Filed 12/1/20 P. v. Johnson CA3
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
(Sacramento)
----
THE PEOPLE, C080001
Plaintiff and Respondent, (Super. Ct. No. 11F08807)
v.
ANDREW DARNELL JOHNSON,
Defendant and Appellant.
M.N. interrupted defendant Andrew Darnell Johnson while he was breaking into a
window near the front door of her house. Defendant fled and was apprehended a short
time later with a screwdriver and gloves. A jury found him guilty of first degree
residential burglary and possession of burglary tools, and he was sentenced to an
aggregate term of nine years in state prison.
On appeal, defendant contends the trial court erroneously permitted the prosecutor
to present evidence of his prior 2008 burglary conviction under Evidence Code section
1
11011 to show intent or lack of accident or mistake. He attacks the court’s ruling
permitting the prior crime evidence on several grounds, including: (1) intent was not an
issue at trial since he offered to stipulate that the person M.N. encountered, which he
denied was him, had the requisite intent to steal; (2) the prior burglary crime and the
charged offense were not sufficiently similar for purposes of section 1101, subdivision
(b); (3) the prior crime evidence was more prejudicial than probative under section 352;
and (4) admitting the evidence violated his federal constitutional rights to due process
and a fair trial. Defendant also contends recent legislative amendments in Senate Bill
No. 1393 (2017-2018 Reg. Sess.) require remand for the court to consider whether to
exercise newly granted discretion to strike the prior serious felony enhancement imposed
under Penal Code section 667, subdivision (a)(1).
We shall affirm defendant’s convictions, but remand for the court to determine
whether to exercise its discretion to strike the prior serious felony enhancement.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
In December 2011 M.N. lived with her brother, daughter, and a college student at
her home in Sacramento. The house had a gate separating the front yard from the front
door; it was necessary to enter the gate before approaching the front door. To the left of
the front door was a screened window to a bedroom. A small table and chair were
positioned below the window in a small patio area.
On the morning of December 28, 2011, M.N. and her brother left the house to run
a quick errand; M.N.’s daughter and the college student were not at home at the time.
When they left, the screen to the window near the front door was in place, the window
was closed and locked, and the gate leading to the front door was closed.
1 Further undesignated statutory references are to the Evidence Code.
2
M.N. and her brother went to a store a short distance from the house and returned
home a few minutes later, about 10:35 a.m. When they returned, M.N.’s brother went to
the garbage cans on the side of the house while M.N. walked towards the front door; she
noticed the gate was open and unlatched even though it was closed before she left. M.N.
saw a young Black man hiding behind a plant near the front bedroom window. She asked
him who he was and what he was doing there; he responded that he was looking for
someone named Michael. M.N. said she did not know anyone named Michael. While
they spoke, M.N. and the man were about two feet apart.
The man walked toward M.N., causing her to back out of the gated area. M.N.’s
brother came up behind her and she told him that someone was there. Her brother
wanted to fight or grab the young man, but M.N. told him not to grab him. M.N.’s
brother told her that the screen from the front window had been removed and the window
was open. When M.N. turned to look at the window, the man fled.
Shortly thereafter, M.N.’s other daughter, who did not live with her, arrived at the
house. M.N. and her daughter drove through the neighborhood looking for the man, and
called 911 about 10:40 a.m. to report the break-in. M.N. reported that the man was a
young Black man, in his early twenties, with a mustache. He was wearing a navy blue
hoody shirt and light blue pants with a black knitted cap. The man had hopped over a
fence and was in a nearby park.
Around this same time, Lorena G., who lived near M.N., called 911 to report that a
Black man had jumped over her neighbor’s fence into her yard. He was wearing a blue
beanie and a blue sweatshirt or jacket and dark pants. She described the man as
approximately 30 to 40 years old during the 911 call. When questioned at trial whether
she felt this description was accurate, Lorena G. testified that she did not see his face, but
only his hand as he jumped over the fence, which she thought “looked young.”
Several officers responded to the area, including Officer Randy Van Dusen and his
police dog Bodie; he was dispatched to the scene around 10:44 a.m. Bodie was trained to
3
search for outdoor articles that had a fresh human scent. In a backyard near Lorena G.’s
home, Bodie found a blue jacket and a black beanie that had recently been discarded.
