IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
Swift & Choi Development, LLC, :
Petitioner :
:
v. : No. 1647 C.D. 2019
: ARGUED: November 9, 2020
Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission, :
Respondent :
BEFORE: HONORABLE RENÉE COHN JUBELIRER, Judge
HONORABLE ANNE E. COVEY, Judge (P)
HONORABLE BONNIE BRIGANCE LEADBETTER, Senior Judge
OPINION NOT REPORTED
MEMORANDUM OPINION BY
SENIOR JUDGE LEADBETTER FILED: January 29, 2021
Swift & Choi Development, LLC (S&C) petitions for review of the
Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission’s October 24, 2019 order denying its
exceptions to the Initial Decision of Administrative Law Judge (ALJ) Angela T.
Jones. ALJ Jones denied S&C’s petition to intervene in proceedings concerning the
application for sale of Cheltenham Township’s wastewater system assets to Aqua
Pennsylvania, Inc. (Aqua). S&C also appeals the Commission’s November 5, 2019
order adopting the Recommended Decision of the ALJ, as modified, approving the
acquisition of the wastewater system by Aqua and granting Aqua the right to supply
wastewater services to the areas serviced by the system. S&C, a property owner in
the Township, asks that we vacate the Commission’s orders, hold that it has the right
to intervene, and remand for discovery and new evidentiary hearings by the ALJ on
the application for sale. Also before the Court is the joint application for summary
relief of the Township and Aqua pursuant to Pennsylvania Rule of Appellate
Procedure 1532(b). We affirm the Commission’s orders and dismiss the application
for summary relief as moot.
Summarizing the relevant facts as found by the Commission, on March
13, 2019, Aqua filed an application with the Commission pursuant to Sections
1102(a)(1) and (3) and 1103(a) of the Public Utility Code (Code), 66 Pa.C.S. §§
1102(a)(1) and (3) and 1103(a), requesting the approval of the sale of the system and
issuance of a certificate of public convenience to begin supplying wastewater service
to the areas serviced by the system. In the application, Aqua requested pursuant to
Section 1329(c)(2) of the Code, 66 Pa.C.S. § 1329(c)(2), approval of a ratemaking
base value of the assets to be acquired in the amount of $50,250,000. Accompanying
the application were numerous exhibits purporting to comply with the requirements
of the Commission’s Application Filing Checklist and Section 1329(d)(1)(i)-(v) of
the Code, 66 Pa.C.S. § 1329(d)(1)(i)-(v), as well as supplemental materials in
support of the application in response to standard data requests.
After amendments were submitted by Aqua, the application was
accepted by the Commission on May 6, 2019. This date is significant because under
Section 1329(d)(2) of the Code, the Commission is required to issue a final order on
the application within six months of the filing date of an application meeting
applicable requirements. 66 Pa.C.S. § 1329(d)(2). Thus, a final order on the
application was required by November 6, 2019.
The Commission’s Bureau of Investigation and Enforcement (I&E)
filed a petition to intervene and the Office of Consumer Advocate (OCA) filed a
protest and a public statement. S&C, among others, filed a petition to intervene.
The Township and Aqua opposed S&C’s petition to intervene.
2
S&C’s petition to intervene referenced a consent order between itself
and the Township entered on October 2, 2015, by the Court of Common Pleas of
Montgomery County. The consent order resulted from zoning litigation between the
Township and S&C concerning development of an eight-acre parcel in the Township
owned by S&C. The consent order permitted development of a 130-unit multi-
family project on the property. S&C has neither developed the land nor been a
wastewater customer of either the Township or Aqua.
Among other pre-hearing matters, the ALJ set a procedural schedule
and, on June 13, 2019, denied S&C’s motion for a 60-day extension of time to
accommodate S&C’s counsel’s availability. At the request of the ALJ, Aqua entered
as an exhibit an April 4, 2019 order of the Court of Common Pleas denying S&C’s
petition to enforce the consent order. (Aqua Pre-Hearing Ex. 1, Reproduced Record
“R.R.” at 74a.) On July 1, 2019, the ALJ issued her Initial Decision, which admitted
the April 4, 2019 order of the Court of Common Pleas and denied S&C’s petition to
intervene. The ALJ found that S&C had failed to meet the eligibility requirements
to intervene set forth in Section 5.72(a) of the Commission’s regulations, 52 Pa.Code
§ 5.72(a). The matter proceeded to a hearing and briefing without S&C’s
participation, and the record closed on June 22, 2019.
