J. A17027/20
2020 PA Super 284
JOHANNA L. GOODWIN : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
v. :
:
SCOTT M. GOODWIN, : No. 2338 EDA 2019
:
Appellant :
Appeal from the Order Entered July 22, 2019,
in the Court of Common Pleas of Bucks County
Family Division at No. 2008-63956-DQRY
BEFORE: BOWES, J., McCAFFERY, J., AND FORD ELLIOTT, P.J.E.
OPINION BY FORD ELLIOTT, P.J.E.: FILED DECEMBER 14, 2020
In this appeal Scott M. Goodwin (“Husband”) challenges the trial court’s
equitable distribution of the marital estate in the divorce proceedings between
him and Johanna L. Goodwin (“Wife”). After careful review, we affirm.
We take the underlying facts and procedural history in this matter from
the trial court’s September 16, 2019 opinion, and our review of the certified
record. Husband, born in 1961, and Wife, born in 1966, married in 1990.
Wife’s son, Nicholas Campellone, Esq. (“Son”), was three years old at the
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time, and while he lived with the parties, Husband did not adopt him. 1 The
parties were never previously married, and no children were born to the
marriage.
According to the trial court, both parties are high school graduates.2
(Trial court opinion, 9/16/19 at 2.) Husband suffers from a major depressive
disorder and began collecting Social Security Disability (“SSD”) in 1999; he
has not worked since 2002. (Id.) Throughout the marriage, Wife worked for
the inside sales division of Benjamin Obdyke, Inc. (Id.) On February 17,
2009, Wife filed a complaint in divorce; subsequently, the parties reconciled,
however, Wife did not withdraw the complaint. (Id.)
Son died on January 1, 2017, at the age of 30 due to a pulmonary
embolism. (Wife’s brief at 5.) He did not have any children or heirs, other
than his mother (Wife), and died intestate. (Trial court opinion, 9/16/19 at 1.)
Son acquired, through his employment, four life insurance policies; he named
his mother, [Wife], as sole beneficiary. (See id.) Wife received all of the
1 Son’s biological father died before he was born. (Husband’s brief at 9.) The
parties dispute the extent of Husband’s relationship with Son. Husband refers
to him as “their son” and claims he “raised and treated [him] as if he were his
own son,” and “[u]ntil he entered 10th grade, [Son] was known as
Nicholas Goodwin.” (Id. at 9, 18, 52.) However, Wife avers Husband and
Son’s “relationship was turbulent [and t]owards the end of [S]on’s life,”
Husband refused him entry into the marital residence. (Wife’s brief at 5.)
2Wife disputes this, claiming she did not graduate from high school. (Wife’s
brief at 7.)
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proceeds of these policies, $633,301.72.3 Moreover, Wife received the funds
enumerated below from Son’s estate4
North Western Mutual IRA $3,445.00
Bank of America Money Market [] $2,926.96
Bank of America Checking [] $306.16
Bank of America Checking [] $900.99
Bank of America Savings [] $637.40
Total $8,216.51
Id. at 2. Husband and Wife agree Wife was the sole named beneficiary on
the IRA. (Husband’s brief at 13-14; Wife’s brief at 26.) Despite this, the trial
court did not make such a finding in its equitable distribution order or opinion.
The parties separated on March 27, 2017, approximately four months
after Son’s death. The marriage lasted 27 years. Wife used a portion of the
proceeds from Son’s estate to purchase a house. On April 6, 2017, Wife filed
a praecipe to reinstate her 2009 divorce complaint. Husband filed an answer
and counterclaim seeking alimony.
The trial court summarized the parties’ income history as follows.
Husband’s 2017 federal income tax return reflected gross income totaling
3 The parties agree no portion of these polices were purchased with marital
assets. Three of the insurance policies were issued by North Western Mutual
Life Insurance, in the amounts of $101,077.88, $300,010.98, and
$100,032.46; they also bore interest of $180.40. The fourth life insurance
policy, issued by Unum Life Insurance, was in the amount of $132,000. (Trial
court opinion, 9/16/19 at 2.) Son did not name Husband as successor
beneficiary in any of these policies. (Id.)
