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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
TROY STEVEN STEHLEY :
:
Appellant : No. 1558 WDA 2018
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered September 14, 2018
In the Court of Common Pleas of Blair County Criminal Division at No(s):
CP-07-CR-0000418-2016
BEFORE: BENDER, P.J.E., McLAUGHLIN, J., and MUSMANNO, J.
MEMORANDUM BY McLAUGHLIN, J.: FILED JANUARY 22, 2021
Troy Stehley appeals from the judgment of sentence1 imposed on
September 14, 2018, following his conviction for Persons Not to Possess
Firearm and Firearms Not to Be Carried Without a License.2 He challenges the
sufficiency of the evidence, claims that evidence was improperly admitted,
and argues that his sentence was based on impermissible evidence. We affirm.
On March 29, 2015, Stehley engaged in a high-speed chase, driving his
minivan through Altoona and Logan Township at extremely high speeds with
several police officers pursuing him. The chase ended when the minivan
crashed in a very serious, single-vehicle accident. Patrolman Matthew
____________________________________________
1 Stehley purports to appeal from the denial of his post-sentence motion.
However, an appeal properly lies from the September 14, 2018 judgment of
sentence, made final by the denial of his post-sentence motion. See
Commonwealth v. Kuykendall, 2 A.3d 559, 560 n.1 (Pa.Super. 2010).
2 See 18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 6105(a)(1) and 6106(a), respectively.
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Angermeier arrived at the accident scene seconds after the crash occurred
and observed the engine block on fire and a large debris field around the
minivan. Patrolman Angermeier found Stehley, the driver and only occupant
of the minivan, lying face down, unconscious and unresponsive, approximately
five feet from the vehicle. Police also found a Hi-Point 9mm handgun in the
debris field within feet of where Stehley had been lying. See Trial Court
Opinion, 01/04/19, at 8-11.
Stehley was charged with 39 counts related to the chase. The court
severed the two firearms counts involved in this appeal from the remaining
charges. On July 7, 2018, a jury convicted Stehley of both firearm charges.
On September 14, 2018, the court imposed a sentence of five to 10 years for
Persons Not to Possess Firearm and a consecutive sentence of three and one
half to seven years for Firearms Not to Be Carried Without a License. See id.
at 2. The court denied Stehley’s post-sentence motions, and this timely appeal
followed.
Stehley raises three issues on appeal:
I. Did the Commonwealth present sufficient evidence to
convict [Stehley]?
II. Did the trial court err in permitting the testimony of
Commonwealth witness Daniel D’Andrea in that his name
was not provided in a witness list and was only offered to
implicate [Stehley] in a crime with which he was not
charged?
III. Did the trial court abuse its discretion in imposing a
sentence which was unduly harsh given the circumstances?
Stehley’s Br. at 5 (questions re-ordered for ease of disposition).
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Stehley’s first issue relates to the sufficiency of the evidence underlying
his conviction. A sufficiency challenge requires us to consider all evidence
admitted at trial, drawing all reasonable inferences in favor of the
Commonwealth as verdict-winner, and ask whether the evidence, so viewed,
was capable of proving all elements of the crimes charged beyond a
reasonable doubt. See Commonwealth v. Hopkins, 67 A.3d 817, 820
(Pa.Super. 2013). “The evidence established at trial need not preclude every
possibility of innocence and the fact-finder is free to believe all, part, or none
of the evidence presented.” Commonwealth v. Feliciano, 67 A.3d 19, 23
(Pa.Super. 2013) (en banc) (citation omitted). The Commonwealth may carry
its burden with wholly circumstantial evidence and any doubt about the
defendant’s guilt is for the fact finder “unless the evidence is so weak and
inconclusive that, as a matter of law, no probability of fact can be drawn from
the combined circumstances.” Id. (citation omitted).
Stehley claims that the Commonwealth failed to prove that he was in
possession of the Hi-Point 9mm handgun that police found at the scene. He
argues that the evidence did not establish constructive possession of the
firearm because there was no evidence that he was the owner of either the
firearm or the vehicle, and because the DNA evidence could have been
transferred to the gun without him possessing the gun. We disagree.
As this Court has explained, because Stehley was not in physical
possession of the firearm, the Commonwealth was required to establish that
he had constructive possession of it.
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Constructive possession is a legal fiction, a pragmatic construct to
deal with the realities of criminal law enforcement. Constructive
possession is an inference arising from a set of facts that
possession of the contraband was more likely than not. We have
defined constructive possession as conscious dominion. We
subsequently defined conscious dominion as the power to control
the contraband and the intent to exercise that control. To aid
application, we have held that constructive possession may be
established by the totality of the circumstances.