S&C filed exceptions to the ALJ’s Initial Decision. By order dated
October 24, 2019, the Commission unanimously denied S&C’s exceptions and
adopted the ALJ’s Initial Decision denying S&C’s petition to intervene. The
Commission decided that S&C had failed to show that it had a right to intervene or
had an interest of such nature that intervention is necessary or appropriate to the
administration of Sections 1102(a)(3) and 1329 of the Code, 66 Pa.C.S. §§
1102(a)(3) and 1329, and under Section 5.72(a) of the Commission’s regulations, 52
3
Pa. Code § 5.72(a)(1)-(3). The Commission found that S&C had not demonstrated
a right conferred by statute of the United States or Pennsylvania. The Commission
determined that the consent order did not constitute an enforceable local land use
permit and that the development sought by S&C was speculative. Thus, the
Commission determined that S&C had failed to demonstrate a direct interest in the
subject matter of the proceeding. The Commission found that S&C’s self-
identification as a “putative” customer constituted an admission that it was not an
existing customer or applicant for service and, in the absence of construction of the
proposed project or at least zoning approval, S&C’s claim was too speculative to
support a finding of the direct interest required for intervention. Finally, the
Commission found that S&C had failed to show how its interest is of such a nature
that participation may be in the public interest. The Commission, noting that its
jurisdiction in implementing Section 1329 of the Code was limited to determining
the acquiring utility’s ratemaking base value for the acquired system, did not permit
it to undertake the review sought by S&C of the selling utility’s use of the sale
proceeds.
By separate order dated November 5, 2019, the Commission adopted
the ALJ’s Recommended Decision to approve the sale, subject to modifications and
conditions. The Commission found that the Township’s wastewater system had
been beset by chronic and high inflow and infiltration and sanitary sewer overflows
for the past 19 years. The Township had had several Corrective Action Plans with
the Department of Environmental Protection (DEP), with the most recent approved
in April 2017. Aqua was directed to adopt DEP’s Corrective Action Plan and
address ongoing compliance issues. As Aqua was an existing certificate holder, it
was entitled to a continuing presumption regarding fitness to operate. Aqua was in
4
good standing with DEP and Commission regulations. The Commission found that
based upon the record evidence, Aqua was technically, legally, and financially fit to
acquire the Township’s wastewater system. The Commission found that through
Aqua’s commitments and Commission-imposed conditions, the acquisition has an
affirmative public benefit. Aqua and the Township closed the acquisition on
December 5, 2019.
On appeal, S&C raises two issues: (1) whether the Commission erred
in denying S&C’s intervention and (2) whether the Commission erred in approving
the sale of the Township’s sewer system to Aqua and granting a certificate of public
convenience. It is noted that the second issue has not been developed in S&C’s
brief.1
S&C argues that it was entitled to intervene under Section 5.72 of the
Commission’s regulations, 52 Pa. Code § 5.72. In furtherance of this issue, S&C
raises five enumerated arguments: (1) that intervention should be liberally permitted;
(2) that the Commission applied an erroneous intervention standard; (3) that S&C
has an interest which may be directly affected and which is not represented by
existing participants; (4) that a “putative customer” in a transfer of service case
possesses a substantial interest; and (5) that intervention by S&C is in the public
interest.
Section 5.72(a) of the Commission’s regulations provides, in relevant
part, as follows:
(a) Persons. A petition to intervene may be filed by a
person claiming a right to intervene or an interest of such
1
Issues raised in a litigant’s statement of issues but not otherwise developed in the argument
portion of its brief are waived. Singer v. Bureau of Pro. & Occupational Affairs, State Bd. of
Psych., 633 A.2d 246, 247 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1993).
