.

¶ 14 In Illinois, a defendant has both a constitutional and a statutory right to a speedy trial. U.S.

Const., amends. VI, XIV; Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 8; 725 ILCS 5/103-5 (West 2016). The statutory

speedy-trial provisions are to be liberally construed in favor of a defendant because they were

enacted to avoid infringements of the defendant’s constitutional speedy-trial right. People

v. Kohler, 2012 IL App (2d) 100513, ¶ 23. However, that right “is not a sword to be used to

extricate oneself from criminal charges; it is a shield to protect the accused from unjust and

prejudicial delays occasioned by the State.” People v. Mosley, 2016 IL App (5th) 130223, ¶ 20;

see also People v. Gooden, 189 Ill. 2d 209, 220-21 (2000) (the statute is not to be used as a loophole

to obstruct the ends of justice).

¶ 15 Section 103-5(b) provides, in pertinent part:

“(b) Every person on bail or recognizance shall be tried *** within 160 days from

the date [the] defendant demands trial unless delay is occasioned by the defendant ***.”

725 ILCS 5/103-5(b) (West 2016).

¶ 16 Generally, a defense counsel’s express agreement to a continuance may be considered an

affirmative act contributing to a delay attributable to the defendant. People v. Kliner, 185 Ill. 2d

81, 114 (1998). However, depending upon the precise circumstances, defense counsel’s

acquiescence to the next available trial date, if that date is within the speedy-trial period, is not

necessarily a “delay” chargeable to the defendant.

¶ 17 The parties discuss several cases that are key to our resolution of this issue. In Cordell, the

defendant’s attorney did not object to setting a trial date outside the 120-day limit of section 103-

5(a). The trial court denied the defendant’s posttrial motion alleging that his attorney was

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ineffective for failing to move for dismissal on speedy-trial grounds. The supreme court affirmed,

explaining that “delay” includes “[a]ny action by either party or the trial court that moves the trial

date outside of [the] 120-day window.” Cordell, 223 Ill. 2d at 390. The court explained that a

narrower construction would ignore the statute’s plain language and eliminate trial courts’

flexibility to propose trial dates falling outside the statutory 120-day period. Id.

¶ 18 In LaFaire, the defendant participated in scheduling a mutually agreeable trial date falling

within the 160-day speedy-trial period. In affirming the trial court’s dismissal of the charges on

speedy-trial grounds after a State-requested continuance, the Third District distinguished that

continuance request from agreeing to a trial date that fell outside the 160-day period. LaFaire, 374

Ill. App. 3d at 464 (citing People v. Workman, 368 Ill. App. 3d 778 (2006)).

¶ 19 In Zeleny, we likewise held that the defendant’s agreement to a trial date within the 160- day

period was not a delay attributable to him. We noted that “mere acquiescence to a date suggested

by the trial court is not a delay attributable to the defendant.” Zeleny, 396 Ill. App. 3d at 921 (citing

Wynn, 296 Ill. App. 3d at 1027). However, we affirmed the defendant’s convictions. We noted

that, after the State moved to continue the trial date, defense counsel actively participated in setting

a new trial date outside the speedy-trial period. When the court asked counsel, “ ‘so you are not

demanding?’ ” counsel replied that she was not. Id. at 922. Thus, “[i]n light of her level of

participation in deciding the trial date and her statement that there was no objection, defense

counsel did not merely acquiesce to a trial date suggested by the court.” Id. at 923. Rather, “she

expressly agreed to a continuance and to a date that delayed trial beyond the 160-day term.” Id.

¶ 20 The State cites People v. Lilly, 2016 IL App (3d) 140286, and People v. Wade, 2013 IL App

(1st) 112547. In Lilly, authored by the justice who dissented in LaFaire, the court rejected

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the defendant’s argument that his agreement to a trial date within the 120-day period was not a “

‘delay’ ” that could be attributed to him. Lilly, 2016 IL App (3d) 140286, ¶ 33. In Wade, the

defendant agreed to two continuances without reasserting his speedy-trial rights. Wade, 2013 IL

App (1st) 112547, ¶¶ 25-26.