Hopkins, 67 A.3d at 820 (quoting Commonwealth v. Brown, 48 A.3d 426,
430 (Pa.Super. 2012)).
When viewed in their totality, the evidence and reasonable inferences
drawn therefrom support the finding that Stehley was in constructive
possession of the firearm. After a high-speed crash, police found Stehley’s
unconscious body in a field of debris thrown from the crashed vehicle. Next to
him was a Hi-Point 9mm handgun, as well as a white hat and shoe that Stehley
had been wearing. See N.T. Trial, 6/06/18, at 39-40. A forensic DNA expert
testified that DNA collected from the muzzle and inside the barrel of the
firearm was a mixture of three individuals’ DNA, one of which produced a DNA
profile consistent with Stehley’s. See id. at 152, 154. This was enough to
prove constructive possession. Stehley’s first issue is meritless.
In the second issue above, Stehley claims that the trial court erred when
it concluded that Stehley “opened the door” to the Commonwealth’s
presenting the testimony of D’Andrea, despite the Commonwealth not having
initially listed D’Andrea as a witness. Stehley also alleges that D’Andrea’s
testimony was unduly prejudicial. We disagree.
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The admission of evidence is solely within the discretion of the
trial court, and a trial court’s evidentiary rulings will be reversed
on appeal only upon an abuse of that discretion. An abuse of
discretion will not be found based on a mere error of judgment,
but rather occurs where the court has reached a conclusion that
overrides or misapplies the law, or where the judgment exercised
is manifestly unreasonable, or the result of partiality, prejudice,
bias or ill-will.
Commonwealth v. Woodard, 129 A.3d 480, 494 (Pa. 2015) (citations and
quotation marks omitted).
All relevant evidence is admissible, unless some rule of law renders it
inadmissible. See Pa.R.E. 402. One such rule is where the probative value of
relevant evidence “is outweighed by a danger of one or more of the following:
unfair prejudice, confusing the issues, misleading the jury, undue delay,
wasting time, or needlessly presenting cumulative evidence.” Pa.R.E. 403.
Nonetheless, “[i]f [a] defendant delves into what would be objectionable
testimony on the part of the Commonwealth, then the Commonwealth can
probe further into the objectionable area.” Commonwealth v. Lewis, 885
A.2d 51, 54-55 (Pa.Super. 2005) (quoting Commonwealth v. Stakley, 365
A.2d 1298, 1300 (Pa.Super. 1976)). “A litigant opens the door to inadmissible
evidence by presenting proof that creates a false impression refuted by the
otherwise prohibited evidence.” Commonwealth v. Nypaver, 69 A.3d 708,
716-17 (Pa.Super. 2013) (citations omitted).
In the instant case, the following exchange took place during defense
counsel’s cross-examination of the police officer who pursued Stehley,
Patrolman Angermeier:
Q. Now did you run the registration of this vehicle at some point?
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A. Yes.
Q. And who was it registered to?
A. I do not recall.
Q. Was it registered to Mr. Stehley?
A. I don’t recall who the registration came back to.
Q. When did you run the registration?
A. As soon as I got behind the vehicle I would have run the
registration.
Q. So you don’t recall who it was registered to?
N.T. Trial, 6/06/18, at 66-67.
The court then allowed the prosecutor and defense counsel to approach,
and the prosecutor stated that defense counsel’s cross-examination was
getting into the area of specific bad acts, which, he noted, he would ask about
in response, on re-direct. The court acknowledged that the cross-examination
would open the door for testimony concerning the circumstances of Stehley
obtaining the vehicle, but stated that it would reserve ruling on any objections
until the Commonwealth brought forward its evidence. See id. at 68, 70.
Defense counsel then continued his cross-examination by asking Patrolman
Angermeier if he was familiar with three individuals, including Daniel
D’Andrea. See id. at 70, 72.
At trial the next day, the prosecutor offered the testimony of Daniel
D’Andrea in response to the defense counsel’s cross-examination of Patrolman
Angermeier. See N.T. Trial, 6/07/18, at 4. Defense counsel objected that he
had received no previous discovery concerning D’Andrea. The prosecutor
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explained that he intended to offer the testimony of D’Andrea, the owner of
the body shop from where the minivan was taken, to rebut the inference that
Stehley was either owner of the vehicle or had authorization to drive it. The
prosecutor further explained that the discovery indicated that D’Andrea was
the owner of the shop. The court allowed the Commonwealth to call D’Andrea
as a witness.