4 Husband claims there was never “an [e]state of Nicholas Campellone,”
because “[n]o one opened up an estate.” (Husband’s brief at 12, 20.)
However, for ease of discussion we will use the word, “estate.”
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$17,612. (Report of master, 8/31/18 at 2.) Wife’s 2017 tax return reported
a gross income of $103,314. (Trial court opinion, 9/16/19 at 2.) In 2018,
however, Wife lost her job; “she received a fifteen-week severance of $1,931
per week[,] from November 2018 to February 2019. Thereafter, Wife began
receiving unemployment compensation in the amount of $561 per week.”
(Id.) Meanwhile, as of January 1, 2019, Husband received SSD in the amount
of $1,759.50 per month. (Id.) Starting on August 30, 2017, Wife paid
Husband $1,600 per month in spousal support. (Report of master at 2.) “On
April 1, 2019, Wife was diagnosed with anxiety and depression for which she
takes medication. . . . Wife was also diagnosed with Heterozygote[;] however
the condition has not impaired her ability to work.” (Trial court opinion,
9/16/19 at 2-3.)
The trial court also discussed the parties’ assets as follows:
The marital residence is located at 169 Indian Creek
Drive, Levittown, Pennsylvania. In 2017, Wife
purchased a heater at a cost of $3,628.05 for the
marital home, as well as a new air conditioning unit in
the amount of $784.94. The residence has since been
transferred into Husband’s name only and Wife’s
name has been removed from all corresponding liens
and mortgages. The value of the home was assessed
at $145,000.
At the time of separation, Wife and Husband kept
separate bank accounts. Wife had two accounts [with
balances of $4,873 and] $1,205. Husband’s . . .
checking account . . . had a balance of $10,318. In
2014, Wife received a loan from Lending Club in the
amount of $10,000 and another in 2015 for $25,000.
On April 1, 2017, Wife paid the balance on the 2014
loan[,] $1,947. On February 8, 2017, she paid the
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balance of the 2015 loan[,] $20,024. Wife also paid
off total marital credit card debt in the amount of
$45,985.48 as well as their 2016 joint tax in the
amount of $4,400. Wife’s Benjamin Obdyke 401(k)
plan has a marital value of $239,862.
At the time of separation, Wife leased a 2016
Chevrolet Equinox and Husband owned a 2002
Chrysler PT Cruiser valued at $711 and free from any
encumbrances.
Trial court opinion, 9/16/19 at 3.
The parties attended a master’s hearing on August 20, 2018. The
master issued a report on August 31, 2018, recommending Husband receive
66% of the marital estate, Wife 34%, and Wife pay “alimony at the current
spousal support rate of $1,600 through August [of] 2026.” (Report of master
at 9.)
On September 11, 2018, Husband filed a motion for a hearing de novo.
The court granted the motion and conducted evidentiary hearings on
February 2, March 29, and May 13, 2019.
On July 22, 2019, the trial court issued the underlying order, directing
the parties to be divorced and distributing the marital estate as follows:
[The trial c]ourt first made a determination that the
life insurance proceeds and additional funds of the
[e]state of [Son] received by Wife were not marital
assets nor marital property. All investments, real
estate or any other assets purchased or acquired by
Wife from her [S]on’s [e]state were likewise not
marital property or assets.
The [trial c]ourt allocated the marital property in an
equitable manner consistent with 23 Pa.C.S.[A.]
§ 3502. Specifically, [the trial c]ourt equitably
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distributed the marital assets as follows: (a) Wife
received all right, title and interest of the remaining
and separate portions of her Benjamin Obdyke 401(k)
plan, her [two bank accounts], and her leased 2016
Chevrolet Equinox; (b) Husband received all right,
title and interest in his [checking account], his PT
Cruiser, and an additional $50,000 via a rollover from
Wife’s Benjamin Obdyke 401(k) plan. Wife assumed
responsibility for repayment of all marital liabilities
and held Husband harmless regarding the same of the
2016 taxes, heater bill, air conditioning bill, total
marital credit card debt and the Lending Club loans.