Officer Van Dusen broadcasted on the radio that he had found clothing that matched the
suspect’s clothing.
Officer Patricia Verozza, who also responded to the call, spoke with a local
resident who told her that someone ran by his driveway about five minutes before the
officer arrived. The person was wearing a white T-shirt and light blue pants. After
hearing Officer Van Dusen’s broadcast about the discarded clothing, Officer Verozza
believed that the resident had seen the suspect.
Another officer broadcast on the police radio that someone who matched the
suspect’s description was walking on a bike trail in the area. Officer Verozza proceeded
to the bike trial and saw defendant, who was wearing jeans and a white T-shirt with dirt,
weeds, and brush on it. She detained him at 11:12 a.m.
Defendant was approximately one mile from M.N.’s home when he was detained.
He had a screwdriver and purple gloves in his possession. Defendant also had a
mustache and facial hair.
Officer Zach Eaton escorted M.N. to a field showup, where she identified
defendant as the person she previously encountered breaking into her home. Defendant
was then transported for M.N.’s brother to see, but he was not able to identify defendant.
Defendant was charged with first degree residential burglary (Pen. Code, § 459,
count one) and misdemeanor possession of burglary tools (Pen. Code, § 466, count two).
It was further alleged that defendant suffered a prior serious felony conviction (Pen.
Code, § 667, subd. (a)), a prior strike (Pen. Code, §§ 667, subds. (b)-(i), 1170.12), and a
prior prison term (Pen. Code, § 667.5, subd. (b)).
Prior to trial, the prosecutor moved in limine to admit two prior burglary
convictions under section 1101, subdivision (b)—one from 2006 and one from 2008—in
order to prove defendant’s intent or absence of mistake in breaking into M.N.’s home.
4
The prosecutor argued that the 2008 burglary and the present offense were similar;
defendant had broken into a stranger’s home while she was at work, rummaged through
jewelry without actually taking anything, and then fled the scene while discarding
clothing.
Defense counsel objected, arguing the prior crimes’ evidence was inadmissible
under section 1101 because defendant did not contest the intent element but rather
claimed that he was not the man at M.N.’s house. She also argued that the prior
burglaries were not sufficiently similar and were too inflammatory to admit. Defense
counsel offered to stipulate that the man at M.N.’s house, whoever he was, had the
requisite intent to steal for purposes of the burglary charge.
The trial court ruled the prosecutor could introduce one of defendant’s prior
burglaries under section 1101, subdivision (b), but not both. While one was relevant to
show intent or lack of mistake or accident, both the prior burglaries would have been too
prejudicial to defendant. The court also found that the prosecutor was not required to
accept defendant’s offer to stipulate to intent.
At trial, M.N. again identified defendant as the man who broke into her home.
She testified that she was approximately two feet from defendant when she spoke to him
at her house. She was wearing her glasses when she identified him during the field
showup. The window screen, according to her, had been bent in the corners, but the
marks did not appear to her to be pry marks; the screen was not bent before she left the
house that day.
M.N.’s brother was unable to identify defendant at trial.2 He said he could not
remember many details because it had been four years since the break-in. Although he
admitted talking to police the day of the incident, and he conceded that his memory was
2 The brother was a reluctant trial witness, who did not want to testify.
5
better than it was at trial, he later denied telling police that the young Black man he saw
was five foot nine or five foot 10 inches tall, about 160 pounds, with dreadlocks or
possibly a black skull cap, and a jacket. He also denied telling police the window screen
had pry marks on it.
Officer Eaton later testified that M.N.’s brother had given the above description to
him the day of the incident, and had said that the window screen had pry marks on it that
had not been there before. Likewise, M.N. had told him the screen had pry marks that
were not there before. Officer Eaton also saw the screen when he responded to the scene
and testified that the screen had pry marks on it.
A DNA expert testified at trial regarding tests she conducted on the jacket and
beanie recovered by police. After testing two samples from the jacket, the results were
inconclusive. The expert also tested two samples from the beanie. Tests on the first
beanie sample showed two contributors, a male and a female, and that defendant was a
possible contributor to DNA found on the sample; the probability of identifying an
unrelated African-American contributor to this sample was one in 96 million. As to the
second beanie sample, the expert identified at least two DNA contributors, but possibly
three. Assuming there were two contributors, defendant’s DNA was conclusively
identified in the sample, and the probability of identifying an unrelated African-American
contributor was one in 190 million. However, if there were three contributors, the results
were inconclusive.