D’Andrea then testified that he had the minivan at his body shop after
making repairs for a customer, and he neither drove the vehicle nor had he
authorized anyone else to do so. See id. at 9-11. Following D’Andrea’s
testimony, the court gave the following cautionary instruction:
[T]he Defendant, Mr. Stehley, is not charged with theft of a motor
vehicle nor with unauthorized use of a motor vehicle and you’re
not to draw any adverse inference or any inference that the
Defendant is the individual who may have removed the vehicle
from Mr. D’Andrea’s parking lot or from his lot.
Id. at 13.
We find no abuse of discretion. We agree with the trial court that by
cross-examining Patrolman Angermeier about the registration of the minivan,
and specifically asking him about D’Andrea, defense counsel “opened the
door” to D’Andrea’s testimony. Moreover, the limiting instruction was
sufficient to counteract any prejudice. Accordingly, Stehley’s second claim is
meritless.
Finally, in the third claim above, Stehley claims that the sentence
imposed by the court was unduly harsh. Such a challenge goes to the
discretionary aspects of a sentence, and is not appealable as of right.
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Challenges to the discretionary aspects of sentencing do not
entitle an appellant to review as of right. Commonwealth v.
Sierra, 752 A.2d 910, 912 (Pa.Super. 2000). An appellant
challenging the discretionary aspects of his sentence must invoke
this Court’s jurisdiction by satisfying a four-part test:
[W]e conduct a four-part analysis to determine: (1)
whether appellant has filed a timely notice of appeal,
see Pa.R.A.P. 902 and 903; (2) whether the issue was
properly preserved at sentencing or in a motion to
reconsider and modify sentence, see Pa.R.Crim.P.
[720]; (3) whether appellant’s brief has a fatal defect,
Pa.R.A.P. 2119(f); and (4) whether there is a
substantial question that the sentence appealed from
is not appropriate under the Sentencing Code, 42
Pa.C.S.A. § 9781(b).
Commonwealth v. Evans, 901 A.2d 528, 533 (Pa.Super. 2006),
(internal citations omitted).
Commonwealth v. Moury, 992 A.2d 162, 170 (Pa.Super. 2010) (some
citation formatting provided).
Here, Stehley preserved his issue in a timely post-sentence motion for
modification of sentence, and then filed a timely notice of appeal. His appellate
brief includes a statement of reasons relied upon for appeal pursuant to
Pa.R.A.P. 2119(f). See Stehley’s Br. at 9-10. Therefore, we must determine
whether he has raised a substantial question justifying our review.
The determination of what constitutes a substantial question must
be evaluated on a case-by-case basis. A substantial question
exists only when the appellant advances a colorable argument
that the sentencing judge’s actions were either: (1) inconsistent
with a specific provision of the Sentencing Code; or (2) contrary
to the fundamental norms which underlie the sentencing process.
Moury, 992 A.2d at 170 (citations and quotation marks omitted).
Stehley’s Rule 2119(f) statement contends that the sentencing court
abused its discretion when it based the sentence on “evidence which the
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Commonwealth inappropriately attempted to present.” See Stehley’s Br. at 9.
“[A] claim that a sentence is excessive because the trial court relied on an
impermissible factor raises a substantial question.” Commonwealth v.
Crork, 966 A.2d 585, 590 (Pa.Super. 2009) (citation omitted).
Therefore, we conclude that Stehley has raised a substantial question.
Accordingly, we turn to our standard of review.
Sentencing is a matter vested in the sound discretion of the
sentencing judge, and a sentence will not be disturbed on appeal
absent a manifest abuse of discretion. In this context, an abuse
of discretion is not shown merely by an error in judgment. Rather,
the appellant must establish, by reference to the record, that the
sentencing court ignored or misapplied the law, exercised its
judgment for reasons of partiality, prejudice, bias or ill will, or
arrived at a manifestly unreasonable decision.
Commonwealth v. Lekka, 210 A.3d 343, 350 (Pa.Super. 2019) (citation
omitted).
“When imposing a sentence, a court is required to consider the
particular circumstances of the offense and the character of the
defendant.” Commonwealth v. Griffin, 804 A.2d 1, 10
(Pa.Super. 2002). “In particular, the court should refer to the
defendant’s prior criminal record, his age, personal characteristics
and his potential for rehabilitation.” Id. Where the sentencing
court had the benefit of a presentence investigation report (“PSI”),
we can assume the sentencing court “was aware of relevant
information regarding the defendant’s character and weighed
those considerations along with mitigating statutory factors.”