5
nature that intervention is necessary or appropriate to the
administration of the statute under which the proceeding
is brought. The right or interest may be one of the
following:
(1) A right conferred by statute of the United States
or of the Commonwealth.
(2) An interest which may be directly affected and
which is not adequately represented by existing
participants, and as to which the petitioner may be
bound by the action of the Commission in the
proceeding.
(3) Another interest of such nature that participation
of the petitioner may be in the public interest.
52 Pa. Code § 5.72(a). This Court reviews denial of intervention by the Commission
for abuse of discretion. W. Penn Power Co. v. Pa. Pub. Util. Comm’n, 659 A.2d
1055, 1065 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1995). Abuse of discretion occurs only “where the law is
overridden or misapplied, or the judgment exercised is clearly unreasonable, or the
result of partiality, prejudice, bias or ill-will as shown by the evidence or the record.”
Lyft, Inc. v. Pa. Pub. Util. Comm’n, 145 A.3d 1235, 1247 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2016).
We first address2 S&C’s argument that the Commission applied an
erroneous standard to its claim that it had standing as a putative customer, to wit:
2
S&C’s first argument is to the effect that intervention should be liberally permitted, citing
no authority. Despite her agreement with this proposition, the ALJ denied intervention. We note
that our own review of the Commission’s regulations reveals:
This subpart [Title 52 of the Pennsylvania Code] shall be liberally
construed to secure the just, speedy and inexpensive determination
of every action or proceeding to which it is applicable . . . .
52 Pa. Code § 1.2(a) (relating to liberal construction) (emphasis added). By this standard of
construction, we do not believe that the Commission erred in its construction of its regulation at
Section 5.72(a), 52 Pa. Code § 5.72(a). In this matter, a speedy resolution (i.e., a final order within
(Footnote continued on next page…)
6
“the person or entity has a direct, immediate[,] and substantial interest in the subject
matter of the proceeding,” and that the Commission’s discretionary authority may
be overturned only where it is manifestly unreasonable. (Comm’n Oct. 24, 2019,
Op. and Order at 10-11, R.R. at 10a-11a.) In so arguing, S&C cites our decision in
Sunoco Pipeline L.P. v. Dinniman, 217 A.3d 1283 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2019), for the
proposition that “the ‘direct, immediate and substantial interest’ test is applicable
only to the standing of a person initiating a complaint before the Commission, not
to an intervenor in an ongoing proceeding.” (S&C Br. at 13.) S&C quotes this
Court’s statement in Sunoco as follows:
Standing to file a formal complaint requires the moving
party to have a direct, immediate, and substantial interest
in the subject matter of the controversy. Conversely, a
person seeking to intervene in a proceeding need have only
an “interest of such nature that participation . . . may be in
the public interest.” 52 Pa. Code § 5.72(a)(3). The grant
of intervention to a party is not “recognition by the
Commission that the intervenor has a direct interest in the
proceeding or might be aggrieved by an order of the
Commission in the proceeding,” only that the intervenor’s
participation will advance the public interest. 52 Pa. Code
§ 5.75(c).
Sunoco, 217 A.3d at 1288-1289 [quoting William Penn Parking Garage, Inc. v. City
of Pittsburgh, 346 A.2d 269, 280 (Pa. 1975) (plurality)] (citation omitted; emphasis
added by Sunoco Court).
We find S&C’s reliance on Sunoco is misplaced. In the first place, the
Court in Sunoco did not purport to examine the eligibility standards for intervention
set forth in Section 5.72(a), 52 Pa. Code § 5.72(a), but held only that Section
six months from the application) was also statutorily mandated by Section 1329 of the Code. See
66 Pa.C.S. § 1329(d)(2).
7
5.72(a)(3) was not applicable to the standing requirements for filing a complaint.
More significant to the claim presented here by S&C, while the Commission makes
a passing reference to the William Penn Parking Garage test (direct, immediate and
substantial interest) in its general discussion of the law regarding standing, it did not
apply this standard in its analysis of S&C’s right to intervene. Rather, it analyzed
S&C’s eligibility to intervene under the standards of Section 5.72(a) set forth above,
as had the ALJ, whose decision the Commission adopted.
