NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
_____________
No. 20-1873
_____________
DOMINIK WEBER
Appellant
v.
PNC INVESTMENTS, a Delaware Limited Liability Company
_____________
On Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Western District of Pennsylvania
(D.C. No. 2:19-cv-704)
Judge: Hon. Mark R. Hornak, Chief Judge
_______________
Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
On January 28, 2021
Before: JORDAN, MATEY, Circuit Judges, and BOLTON,* District Judge.
(Opinion Filed: February 3, 2021)
_______________
OPINION
______________
*
The Honorable Susan Bolton, Senior United States District Judge for the District
of Arizona, sitting by designation.
This disposition is not an opinion of the full court and, pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7,
does not constitute binding precedent.
JORDAN, Circuit Judge.
After Dominik Weber was fired from his job at a bank subsidiary, the subsidiary
filed a form with the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) indicating that
Weber was terminated for dishonesty while working with securities. He believed that to
be an unfair description with the effect of blackballing him from further employment in
the “securities/finance industry.” (Opening Br. at 6.) He accordingly submitted for
arbitration several tort claims against his former employer, but he lost. He now seeks a
second bite at the apple, asking that we vacate the arbitrators’ decision on two grounds
that were not raised during arbitration. He argues first that two of his arbitrators were
misrepresented to be people without significant ties to the finance industry when they
actually were industry insiders, and second that his employer’s actions violated his due
process rights under the Pennsylvania Constitution. For essentially the reasons well
explained by the District Court, Weber’s bid fails, since his misclassification claim comes
too late and his state constitutional claim lacks merit.
I. BACKGROUND
Weber was hired by PNC Bank, N.A. (“PNC Bank”) as a teller and was later
promoted to work as a financial sales consultant for a subsidiary of the bank, PNC
Investments (“PNCI”). In a step toward further promotion, Weber received PNCI’s
endorsement to take the FINRA licensing exams necessary to become a Financial
Specialist. PNCI also filed a Uniform Application for Securities Industry Registration,
2
Form U4 with FINRA, on behalf of Weber. Pursuant to Form U4, Weber agreed to
arbitrate disputes resulting from his employment.1
Unfortunately, the need for arbitration arose. Weber was fired after PNCI
determined that he had “twice lied to his Branch Manager.” (App. at 810.) It then
notified FINRA of the firing using a Uniform Termination Notice for Securities Industry
Registration, Form U5, which is stored in FINRA’s Central Registration Depository for
public accessibility. In that form, PNCI noted that Weber “was terminated for being
dishonest with his manager regarding his attendance and completion of sales
documentation,” (App. at 698,) and it responded “Yes” to question 7F(1) on that form,
which reads, “was the individual discharged . . . after allegations were made that accused
the individual of … violating investment-related statutes, regulations, rules or industry
standards of conduct?” (App. at 701, 703.)
Weber’s attorney asked that the Form U5 be amended and PNCI agreed, changing
its response to “No” to question 7F(1) and revising its termination explanation to say:
“Dominik Weber’s employment was terminated due to violation [of] firm policy – not
securities related. Specifically, Mr. Weber was terminated for misrepresenting facts
regarding his attendance and completion of sales documentation.” (App. at 709, 711.)
1
Specifically, he agreed “to arbitrate any dispute, claim or controversy that may
arise between me and my firm … that is required to be arbitrated under the rules,
constitutions, or by-laws of the SROs [i.e., self-regulatory organizations] indicated in
Section 4 (SRO REGISTRATION) as may be amended from time to time and that any
arbitration award rendered against me may be entered as a judgment in any court of
competent jurisdiction.” (App. at 694, Part 15A, ¶ 5.)
3
FINRA disagreed with that revision, so PNCI changed the answer to question 7F(1) back
to “Yes.” (App. at 717.)
Weber then commenced a FINRA arbitration against PNCI. He asserted that the
“Yes” answer to question 7F(1) effectively prevented him from obtaining similar
employment, and he framed his complaint in three claims: “defamation”; “intentional
interference with prospective contractual relations”; and “equitable/injunctive relief[.]”
(App. at 737-41.) As relief, he requested “expungement of the false and defamatory
[Form] U5 language[,]” as well as over a million dollars in compensation, costs,
attorneys’ fees, and punitive damages. (App. at 742-43.)
FINRA notified the parties of their rights regarding arbitrator selection and
provided disclosure reports with each of the thirty potential arbitrators’ background
information, including the two arbitrators to whom Weber now objects, William Ryan
and chairperson Gregory Mathews. Arbitrators can be removed from handling a dispute,
if there is a showing of bias or there has been a failure to disclose required background
information,2 and parties have the right to request additional information about the
arbitrators.