The prosecutor also presented evidence that defendant was convicted of
burglarizing V.B.’s house in 2008. She called four witnesses who testified, in sum, for
about 30 minutes. Defense counsel asked a total of five questions while cross-examining
these witnesses.3
3 V.B., the homeowner, testified for four minutes and defense counsel did not ask any
questions on cross-examination. V.B.’s neighbor testified for five minutes and defense
6
According to the witnesses, V.B. was at work when her neighbor saw someone
standing outside V.B.’s house the neighbor had never seen before. The neighbor heard a
door open and close from the direction of V.B.’s house and called police. The sliding
glass door to V.B.’s house had pry marks, and another door was kicked in. The intruders
had gone through the bedroom, dresser, and jewelry cabinet, although nothing was taken.
A responding officer saw defendant jump over a backyard fence; defendant was
removing items of clothing as he fled. The officer chased defendant and eventually
detained him. The parties stipulated that defendant pleaded no contest to burglary for his
role in the incident.
Defendant did not testify, but defense counsel called a private investigator with
experience investigating crimes in the area surrounding M.N.’s home. The area was
comprised of a mix of racial groups.
The jury found defendant guilty as charged. Defendant waived a jury trial on the
prior conviction allegations, and the court found the prior conviction true. The court
imposed an aggregate term of nine years in state prison; the low term of two years for the
burglary offense, doubled to four years for the strike prior, plus five years for the prior
serious felony conviction. The court imposed and stayed a two-year term for the
possession of burglary tools offense. (Pen. Code, § 654.) Defendant timely appealed.
counsel asked one question on cross-examination. Officer Marcel Loriaux testified for
nine minutes, and defense counsel asked three questions during cross. Officer Cynthia
Bohrer initially testified for seven minutes, and defense counsel declined to ask any
questions on cross. The prosecutor recalled her to ask a single question, and defense
counsel asked one question on cross.
7
DISCUSSION
I
Evidence of Prior Burglary
Defendant contends the trial court improperly admitted evidence of his prior 2008
burglary conviction under section 1101, subdivision (b) to prove intent and absence of
mistake or accident. He argues the element of intent was not in dispute because he
offered to stipulate that the person M.N. encountered had the requisite intent to steal;
defendant simply denied being that person. Thus, in his view, identity was the only issue
at trial. He also contends that the prior burglary was not sufficiently similar to the
charged crime and that the probative value of the evidence under section 352 was
substantially outweighed by the undue risk of prejudice.
Section 1101 controls the admission of evidence of prior conduct. (People v.
Thompson (2016) 1 Cal.5th 1043, 1113.) Subdivision (a) of section 1101 provides, with
exceptions not applicable here: “[E]vidence of a person’s character or a trait of his or her
character (whether in the form of an opinion, evidence of reputation, or evidence of
specific instances of his or her conduct) is inadmissible when offered to prove his or her
conduct on a specified occasion.” (§ 1101, subd. (a); People v. Leon (2015) 61 Cal.4th
569, 597 (Leon) [“ ‘Character evidence, sometimes described as evidence of propensity
or disposition to engage in a specific conduct, is generally inadmissible to prove a
person’s conduct on a specified occasion’ ”].)
Evidence that a person committed a crime, civil wrong, or other act may be
admitted, however, to prove some other material fact, such as that person’s intent,
identity, or absence of mistake or accident. (§ 1101, subd. (b); Leon, supra, 61 Cal.4th at
p. 597.) The uncharged act must be relevant to prove a fact at issue (§ 210), and its
admission must not be unduly prejudicial, confusing, or time consuming (§ 352). (Leon,
at pp. 597-598.) We review the trial court’s decision whether to admit evidence,
including evidence of other crimes, for abuse of discretion. (Id. at p. 597.) A trial court’s
8
determination “ ‘must not be disturbed on appeal except on a showing that the court
exercised its discretion in an arbitrary, capricious or patently absurd manner that resulted
in a manifest miscarriage of justice.’ ” (People v. Rodrigues (1994) 8 Cal.4th 1060,
1124.)