Upon distribution, Wife would receive a total of
$119,170.53 and Husband would receive a total of
$206,029, effectuating a 37% award to Wife and a
63% award to Husband. Importantly, Wife was also
obligated to pay alimony at the current spousal rate
for an additional seven and one-half years through
January 1, 2027.
Trial court opinion, 9/16/19 at 4.
Husband filed a timely notice of appeal and a court-ordered
Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) statement of errors to be raised on appeal. Subsequently,
the trial court issued an opinion.
On appeal, Husband raises the following issues for our review:
1. Did the trial court abuse its discretion, commit
an error of law and reversible error when it
failed to find that the life insurance proceeds
and IRA money that Wife received as a named
beneficiary, and the investments made and
assets purchased with the proceeds, were
marital property subject to equitable
distribution?
2. Did the trial court commit reversible error when
it failed to designate and apply a percentage to
the equitable distribution scheme in its [o]rder,
and then failed to make a clear distribution
scheme in its [o]pinion?
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3. Did the trial court commit reversible error,
abuse its discretion, and fashion an equitable
distribution award that was manifestly
unreasonable by failing to consider all of the
relevant factors in 23 Pa.C.S.[A.] §3502, by
adding words to factors to change their
meaning, and by not properly applying the
factors?
Husband’s brief at 6.
All of Husband’s issues challenge equitable distribution. A trial court has
broad discretion when fashioning an award of equitable distribution.
Dalrymple v. Kilishek, 920 A.2d 1275, 1280 (Pa.Super. 2007). Our
standard of review when assessing the propriety of an order effectuating the
equitable distribution of marital property is “whether the trial court abused its
discretion by a misapplication of the law or failure to follow proper legal
procedure.” Smith v. Smith, 904 A.2d 15, 19 (Pa.Super. 2006) (citation
omitted). We do not lightly find an abuse of discretion, which requires a
showing of clear and convincing evidence. Id. This court will not find an
“abuse of discretion” unless the law has been “overridden or misapplied or the
judgment exercised” was “manifestly unreasonable, or the result of partiality,
prejudice, bias, or ill will, as shown by the evidence in the certified record.”
Wang v. Feng, 888 A.2d 882, 887 (Pa.Super. 2005). In determining the
propriety of an equitable distribution award, courts must consider the
distribution scheme as a whole. Id. “[W]e measure the circumstances of the
case against the objective of effectuating economic justice between the parties
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and achieving a just determination of their property rights.” Schenk v.
Schenk, 880 A.2d 633, 639 (Pa.Super. 2005) (citation omitted).
Moreover, it is within the province of the trial court to
weigh the evidence and decide credibility and this
[c]ourt will not reverse those determinations so long
as they are supported by the evidence. We are also
aware that a master’s report and recommendation,
although only advisory, is to be given the fullest
consideration, particularly on the question of
credibility of witnesses, because the master has the
opportunity to observe and assess the behavior and
demeanor of the parties.
Childress v. Bogosian, 12 A.3d 448, 445-446 (Pa.Super. 2011) (quotation
marks and internal citations omitted).
In his first issue, Husband contends the trial court erred in finding Son’s
life insurance proceeds and IRA benefits were not marital property.
(Husband’s brief at 18-55.) We disagree, albeit for different reasons than
those expressed by the trial court.5
Section 3501(a)(3) of the Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes
Annotated states marital property does not include, “[p]roperty acquired by
gift, except between spouses, bequest, devise or descent or property acquired
in exchange for such property.” For the reasons discussed below, we find the
life insurance and IRA proceeds were a gift within the meaning of the statute.
5“[W]e are not limited by the trial court’s rationale and that we may affirm
on any basis.” Blumenstock v. Gibson, 811 A.2d 1029, 1033 (Pa.Super.
2002) (citations omitted), appeal denied, 828 A.2d 349 (Pa. 2003).