With respect to Section 5.72(a)(1), S&C has not asserted in its brief to
this Court that it has a right conferred by a state or federal statute, so we will not
address that standard further.3 Regarding the other eligibility standards set forth in
3
Regarding this standard the Commission opined:
S&C stated that it has a right which originated in the Consent Order
dated October 2, 2015, which S&C opined was not fulfilled because
the Township allegedly violated Act 537, [Act of January 24, 1966,
P.L. (1965) 1535, as amended, 35 P.S. §§ 750.1-750.20a], a
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania statute. 6 I.D. at 10 (citing S&C
Petition at 2, In 2, 3(b)). However, the ALJ explained that Act 537
does not provide an enforceable right to a land developer or
landowner such as S&C. Rather, Act 537 provides the process and
procedure, subject to DEP oversight, for municipalities to develop
and implement comprehensive official sewage plans ….
Op., October 24, 2019, at p.19. Further:
S&C is a real estate developer with property in Cheltenham
Township. It appears to be involved in a long-running, local land
use dispute with the Township concerning wastewater service to its
development property. Recently, on April 4, 2019, the Montgomery
County Court of Common Pleas denied a petition of S&C seeking
that Court's enforcement of an October 2, 2015 Consent Order ….
In our opinion, the ALJ correctly concluded that, without an
enforceable local land use permit to develop the land, we must deem
(Footnote continued on next page…)
8
Section 5.72(a), S&C first argues that it had an interest which may be directly
affected and which is not adequately represented by other parties, as required for
intervention under Section 5.72(a)(2). As support, S&C points to the consent order
entered by the Court of Common Pleas approving an agreement between S&C and
the Board of Commissioners of Cheltenham Township permitting the development
of the property by S&C under the then-existing M2-Multiple Dwelling District.4
(R.R. at 58a-63a.) Subsequently, ruling on S&C’s petition to enforce the consent
order, the Court of Common Pleas entered an order without opinion, dated April 4,
2019, denying enforcement. Although the parties differ on the underlying reasons
for the order, which was not explained and was not appealed, the Court of Common
Pleas’ refusal to enforce the consent order is final and binding upon the parties.
Because S&C’s right to develop the property is no longer clear, we do not discern
an abuse of discretion by the Commission in its determination that S&C’s interest
was too speculative to meet the requirement of an interest “directly affected,” as
required by Section 5.72(a)(2).
S&C makes other contentions in support of its argument regarding its
interest as a putative customer—that the agreement between the Township and Aqua
had a schedule listing its proposed project as a “pending development project” (see
the development speculative for purposes of our analysis here .…
Thus, we affirm the ALJ's conclusion that S&C does not have a right
conferred to it by Commonwealth statute, Act 537 or otherwise, to
warrant its intervention in this proceeding pursuant to 52 Pa. Code
§ 5.72(a)(1).
Op., October 24, 2019, at pp.43-44. We agree.
4
According to the briefs of intervenors the Township and Aqua, the zoning has changed and
the “permit” (i.e., the consent order) expired after two years pursuant to the local zoning ordinance.
9
R.R. at 35a); that S&C was disadvantaged by the transfer of the Township’s
wastewater assets to an entity (Aqua) not covered, as the Township is, by the
Pennsylvania Sewage Facilities Act (Act 537); and that Aqua may be unable or
unwilling to provide wastewater services to the property. However, these
arguments, to the extent they might have merit, are dependent upon S&C’s having a
direct interest in the first place. As noted above, it does not have such interest, and
its arguments are speculative both as to whether S&C will ever perfect a right to
develop the property and whether Aqua may not provide service.5 Therefore, we do
not find that the Commission abused its discretion in finding that S&C had not
provided sufficient evidence of an interest which may be directly affected.