Relevance under section 1101 depends, in part, on whether the act is sufficiently
similar to the current charges to support a rational inference of intent or some other
material fact. (Leon, supra, 61 Cal.4th at p. 598.) “ ‘The least degree of similarity
(between the uncharged act and the charged offense) is required in order to prove
intent.’ ” (Ibid.) That is, the uncharged misconduct must be sufficiently similar to
support the inference that the defendant probably harbored the same intent in each
instance. (People v. Ewoldt (1994) 7 Cal.4th 380, 402 [recurrence of a similar result
tends to establish, at least provisionally, the presence of criminal intent].)4
Defendant first argues that the prior burglary evidence was not relevant because
defense counsel offered to stipulate to intent, and he did not argue lack of intent. In
essence, he contends the trial court erred by not compelling the prosecutor to accept the
proffered stipulation.
Our Supreme Court has held, however, that “[n]either the prosecutor nor the trial
court [is] legally obligated” to accept a stipulation. (People v. Rogers (2013) 57 Cal.4th
296, 329-330 [prosecutor could properly reject the defendant’s offer to stipulate that the
charged murder was a first degree or nothing type of case, instead opting to prove intent
with prior acts evidence of the defendant’s prior uncharged murders].) And a trial court
is not authorized to enforce such a stipulation over the prosecutor’s objection. (Ibid.)
4 The greatest degree of similarity is required for evidence of uncharged misconduct to
be relevant to prove identity. (People v. Ewoldt, supra, 7 Cal.4th at p. 403.) The trial
court found that the prior burglary was not sufficiently similar to prove identity. Neither
party challenges this finding on appeal.
9
This is because “ ‘[a] criminal defendant may not stipulate or admit his way out of the
full evidentiary force of the case as the Government chooses to present it.’ ” (Id. at
p. 330, quoting Old Chief v. United States (1997) 519 U.S. 172, 186-187 [136 L.Ed.2d
574, 592] [conventional evidence “tells a colorful story with descriptive richness”; it “has
force beyond any linear scheme of reasoning, and as its pieces come together a narrative
gains momentum”].)
Defendant’s reliance on a much older case, People v. Hall (1980) 28 Cal.3d 143,
for the proposition that a prosecutor must accept a stipulation, is not persuasive. While it
is true Hall states that when “a defendant offers to admit the existence of an element of a
charged offense, the prosecutor must accept that offer and refrain from introducing
evidence . . . to prove that element to the jury” (id. at p. 152), more recent cases from our
Supreme Court, like Rogers, have held otherwise. (See, e.g., People v. Rogers, supra,
57 Cal.4th at pp. 325, 329-330; People v. Scheid (1997) 16 Cal.4th 1, 16-17 [defense’s
offer to stipulate as to the fact or manner of the shootings did not negate the relevance of
photographic evidence showing murder victim; the prosecutor was not obliged to accept
“ ‘ “antiseptic stipulations” ’ ”]; see also People v. Thornton (2000) 85 Cal.App.4th 44,
48 [refusing to revert to the “outmoded notion that a criminal defendant may limit the
prosecution’s evidence by ‘not putting things at issue’ ”].) We shall follow the court’s
more recent directive.
Defendant claims that he did not put the element of intent in issue. But he pleaded
not guilty to the charges. Such a plea puts the entire charge, including his intent to steal
for purposes of the burglary offense, at issue. (People v. Catlin (2001) 26 Cal.4th 81, 146
[a defendant’s not guilty plea put in issue all the elements of the charged offenses];
People v. Thornton, supra, 85 Cal.App.4th at pp. 48-49 [a fact—like a defendant’s
intent—generally becomes “ ‘ “disputed” ’ ” when it is raised by a plea of not guilty or a
denial of an allegation].)
10
Moreover, during closing argument defense counsel argued the issue of intent to
the jury. Counsel stated: “Then, even if you could somehow find that this defendant did
these two things to commit a burglary, the burglary is not proven until you can prove that
the reason he is there is to specifically intend to commit the theft . . . of this residence.”