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Here, the life insurance and IRA proceeds vested in Wife at the death of
Son, which was prior to the date of separation; Wife’s receipt of the proceeds,
both before and after the date of separation perfected the gift. Both parties
agree the life insurance and IRA benefits were not commingled into a joint
account. (Husband’s brief at 27-28; Wife’s brief at 23-25.) Both agree Wife
used part of the proceeds to purchase a home solely in her name and put the
remainder into accounts which were solely in her name. (See id.) Lastly, the
parties do not dispute Son used his own funds to pay for the life insurance
policies and deposits to the IRA account. (Id.)
The list of exceptions contained in Section 3501(a)(3) have a common
element: the intent of the donor to transfer the property in question to only
one of the spouses. The Divorce Code honors this intent, giving it priority
over the general rules concerning the nature of property acquired during
marriage. By listing someone as the sole beneficiary on an insurance policy
or IRA, the giver makes the proceeds into a gift which vests at the time of
death. Moreover, because such policies allow for the designation of
co-beneficiaries and contingent beneficiaries, the failure to list any makes the
intent of the giver clear. To find otherwise would make for a chaotic situation
where certain forms of gifts would be considered marital property while other
forms were not and the intent of the giver would be completely disregarded.
There is little law in Pennsylvania discussing the situation at bar, where
one spouse is the designated beneficiary of a life insurance policy which is
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vested prior to the dissolution of the marriage. However, the two cases which
do discuss the matter did not find life insurance did not fall within the meaning
of Section 3501(a)(3). In fact, they did not even discuss the issue, but found
it to be marital property based upon circumstances not present in the instant
matter.
In Sutliff v. Sutliff, 522 A.2d 1144 (Pa.Super. 1987), affirmed in
part, reversed in part on other grounds, and remanded by, 543 A.2d
534 (Pa. 1988), a panel of this court affirmed a master’s finding the evidence
was insufficient to show husband used the proceeds of his father’s life
insurance policy and pension benefits to purchase stocks, and therefore, the
stocks were marital property. Sutliff, 522 A.2d at 1150. In a brief,
one-paragraph discussion, we agreed with the master’s finding the funds had
been “commingled in a joint checking account used for various expenditures
of the family and sufficient evidence was not produced that the stock was
purchased with the insurance and pension benefits.” Id. What is of greater
interest is what is implied by this decision: had the proceeds of the life
insurance policy and pension benefits not been commingled into the joint
checking account, they would not have been considered marital property. See
Sutliffe, 522 A.2d at 1150.
In Rohrer v. Rohrer, 715 A.2d 463 (Pa.Super. 1998), after another
brief discussion, a panel of this court again found the proceeds of the
husband’s father’s life insurance policy to be marital property. Rohrer, 715
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A.2d at 467-468. However, as in Sutliff, there was no discussion of whether
life insurance proceeds, in general, were marital property; rather, the holding
rested on the fact husband had used marital funds to purchase and maintain
the policy on behalf of his father. Id.
While Pennsylvania courts have not spoken to the relevant issue, our
sister states have.6 In Amato v. Amato, 596 So.2d 1243 (Fla.Ct.App. 1992),
a child of the marriage named his mother as the sole beneficiary of a life
insurance policy. Amato, 592 So.2d at 1244. After the insurance company
distributed the proceeds, the wife placed the funds in a joint checking account
and each party drew upon them. Id. In the decision, the court noted it wrote
specifically to clarify the only reason it was treating the proceeds as marital
property was because, by placing the funds in a joint account, the wife gifted
husband a half share of the proceeds. Id. at 1244-1245. In Weekes v.
Weekes, 611 P.2d 133 (Idaho 1980), the Idaho Supreme Court found life
insurance proceeds from a policy purchased by a child of the marriage in which
mother was named as the primary beneficiary and father as the second
beneficiary were not marital property. Weekes, 611 P.2d at 133-134. The
court gave no explanation for its finding, simply stating the trial court’s finding
it was “separate” property was “supported by the record.” Id. at 134. If
anything, the instant matter, where the son was not a child of the marriage,
6 “The decisions of courts of other states are persuasive, but not binding,
authority.” Huber v. Etkin, 58 A.3d 772, 780 n.8 (Pa.Super. 2012) (citation
omitted), appeal denied, 68 A.3d 909 (Pa. 2013).