¶ 21 In our disposition in People v. Maxey, 2013 IL App (2d) 120283-U1, we continued to follow

our holding in Zeleny that acquiescing to a trial date within the speedy-trial period did not

constitute delay but also acknowledged the other part of the holding that agreeing to a continuance

does result in a delay chargeable to the defendant. After setting out the holdings of Cordell, Zeleny,

and LaFaire, as we have done above, we explained the following:

“The three cases, taken together, suggest a technical definition for delay that is of

an initial concern. Next, one must consider whether the parties are setting a mutually

agreeable trial date or simply agreeing to a continuance. If it is a convenient trial date within

the speedy-trial term, we will not attribute the time to the defendant; if it is outside the

term, the time becomes delay attributable to the defendant. Last, if it is a continuance, if

the defendant agrees to it, then it becomes attributable to the defendant; if the defendant

objects, the time is attributable to the State.” Id. ¶ 40.

1 This court may rely on the reasoning in a nonprecedential decision because nothing in the

language of Illinois Supreme Court Rule 23(e) prevents a court from doing so. In re Estate of

LaPlume, 2014 IL App (2d) 130945, ¶¶ 23-24; see also People ex rel. Webb v. Wortham, 2018 IL

App (2d) 170445, ¶ 27 (Illinois Supreme Court Rule 23(e)(1) (eff. Apr. 1, 2018) states that parties

may not cite nonprecedential orders except for limited purposes, but that rule does not bind courts).

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¶ 22 We distinguished Wade, where the defendant actually agreed to the continuances without

objecting or reasserting his speedy-trial rights. In Maxey, the defendant consistently objected to

the attribution of any time to him and reiterated his speedy-trial demands on the record. Id. ¶ 52.

¶ 23 The State urges us to abandon Zeleny and adopt the position of the Lilly majority. This case

presents no reason to do so, however, as the trial court’s ruling is consistent with Zeleny. The

November 1, 2017, order setting the case for trial on February 1, 2018, states, “Motion for

continuance by agreement.” The trial court, based on its own recollection and the language of

several orders, found that the defendant affirmatively agreed to the continuance and did not merely

acquiesce to a trial date within the speedy-trial term. We note that, by contrast, the January 25,

2018, order reflects that defendant objected to the continuance and renewed his speedy-trial

demand.

¶ 24 Defendant argues that this is a distinction without a difference and that this case is identical

to Zeleny, which also involved a continuance by agreement. He contends in his reply brief that the

reference in the November 1, 2017, order to a “continuance by agreement” was essentially

surplusage as there is no indication in the record that the continuance was for anything other than

trial.

¶ 25 Three principles work against defendant here. First, a defendant has the burden of showing

that his speedy-trial right was violated. Zeleny, 396 Ill. App. 3d at 921. Second, we review the trial

court’s “ultimate determinations” only for an abuse of discretion. Id. at 920. Finally, an appellant

bears the burden of presenting a sufficiently complete record to support his or her contentions of

error, and any doubts arising from the absence of a complete record will be resolved against the

appellant. Foutch v. O’Bryant, 99 Ill. 2d 389, 391-92 (1984). Here, the trial court found that

defendant agreed to the continuance generally and did not object to the

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continuance and acquiesce in the setting of a mutually agreeable trial date. Zeleny and Maxey

recognize such a distinction. The court’s finding was based on its own recollection and its

interpretation of the various docket entries. Given the lack of a transcript of the November 1, 2017,

hearing, an agreed statement of facts, or a bystander’s report, defendant cannot meet his burden to

show otherwise. Based on its findings, which we have no basis to disturb, the trial court did not

abuse its discretion in denying defendant’s motion to dismiss on speedy-trial grounds.

¶ 26 III. CONCLUSION

¶ 27 The judgment of the circuit court of Kane County is affirmed.

¶ 28 Affirmed.

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No. 2-18-0353

Cite as: People v. Ingram, 2020 IL App (2d) 180353

Decision Under Review: Appeal from the Circuit Court of Kane County, No. 17-CM-
2124; the Hon. Christine A. Downs, Judge, presiding.

Attorneys James E. Chadd, Thomas A. Lilien, and Elena B. Penick, of State
for Appellate Defender’s Office, of Elgin, for appellant.
Appellant:

Attorneys Joseph H. McMahon, State’s Attorney, of St. Charles (Patrick
for Delfino, Edward R. Psenicka, and Katrina M. Kuhn, of State’s
Appellee: Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor’s Office, of counsel), for the
People.

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