(Italics added.) Counsel continued: “Another jury instruction that is just as important
that you will get has to do with the act of union and intent. What that means is whatever
was done had to be done with the specific intent -- with the specific intent of doing [a
theft]. . . . Like I said, there’s no evidence of theft. A taking and carrying away, I don’t
know what would be alleged to have been taken. There’s no burglary and there’s no
theft.” (Italics added.)
In a similar vein, with respect to the possession of burglary tools charge, defense
counsel argued: “You will also be given a jury instruction about possession of burglary
tools, and the same point is made with regard to the intent. A person who is carrying a
screwdriver or walking around with a screwdriver or what could be considered a burglary
tool is not a burglary tool unless that tool can be used for burglary and the person is
possessing the tool with the specific intent to use it to commit the burglary.” (Italics
added.) Counsel then argued, “And in order to prove that, yes, my client was found he
had a screwdriver on his person. But . . . the prosecution would have to prove beyond a
reasonable doubt, that he possessed it with the intent to feloniously . . . break or enter into
the building for the purpose of committing the theft . . . .” (Italics added.)
Thus, while defense counsel argued identity, she also raised the specter of lack of
intent. To counter that argument, the trial court properly allowed the prosecutor to reject
the stipulation and prove intent using the prior burglary evidence under section 1101,
subdivision (b).
Defendant next contends that even if the prosecutor was not required to stipulate
to intent, the prior burglary evidence lacked probative value under section 1101,
subdivision (b) because it differed significantly from the charged crime. He cites the
11
following differences: (1) the 2008 burglary involved two suspects while the present
crime involved a single person; (2) the 2008 burglary occurred at an apartment rather
than a single family residence; (3) the 2008 burglary did not have a gated front area; (4)
the back door was kicked in during the 2008 burglary whereas a window screen was
removed and the window opened here; (5) no burglary tools were found on defendant
during the 2008 burglary and he was found with a screwdriver and gloves when detained
in the present case; (6) the 2008 burglary involved rummaging through drawers in a
bedroom and moving a mattress while no similar evidence was found here; and (7)
defendant removed his T-shirt and pants after fleeing the 2008 burglary, but was alleged
to have removed only a jacket and hat during the present crimes. In addition, defendant
contends that fleeing from a burglary scene by hopping over a fence is not unusual or
distinctive.
Although the 2008 burglary and the charged offense were dissimilar in some
ways, a reasonable court could conclude that in sum the actions taken by defendant in the
earlier burglary were sufficiently similar to admit the evidence to establish intent.
Defendant targeted strangers’ homes5 when they were not present. Pry marks were found
on a sliding glass door in the earlier case (in addition to the door being kicked in) and on
the window screen in the present case. Defendant fled the scene of both crimes while
discarding clothing so as not to be identified as the perpetrator. These common features
support a finding that defendant harbored a similar intent in each instance to steal from
the absent homeowners.
For the same reasons, the prior burglary evidence was admissible to show lack of
mistake or accident. In this case, M.N. testified that defendant said he was looking for
Michael when she surprised him upon returning to the house. Evidence that defendant
5 The record belies defendant’s claim that the 2008 burglary occurred at an apartment.
The victim testified that she lived in a home, not an apartment.
12
had previously been convicted of burglarizing a stranger’s home in 2008 while the victim
was away at work tended to show that he did not have an innocent reason for being at
M.N.’s house; he was not mistakenly there looking for someone, with gloves and a
screwdriver in his possession.
Admitting evidence of defendant’s prior burglary also was not more prejudicial
than probative. “Although a prior criminal act may be relevant for a noncharacter
purpose to prove some fact other than the defendant’s criminal disposition, the probative
value of that evidence may nevertheless be counterbalanced by a section 352 concern.
Evidence may be excluded under section 352 if its probative value is ‘substantially
outweighed by the probability that its admission [would] . . . create substantial danger of
undue prejudice, of confusing the issues, or of misleading the jury.’ ” (People v. Hendrix
(2013) 214 Cal.App.4th 216, 238.)