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husband was not named as a secondary beneficiary, and the funds were never
commingled, presents an even stronger case for finding the proceeds were
not marital property.
In reaching this conclusion, we looked particularly to these five cases
decided between 1978-2009 in appellate courts in Kentucky, Missouri,
Colorado, Iowa, and Minnesota. See In re Marriage of Goodwin, 606
N.W.2d 315, 318-19 (Iowa 2000) (holding son of marriage’s life insurance
benefits designated solely to mother constituted gift and, therefore, were not
marital property); Angeli v. Angeli, 777 N.W.2d 32, 34-37 (Minn.Ct.App.
2009) (holding son of marriage’s life insurance and military death benefits
naming mother as sole beneficiary were gift; recognizing, “the benefits
conveyed by the instruments at issue do not resemble the usual ‘gift’ as the
term is commonly used. But they have the essential characteristic of a gift,
which is a transfer without consideration.” (citations omitted)), affirmed, 791
N.W.2d 530 (Minn. 2010); Sharp v. Sharp, 823 P.2d 1387, 1388
(Colo.Ct.App. 1991) (holding mother’s life insurance benefits were gift to son
and not marital property; stating, “a gift is perfected when the donee receives
it; a gift does not fail only because the donor retains some control over it until
that time.” (citation omitted)); Fields v. Fields, 643 S.W.2d 611, 613-615
(Mo.Ct.App. 1982) (holding life insurance benefits and other funds inherited
by father from son from former relationship, where it was unclear if funds
were testamentary, were gifts and not marital property); and Brunson v.
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Brunson, 569 S.W.2d 173, 176-177 (Ky.Ct.App. 1978) (holding two of
father’s life insurance policies naming husband as sole beneficiary were not
marital property but the third, funds from which had been commingled into
family business, was marital property).
In each of these cases, the courts interpreted statutes either identical
in language or closely tracking the language of Section 3501(a)(3), each
concerned life insurance either by itself or in combination with other inherited
property, some of which was testamentary, some of which was not, in some
cases, the court could not determine the nature of the inheritance, and in all
cases, the courts found the non-commingled property in question not to be
marital property. See Goodwin, 606 at 317, 319; Angeli, 777 N.W.2d at
34-37; Sharp, 823 P.2d at 1388-1389; Fields, 643 S.W.2d at 613-615; and
Brunson, 569 S.W.2d at 176-177. We find these decisions and the reasoning
underlying them to be extremely persuasive. Accordingly, we hold the life
insurance and IRA proceeds are gifts within the meaning of Section 3501(a)(3)
and, therefore, not marital property.
This case highlights the difficulties which occur when the Probates,
Estates and Fiduciaries (“PEF”) Code and the Divorce Code collide. We are
aware both the PEF Code and our supreme court have held life insurance is
not testamentary in nature. While there is minimal case law in the individual
states regarding the treatment of non-testamentary inheritances in divorce,
those courts which have faced the issue have honored the intent of the giver
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and treated the property as non-marital. They all found it to fall within the
language of their relevant divorce codes; the language of all of these codes
being either identical to or exceedingly close to the language of
Section 3501(a)(3). Thus, our finding the life insurance and IRA funds at issue
in the instant matter constitute a gift and thus fall within the exceptions
delineated in Section 3501(a)(3) is consistent and in alignment with the
holdings of courts in our sister states. For these reasons, Husband’s first issue
does not merit relief.
In his second issue, Husband argues the trial court committed reversible
error by failing to “designate and apply a percentage to the equitable
distribution scheme in its order[.]” Husband also maintains the equitable
distribution scheme was not “clear.” (Husband’s brief at 55 (emphasis
omitted); see also id. at 55-60.) We disagree.