Commonwealth v. Devers, 546 A.2d 12, 18 (Pa. 1988). Further,
where a sentence is within the standard range of the guidelines,
Pennsylvania law views the sentence as appropriate under the
Sentencing Code. See Commonwealth v. Cruz-Centeno, 668
A.2d 536 (Pa.Super. 1995) (stating combination of PSI and
standard range sentence, absent more, cannot be considered
excessive or unreasonable).
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Moury, 992 A.2d at 171 (some citation formatting provided, some citations
omitted).
Stehley argues that the sentencing court considered evidence
introduced by the Commonwealth at sentencing concerning a “hit list” which
he had developed in prison. Stehley contends that while the court stated that
it did not consider the evidence, “the mere fact that same was permitted to
be presented denied [Stehley] of his due process rights to have his sentencing
based upon reliable information which he had a right to review.” Stehley’s Br.
at 13.
At sentencing, the Commonwealth made reference to alleged threats
that Stehley had made, and the court overruled Stehley’s objection to the
reference:
[THE PROSECUTOR]: . . . I would also submit to this [c]ourt that
he is a danger to law enforcement. The Commonwealth was in
receipt of threats that defendant Stehley made towards particular
Police Officers that were involved in this case including Patrolman
Matthew Angermeier and Patrolman Serek Swope of the Altoona
Police Department, specifically, the Commonwealth became in
receipt of a hit list.
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Your Honor, I am going to object to this. It
was provided to me this morning. It is an unsigned handwritten
document. I don’t know when it was written, by whom it was
written, and how it is relevant to this case and this proceeding.
***
[THE COURT]: . . . For purposes of the record, I am going to
overrule the objection. . . . Ultimately it will go to weight but I will
overrule the objection.
N.T. Sentencing, 9/14/18, at 11.
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The court later set forth its reasons for its sentence, none of which
mentioned the so-called “hit list”:
We have considered all relevant factors for sentencing, including,
but not limited to, the protection of the community, the gravity of
the offenses in relation to the impact on the victims in the
community and the rehabilitative needs of the defendant. We have
also considered the underlying factual circumstances developed
during the jury trial wherein the defendant led the police on a
high-speed chase putting the police, himself, pedestrians and
property at risk. We have considered the information set forth in
the pre-sentence investigation report, the sentencing guidelines
and the presentations this date on behalf of the Commonwealth
and the defendant. According to the PSI the defendant is now 38
years of age. He has a juvenile record dating back to 1993 and an
adult record dating back to 1998. The defendant has prior
convictions for a myriad of offenses including burglary, retail theft,
13 convictions, criminal and defiant trespass, resisting arrest, two
convictions, simple assault, terroristic threats, fleeing or
attempting to elude officer, three prior convictions for recklessly
endangering another person, theft by unlawful taking, and
numerous vehicle and numerous summary criminal offenses. The
defendant has a total of 29 adult arrests and 27 convictions. At
least one prior probation has been revoked and he has been
revoked from parole on 6 occasions. Anytime that he has been
released to the community, he is engaged in new criminal
behavior. The defendant has never invested in recommended
treatment or services. We specifically find that despite his
numerous prior convictions and parole and probations the
defendant has never demonstrated any commitment to
recommended treatment nor any desire to change his long-
standing criminal behavior. He poses a direct safety risk to our
community and we believe a significant period of incarceration is
justified and warranted.
Id. at 21-22.
Prior to imposing its sentence, the trial court explicitly stated on the
record that it had given no weight to the mention of the “hit list”:
[O]ur sentencing [] is in no way affected at all by the misconducts
within the prison system to which Mr. Stehley takes issue as well
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as the hit list that was referenced today. We are not putting any
weights on those particular issues so we want to take care of those
potential issues for any possible appellate review that they play
no part in the sentence that we are about to impose.
Id. at 22.
The trial court then imposed standard-range sentences for both
convictions. The court imposed the sentences consecutively.
Upon review, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion.
The court had the benefit of a presentence investigation report, which it
reviewed and considered. It expressly noted that it did not consider any
referenced prison misconducts or the “hit list,” nor did they weigh on the
sentence in any respect. The sentence imposed was within the standard
guidelines and statutory maximum and the court had the discretion to impose
the sentences consecutively. Stehley’s final issue merits no relief.
Judgment of sentence affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 1/22/2021
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