Defendant’s arguments to the contrary notwithstanding, the trial court’s finding
that the probative value of the prior burglary evidence outweighed any prejudicial effects
was within the bounds of reason. As discussed above, the prior burglary and the present
crime shared several common characteristics, meaning the evidence of the prior burglary
was probative in establishing defendant’s intent and absence of mistake. The prior
burglary was not stronger or more inflammatory than the charged crime. And, we note,
the court denied the prosecutor’s initial request to introduce evidence of two prior
burglaries, instead allowing only one prior burglary so as to balance the legitimate need
to present relevant evidence with defendant’s right not to be unduly prejudiced by the
prior crimes evidence. We cannot say on this record that the court abused its discretion
in so ruling.
Because the court properly admitted the prior burglary evidence, his constitutional
rights to due process and a fair trial under the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the
13
United States Constitution were not violated.6 McKinney v. Rees (9th Cir. 1993)
993 F.2d 1378, upon which defendant relies is not helpful. First, we are not bound by
decisions of lower federal courts. (People v. Bradley (1969) 1 Cal.3d 80, 86.) In any
event, McKinney held that a state court’s erroneous admission of prior crimes’ evidence
violated the federal due process clause (McKinney, at pp. 1384-1386); the prior burglary
evidence here was properly admitted.
Even assuming that the court should have excluded the prior burglary evidence,
defendant has failed to show prejudice from the purported error under any standard.
(People v. Watson (1956) 46 Cal.2d 818, 836 [erroneous admission of evidence warrants
reversal only if “it is reasonably probable that a result more favorable to the appealing
party would have been reached in the absence of error”]; People v. Thompson, supra,
1 Cal.5th at p. 1116 [the “ ‘ “ ‘routine application of state evidentiary law does not
implicate [a] defendant’s constitutional rights’ ” ’ ”]; People v. Marks (2003) 31 Cal.4th
197, 227 [the Watson standard of harmless error applies to claims regarding “ordinary
rules of evidence like . . . section 352”]; Chapman v. California (1967) 386 U.S. 18, 24
[17 L.Ed.2d 705, 710] [federal constitutional errors require reversal unless the prosecutor
shows the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt].)
The record belies defendant’s assertion that the prior burglary evidence took up a
considerable portion of the trial. While it is true that four witnesses testified about the
2008 burglary, their testimony was relatively short and resulted in minimal cross-
examination. The victim of the 2008 burglary testified for approximately four minutes
and defense counsel did not cross-exam her. Her neighbor, who called police, testified
for about five minutes and defense counsel asked a single question during cross. One of
the officers who responded to the scene testified for nine minutes and was asked three
6 To forestall an ineffective assistance of counsel claim for failure to raise the issue, we
address defendant’s federal constitutional error challenge.
14
questions on cross-examination. Another officer testified for seven minutes and initially
was not cross-examined by defense counsel. The officer was later recalled and both the
prosecutor and defense counsel asked a single question upon recall. In total, testimony
from the four witnesses took less than a half-hour. By contrast, the DNA expert testified
for approximately three hours.
Although the prosecutor briefly referenced the prior burglary evidence during her
closing argument, she focused primarily on the eyewitness identification and the physical
evidence linking defendant to the present crime. She highlighted that defendant was
linked by DNA evidence to clothing matching the description of the suspect’s clothing
and found discarded in a nearby backyard, that defendant was caught nearby, that he had
scratches and dirt on him, which was indicative of someone trying to evade capture, and
that he had gloves and a screwdriver on him when apprehended by police. While she did
reference the prior burglary evidence, after reviewing the record we cannot say the
prosecutor focused exclusively, or even heavily, on the evidence at closing.
Defendant’s argument that the evidence was closely contested is equally without
merit. His assertion that only two of the four residents at the home testified at trial is
true, but irrelevant. The two residents that were home at the time defendant burglarized
their home—M.N. and her brother—both testified. The other residents, as M.N. made
clear, were not home at the time of the incident and would have added nothing to the
testimony. This is especially so since M.N. and her brother both testified that when they
left to run errands, no one else was home, the window was closed, and the screen was on
the window.
Pry marks on the window screen were consistent with the screwdriver defendant
was carrying when he was arrested. While M.N. and her brother testified at trial four
years later that the screen showed signs of being bent rather than pried, the day of the
incident, when the events were fresh in their minds, both told officers that the screen had
15
pry marks on it. That observation was confirmed at trial by Officer Eaton, who also
viewed the damaged screen.