Initially, Husband admits, while the decree and order did not list the
percentages of the equitable distribution scheme, the trial court rectified this
in its Rule 1925(a) opinion. (Husband’s brief at 56.) While Husband claims
this figure is incorrect (see id.), Husband arrives at this conclusion by omitting
portions of the decree and order, and the opinion from his discussion, in
particular the trial court’s handling of the issue of marital debt. (Husband’s
brief at 56-58; trial court decree and order, 7/22/19 at 1-4; trial court opinion,
9/16/19 at 6-9.)
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Here, the trial court specifically stated in the July 2019 decree and order,
it was not intended to be a “formal [o]pinion” and if either party appealed, it
would draft a more expansive decision. (Trial court decree and order, 7/22/19
at 1.) While it would have been better practice for the trial court to have
included the percentage amount in its initial decree and order, we see nothing
in either the decree and order or the Rule 1925(a) opinion which is unclear.
Further, this is less a claim the distribution scheme was unclear and more a
claim Husband disagrees with the treatment of the marital debt. (Husband’s
brief at 58-59.)
The trial court addressed this issue as follows:
In apportioning the marital assets, [the trial c]ourt
also apportioned the marital debts to effectuate that
distribution. Husband asserts Wife’s decision to pay
the marital debts were a gift and should not be
factored into distribution. However, “[b]etween
divorcing parties, debts which accrue to them jointly
prior to separation are marital debts.” Biese v.
Biese, 979 A.2d 892, 896 (Pa.Super. 2009). There is
no dispute the $45,985.48 of credit card debt is a
marital debt and Wife paid that debt. Wife’s decision
to pay off the marital debt after separation with her
separate money is of no moment. The marital credit
card and loan debt, marital home expenses, and joint
taxes were apportioned to Wife to offset her total
received. Finally, the [trial c]ourt also [o]rdered Wife
to support Husband with monthly alimony payments
through January 1, 2027.
Trial court opinion, 9/16/19 at 9.
From the trial court’s statement, “Wife’s decision to pay off the marital
debt after separation with her separate money is of no moment,” Husband
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extrapolates the court found “all of these marital debts were Wife’s sole
responsibility.” (Husband’s brief at 58-59, quoting trial court opinion, 9/16/19
at 9.) We disagree. The trial court clearly concluded the debts were marital
in nature, notwithstanding Wife’s decision to pay them “with her separate
money.” (Trial court opinion, 9/16/19 at 9.) Moreover, Husband’s contention
the debts were not marital debts because, “Wife ran up these debts on her
own” (Husband’s brief at 59-60), is contrary to settled law.
We have long held debts incurred during marriage are marital debt,
regardless of which party incurred them. See Biese, 979 A.2d at 896; see
also Duff v. Duff, 507 A.2d 371 (Pa. 1986) (tax assessment liability accruing
to parties from sale of stock prior to separation was joint liability to be included
in computation of marital estate); Litmans v. Litmans, 673 A.2d 382, 391
(Pa.Super. 1996) (“Between divorcing parties, debts which accrue to them
jointly prior to separation are marital debts.” (citation omitted)).
Here the trial court stated it looked at the Section 3502 factors,
described the ones which were relevant to the instant matter, and properly
found the debt to be marital. This is all the law requires. Schultz v. Schultz,
184 A.3d 168, 175 (Pa.Super. 2018) (holding wife not entitled to relief where
trial court specifically stated it reviewed all factors set forth in Section 3502(a),
and set forth reasons for distribution scheme). Moreover, we see nothing in
the decree and order which overrode or misapplied the law or was manifestly
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unreasonable. Wang, 888 A.2d at 887. Husband’s second issue does not
merit relief.
In his third and final issue, Husband avers the trial court erred because
its distribution scheme did not effectuate economic justice; moreover, he
believes the court did not consider all the factors enumerated at 23 Pa.C.S.A.
§ 3502. (Husband’s brief at 61-74.) Generally, Husband maintains he is
58 years old and has received SSD for 20 years, and predicts he “will always
be unemployed” and “[w]hatever he receives in equitable distribution will be
his estate.” (Id. at 68, 70.) On the other hand, Husband contends, Wife is
five years younger, has “testified that her alleged health issues never
prevented her from working . . . has better prospects for employment . . . is
already economically stable . . . [and] is intentionally failing to seek
appropriate employment.” (Id. at 68, 70.) Husband concludes the court’s
distribution award was manifestly unreasonable. We disagree.