Finally, S&C argues that it is in the public interest that it be permitted
to intervene, claiming to have raised numerous questions as to whether the sale of
the wastewater system was in the public interest. S&C claims that it would have
challenged the evidence presented to the Commission and demonstrated that the sale
was not in the public interest. S&C specifically mentions its interest as a taxpayer
and its interest as a putative user. S&C questions the valuation and the effect it will
have on the rate base for future billing. S&C further claims that the overvaluation
of the wastewater assets will create a public slush fund which the Commissioners
might use for corrupt purposes.
We note first that the public interest was actively represented in this
matter by the OCA and I&E, which did intervene before the Commission and
actively represented the public interest, as reflected in the Commission’s downward
5
The Commission noted that should those possibilities occur, S&C would have an
administrative remedy of filing a formal complaint against Aqua with the Commission and that
after the sale, Aqua would have an obligation to provide service to applicants who met the
requirements of its tariff.
10
adjustment of the valuation of the wastewater system and imposition of conditions
by which Aqua must abide. Thus, whatever interest S&C might have as a potential
future user of the system was represented by other entities. Moreover, Section
5.72(a)(3) of the regulations permits intervention in furtherance of the public interest
only for a party holding “an interest of such nature that intervention is necessary or
appropriate to the administration of the statute under which the proceeding is
brought.” We agree with the Commission that S&C’s other allegations concerning
the public interest, and any proof that might be brought to support them, go beyond
the Commission’s jurisdiction under the procedural and substantive provisions cited
by S&C: Section 1102(a)(1) and (3) of the Code, 66 Pa.C.S. § 1102(a)(1) and (3);6
Section 1103(a) of the Code, 66 Pa.C.S. § 1103(a);7 and Section 1329 of the Code,
66 Pa.C.S. § 1329 (relating to valuation of acquired water and wastewater systems).
Those provisions, although requiring a finding or determination that the “granting
of such certificate is necessary or proper for the service, accommodation,
convenience, or safety of the public,” 66 Pa.C.S. § 1103(a), do not provide for an
inquiry into tax effects of its decision or on the wisdom of the uses to which a
municipality may put the proceeds of a sale.8 We find that the Commission did not
abuse its discretion in denying S&C intervention under Section 5.72(a)(3) of the
6
Section 1102(a)(1) provides for issuance of certificates of public convenience for provision
of service and Section 1102(a)(3) provides for acquisitions and transfers of public utilities. 66
Pa.C.S. § 1102(a)(1), (3).
7
Section 1103(a) generally provides the requirements and procedures for an application for a
certificate of public convenience. 66 Pa.C.S. § 1103(a).
8
For its part, the Commission has found that the sale of the Township’s wastewater assets to
Aqua is in the public interest, furthering the policies of regionalization and consolidation, with
attendant benefits. Any issues S&C might have with the providence of such policies, or the
requirement that the Commission issue a final order within six months of application, are properly
addressed to the General Assembly.
11
regulations, as it is not clear that S&C’s participation was necessary or appropriate
for the administration of the statutes at issue.
Finally, S&C does not address the second question listed in its brief—
whether the Commission’s order permitting the sale should be reversed. This issue
need not be addressed. First, in light of our finding that the Commission did not
abuse its discretion in denying intervention to S&C, it lacks standing to make
arguments on the merits. Second, S&C failed to brief the issue at all, and it is not
the role of this Court to make arguments when a party fails to do so.
In light of the foregoing, we affirm.
_____________________________________
BONNIE BRIGANCE LEADBETTER,
Senior Judge
Judge Fizzano Cannon and Judge Crompton did not participate in the decision for
this case.
12
IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
Swift & Choi Development, LLC, :
Petitioner :
:
v. : No. 1647 C.D. 2019
:
Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission, :
Respondent :
ORDER
AND NOW, this 29th day of January, 2021, the October 24, 2019 and
November 5, 2019 Orders of the Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission in the
above-captioned case are AFFIRMED. The Application for Summary Relief of
Intervenors Cheltenham Township and Aqua Pennsylvania Wastewater, Inc., is
DISMISSED as moot.
_____________________________________
BONNIE BRIGANCE LEADBETTER,
Senior Judge