Citing the fact that he was found walking and not running, defendant implies that
he could not have traveled what he characterizes as “some distance” from M.N.’s house
to where he was ultimately detained. Yet the evidence showed that defendant, who was a
young man with no sign of any physical impediments, was found a little over a mile from
M.N.’s home nearly 30 minutes after M.N. called police. Several witnesses, including
M.N., saw a person matching defendant’s description running from the vicinity of M.N.’s
home. Officer Eaton estimated that it would only take a person of similar age, size, and
weight approximately six to eight minutes to run about a mile.
While defendant’s DNA or fingerprints were not found at M.N.’s house, evidence
showed defendant had gloves in his possession when he was detained. DNA evidence,
moreover, did link defendant to the freshly discarded beanie, which M.N. testified
defendant was wearing when she first saw him at her house.
Defendant’s claim that evidence regarding identity was also closely contested is
equally without merit. M.N. had a conversation with defendant at her house while they
stood approximately two feet apart. She thus had an excellent opportunity to view
defendant, making her subsequent identification of him during the field showup highly
credible. Her description of defendant during the 911 call as having a mustache was also
accurate, notwithstanding defendant’s claim that he had no mustache when he was found.
Defendant cites a picture in the record where his face is turned down, away from the
camera. But another picture shown to the jury clearly shows defendant facing towards
the camera with a mustache, and Officer Verozza also testified that defendant had a
mustache the day he was arrested.
Defendant was approximately 21 years old when apprehended. M.N. reported that
the person who burglarized her home was around 19 or 20 years old. Similarly, M.N.’s
brother described the man as young; he estimated he was between 21 and 23 years old.
16
And while the neighbor who reported seeing a Black man jump over her fence described
the man as 30 or 40 years old, she clarified at trial that she did not see his face but
described him as being 30 or 40 years old because she thought his hand looked “young.”
Thus, three eyewitnesses described the suspect as being young, which defendant was at
the time.
M.N.’s brother, moreover, did not merely report that the suspect had dreadlocks as
defendant implies. Instead, he reported that he thought the man had dreadlocks or that he
could have been wearing a “skull” or beanie cap. DNA evidence linked defendant to the
beanie found in a nearby neighbor’s backyard.
The fact that defendant was handcuffed when M.N. viewed defendant during the
single-person showup does not mean the field showup was “highly-suggestive” as
defendant claims. (In re Carlos M. (1990) 220 Cal.App.3d 372, 386 [single-person
showup is not inherently unfair; mere presence of handcuffs on a detained suspect is not
so unduly suggestive as to taint the identification].) Officer Eaton testified that he
admonished M.N. before the showup with the following: “Number 1: You will be asked
to view a person who has been contacted by the police. [¶] Number 2: The person you
are going to view may or may not be the subject you observed commit the crime. [¶]
Number 3: You are under no obligation to identify the person. If you identify the person
as the subject you saw commit the crime, you will not be told if it is the person who is
suspected of committing the crime. [¶] Number 4: Please keep an open mind when
viewing the person and explain to the officer why or why not the person is the suspect.
[¶] Number 5: Please do not take into consideration if the person is handcuffed or
removed from a police vehicle. [¶] Number 6: Please do not discuss the field showup
with any other people.” Furthermore, while M.N. viewed defendant while she remained
in the police car, she testified that she wore her glasses during the showup and easily
identified defendant. According to Officer Eaton, M.N. identified defendant right away
and was “very sure” of her identification.
17
Defendant’s assertion that the jury did not decide the case quickly and had
questions during deliberations does not mean the evidence was as close as he contends.
A careful review of the record reveals that the jury deliberated for about 20 minutes the
first day it got the case. Much of that time was likely spent picking a jury foreman since
the court instructed the jury that the first thing they must do was pick a foreman.
(CALCRIM No. 3550 [“When you go to the jury room, the first thing you should do is
choose a foreperson”].) The next day the jury deliberated a full day without reaching a
verdict. The following day, before deliberations began, the court released an ill juror and
replaced her with an alternate. The jury had to begin deliberations anew, and reached a
verdict less than an hour later. Thus, the jury, as reconstituted, reached its verdict
quickly, and the original jury had deliberated for only about one day before the alternate
was seated. And, one of the jury’s questions focused on whether removing a screen
constituted entry into the home under the burglary statute, not anything related to identity
or intent.