Section 3502 of the Divorce Code provides:
(a) General rule.--Upon the request of either party
in an action for divorce or annulment, the court
shall equitably divide, distribute or assign, in
kind or otherwise, the marital property between
the parties without regard to marital misconduct
in such percentages and in such manner as the
court deems just after considering all relevant
factors. The court may consider each marital
asset or group of assets independently and
apply a different percentage to each marital
asset or group of assets. Factors which are
relevant to the equitable division of marital
property include the following:
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(1) The length of the marriage.
(2) Any prior marriage of either party.
(3) The age, health, station, amount
and sources of income, vocational
skills, employability, estate,
liabilities and needs of each of the
parties.
(4) The contribution by one party to
the education, training or
increased earning power of the
other party.
(5) The opportunity of each party for
future acquisitions of capital
assets and income.
(6) The sources of income of both
parties, including, but not limited
to, medical, retirement, insurance
or other benefits.
(7) The contribution or dissipation of
each party in the acquisition,
preservation, depreciation or
appreciation of the marital
property, including the
contribution of a party as
homemaker.
(8) The value of the property set apart
to each party.
(9) The standard of living of the
parties established during the
marriage.
(10) The economic circumstances of
each party at the time the division
of property is to become effective.
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(10.1) The Federal, State and local tax
ramifications associated with each
asset to be divided, distributed or
assigned, which ramifications
need not be immediate and
certain.
(10.2) The expense of sale, transfer or
liquidation associated with a
particular asset, which expense
need not be immediate and
certain.
(11) Whether the party will be serving
as the custodian of any dependent
minor children.
23 Pa.C.S.A. § 3502(a)(1)-(11).
This court has stated,
A trial court has broad discretion when fashioning an
award of equitable distribution. In making its decision
regarding equitable distribution, the trial court must
consider at least the eleven factors enumerated in
23 Pa.C.S.A. § 3502(a). However, there is no
standard formula guiding the division of marital
property and the method of distribution derives from
the facts of the individual case. While the list of
factors in Section 3502 serves as a guideline for
consideration, the list is neither exhaustive nor
specific as to the weight to be given the various
factors. Accordingly, the court has flexibility of
method and concomitantly assumes responsibility in
rendering its decisions.
Hess v. Hess, 212 A.3d 520, 524 (Pa.Super. 2019) (citations and quotation
marks omitted).
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Here, the trial court reasoned as follows:
Based upon the factors enumerated in
23 Pa.C.S.[A.] § 3502, [the trial c]ourt found the
following general factors relevant: (1) the length of
the marriage; (2) the age, health, station, amount
and sources of income, vocational skills,
employability, estate, liabilities, payment of prior
marital expense and needs of each of the parties;
(3) the opportunity of each party for future
acquisitions of capital assets and income by working;
(4) the value of the property set apart to each party;
and (5) the standard of living the parties established
during the marriage.
The record shows that Wife, age 53, and Husband,
age 58, were married for twenty-seven years at the
time of their separation. Husband and Wife are both
high school graduates. Husband has been battling a
major depressive disorder and has not worked since
2002 as a result. Since that time, Husband’s earning
capacity has undoubtedly plateaued, however, he
receives SSD resulting from his depression. Wife was
the superior income earner throughout the marriage
and was gainfully employed for the last fifteen and a
half years of their marriage in a well-paying position.
Upon the death of her son, Wife received $641,518.23
from her son’s life insurance policies and estate,
leaving Wife in a superior future financial position than
Husband. Most recently, Wife has been diagnosed
with depression and additional medical concerns.
Husband’s assertion that the [trial c]ourt erred in not
considering Wife’s willful failure to seek employment
is without merit. Wife’s job was terminated upon
reorganization of her employer Benjamin Obdyke and
she was not retained. As she is entitled to do, Wife
applied for unemployment compensation. The
Department of Labor and Industry (“Department”)
determined and decided she was eligible for such
unemployment compensation benefits and she began
receiving $561 weekly. See 43 Pa.C.S.[A.] § 801. It
is not [the trial c]ourt’s function to determine whether
Wife is or is not eligible for benefits under
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unemployment compensation law while undertaking
an equitable distribution matter. Such matters are
the responsibility of the Department and the
Unemployment Compensation Board of Review. See
43 Pa.C.S.[A.] §§ 761, 763. For equitable distribution
concerns, the $561 in unemployment compensation is
considered part of her newly established income which
the Department has deemed her entitled to receive
under Pennsylvania law. Although Wife is not
presently employed, the [trial c]ourt does find her age
and work experience leave her in a better position to
obtain another job than Husband in the future.
The [trial c]ourt did not find Husband’s removal cost
of liens and mortgages on the marital home a relevant
factor to be given weight in considering the equitable
distribution of marital property. After an [e]mergency
[p]etition for [p]artial [d]istribution of the marital
residence was filed by Husband, he was awarded the
marital residence and its equity after refinancing and
removing Wife’s name from all corresponding liens
and mortgages. Husband has successfully removed
those encumbrances of $12,209 at a cost to him of
$750 as it was in the best interest of Husband to
negotiate settlement of the liens on the marital home.
Since Wife contributed to pay for a new heater and air
conditioning installation in the [marital] residence,
totaling over $4,000, the [trial c]ourt decided to not
assign a greater significance to Husband’s negotiated
contribution to the equity in this marital asset.
Trial court opinion, 9/16/19 at 7-8 (emphasis added).
We are not persuaded by Husband’s claim that the trial court erred in
“only” considering the factors at Subsections 3502(a)(1), (3), (5), (8), and
(9). (See Husband’s brief at 64 (“This is contrary to the requirement of
§ 3502 to consider ‘all’ relevant factors.”).) For example, although the trial
court did not address the weight of “[a]ny prior marriage of either party”
(Subsection (a)(2)) or any contribution “to the education, training or increased
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earning power of the other party” (Subsection (a)(4)), the court plainly stated
both parties were high school graduates, and Husband himself points out that
neither party was previously married. See 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 3502(a)(2), (4);
trial court opinion, 9/16/19 at 2; Husband’s brief at 68. Significantly, Husband
does not present any argument how consideration of the unmentioned factors
would affect the equitable distribution in this matter. Furthermore, we deny
relief on Husband’s claims the court improperly “added the words ‘payment of
marital expense’ to factor number 3[ and] added the words ‘by working’ to
factor number 5.” (Husband’s brief at 64.) Instead, our review of “the
distribution as a whole in light of the court’s overall application of the
23 Pa.C.S.A. § 3502(a) factors” reveals no abuse of discretion under
Section 3502. See Hess, 212 A.3d at 523 (citation omitted).
Moreover, as in his second issue, Husband’s claim is based on a
misreading of the trial court’s decree and order, and opinion, and the
omission, deliberate or otherwise, of facts which weaken his position. Lastly,
Husband’s final claim is not a really a claim of errors by the trial court but a
request we reweigh the Section 3502(a) factors in his favor. (Husband’s brief
at 61-74.) However, we have long held we will not reweigh the relevant
statutory factors on appeal, as that is not our role as an appellate court. See
Busse v. Busse, 921 A.2d 1248, 1259-1260 (Pa.Super. 2007) (“The weight
to be given to [] statutory factors depends on the facts of each case and is
within the court’s discretion. We will not reweigh them.” (internal quotations
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marks and citations omitted)), appeal denied, 934 A.2d 1275 (Pa. 2007).
Husband’s final issue does not merit relief.
Accordingly, for the reasons discussed above, we find Husband’s issues
do not merit relief. Therefore, we affirm the order of July 22, 2019.
Order affirmed.
Bowes, J. joins this Opinion.
McCaffery, J. files a Concurring and Dissenting Opinion.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 12/14/20
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