Any prejudice from the prior burglary evidence was also lessened because the
evidence actually allowed defense counsel to argue that defendant admitted guilt in the
prior incident because he had in fact committed the prior burglary. By contrast,
defendant went to trial in this case because he was not the person M.N. confronted at her
home and did not commit the charged burglary.
Finally, the court instructed the jury that it could only consider the prior burglary
evidence for the purpose of showing defendant’s intent or the absence of mistake. Jurors
are presumed to follow the court’s instruction, and no evidence here shows the jurors
disregarded the court’s instruction. (People v. Edwards (2013) 57 Cal.4th 658, 746
[Supreme Court presumes jurors understand and follow the trial court’s instructions].)
For all these reasons, admission of the prior burglary evidence was not prejudicial
under any standard. (People v. Watson, supra, 46 Cal.2d at p. 836; Chapman v.
California, supra, 386 U.S. at p. 24.) We are convinced beyond a reasonable doubt that
18
the jury would have reached the same verdict had the prior burglary evidence been
excluded.
II
Prior Serious Felony Enhancement
Defendant contends recent legislative amendments in Senate Bill No. 1393 (2017-
2018 Reg. Sess.) require remand for the court to consider whether to exercise newly
granted discretion to strike the prior serious felony enhancement imposed under Penal
Code section 667, subdivision (a). The People concede the legislation applies
retroactively to defendant, and that remand is proper under the circumstances. We agree.
As previously noted, defendant’s sentence in this case includes a five-year term
for a prior serious felony conviction under Penal Code section 667, subdivision (a).
When he was sentenced, the trial court had no power to strike the prior serious felony
enhancement. (See People v. Valencia (1989) 207 Cal.App.3d 1042, 1045; see also,
former Pen. Code, §§ 667, subd. (a)(1) [prior serious felony enhancements shall be
imposed “[i]n compliance with [former] subdivision (b) of Section 1385”], former 1385,
subd. (b) [“This section does not authorize a judge to strike any prior conviction of a
serious felony for purposes of enhancement of a sentence under Section 667”].) Recent
amendments in Senate Bill No. 1393 to Penal Code section 667, subdivision (a) and
Penal Code section 1385, subdivision (b), which became effective January 1, 2019, now
give trial courts the power to strike the five-year enhancement for a prior serious felony
conviction. (Stats. 2018, ch. 1013, §§ 1, 2 [deleting the prohibition against striking a
prior serious felony enhancement]; Cal. Const., art. IV, § 8, subd. (c); Gov. Code, § 9600,
subd. (a); People v. Camba (1996) 50 Cal.App.4th 857, 865.)
We agree the statutory amendments apply retroactively to defendant. Under In re
Estrada (1965) 63 Cal.2d 740, 745, “when a statute mitigating punishment becomes
effective after the commission of the prohibited act but before final judgment the lesser
punishment provided by the new law should be imposed in the absence of an express
19
statement to the contrary by the Legislature.” (People v. Francis (1969) 71 Cal.2d 66,
75-76.) As the Supreme Court stated in Estrada, “When the Legislature amends a statute
so as to lessen the punishment it has obviously expressly determined that its former
penalty was too severe and that a lighter punishment is proper as punishment for the
commission of the prohibited act. It is an inevitable inference that the Legislature must
have intended that the new statute imposing the new lighter penalty now deemed to be
sufficient should apply to every case to which it constitutionally could apply.” (Estrada,
at p. 745.)
Defendant should have an opportunity to argue to the trial court that it should
exercise its informed discretion to strike the prior serious felony enhancement. We
therefore remand for this purpose.
DISPOSITION
Defendant’s convictions are affirmed. The matter is remanded to allow the trial
court to determine whether to exercise its discretion to strike the prior serious felony
enhancement imposed under Penal Code section 667, subdivision (a).
/s/
RAYE, P. J.
We concur:
/s/
BLEASE, J.
/s/
RENNER, J.
20