2
In particular:
Before the commencement of any hearing or pre-hearing
conference, … FINRA will grant a party’s request to remove
an arbitrator if it is reasonable to infer that the arbitrator is
biased, lacks impartiality, or has a direct or indirect interest in
the outcome of the arbitration. … After the commencement
of the hearing, FINRA will remove an arbitrator only if the
arbitrator fails to disclose required information not previously
known by the parties.
(App. at 747.)
4
Mathews’s disclosure report, dated April 10, 2017, stated that he had worked as
Wachovia Corporation’s Senior Vice President/House Counsel from 1994 through 2004
and, before that, he was an SEC Attorney/Special Counsel from 1978 through 1982.3
Ryan’s report was also dated in April 2017 and noted his employment as Director of
Employee Relations at Cummins Engine Company from 1978 to 1983 and as Chairman
and CEO of Point Spring & Driveshaft Company from 1983 to the then-present. Shortly
thereafter, FINRA informed the parties of the arbitrator selections, based on the parties’
ranking of submissions. The selections, per FINRA rules, included two arbitrators
(Mathews and Ryan) classified as “public,” i.e., as not being a finance industry insider,
and one classified as non-public, i.e., as working within the finance industry.4
Then, on June 13, 2017, the parties were provided an additional disclosure from
Ryan in which he revealed that he personally had bank accounts with PNC Bank, that the
company he led as Chairman and CEO used PNC Bank for certain banking needs, and
that his son worked at PNC Bank as a teller and, later, as an operations analyst Ryan
stated, however, “that these facts [would] not preclude [him] from rendering an objective
and impartial determination in this matter.” (App. at 769-81, 1115.) A further updated
disclosure report for Ryan was sent to Weber on June 21, 2017, with no changes related
to PNC Bank, and Weber did not request Ryan’s removal or any more information.
3
On January 8, 2019, FINRA provided an updated report for Mathews, which
added that he was counsel in an unrelated securities matter from 2014 to 2016.
4
The classification and participation of the third arbitrator is not at issue.
5
The arbitration hearing took place more than a year and a half later, from
January 28 to 31, 2019. During that hearing, Ryan advised the parties that his disclosure
report remained accurate. At the end of the hearing, Weber’s attorney confirmed, in
response to a panel inquiry, that there was no “reason why this Panel should not be
confirmed[.]” (App. at 797.) One week after the hearing, FINRA informed the parties
that Ryan’s son continued to be employed with PNC Bank. Then, a few days later, the
case administrator for the arbitration notified the parties that Ryan’s classification for
future arbitration panels had changed from public to non-public. The letter stated, “[i]f
you have any questions, please do not hesitate to contact me at [phone number] or by
email[.]” (App. at 1142.) Weber did not do so. On March 18, 2019, the arbitration panel
denied Weber’s claims. (App. at 209-11, 214.)
Weber filed a motion in the District Court invoking the Federal Arbitration Act
(FAA) and seeking to vacate the arbitrators’ decision. He made the same two arguments
he puts before us now, neither of which was raised before or at the arbitration. First, he
complained that Mathews and Ryan were misclassified as public arbitrators when they
should have been designated as non-public. Second, he claimed that PNCI’s Form U5
filing, responding “Yes” to question 7F(1), violated his right to due process under the
Pennsylvania Constitution. The District Court denied the motion for vacatur and granted
PNCI’s cross-motion to confirm the arbitration decision. Weber v. PNC Invs. LLC, No.
2:19-cv-00704, 2020 WL 563330, at *14 (W.D. Pa. Feb. 5, 2020). It held that Weber had
waived his right to object to the alleged misclassification and found meritless his state
6
constitutional claim. Id. at *8-14. Weber moved for reconsideration, which was denied.
He then appealed to us.5
II. DISCUSSION6
We are no more persuaded than was the District Court by Weber’s arguments,
which we address in turn.
A. Misclassification of Arbitrators
Weber argues that because arbitrators Mathews and Ryan should have been
classified as non-public but were presented as being public members of the panel, his
award should be vacated under § 10(a) the FAA, which allows vacatur “where there was
evident partiality or corruption in the arbitrators” or “where the arbitrators were guilty of
… any other misbehavior by which the rights of any party have been prejudiced.”
9 U.S.C. § 10(a). Because he took no action until after he received a negative result,
despite having ample opportunity to object previously, he has waived any claim under
5
PNCI attempts to frame Weber’s appeal, given its timing, as one that only
challenges his motion for reconsideration. It contends that any appeal of the District
Court’s initial February 5, 2020 order is untimely. For that reason, PNCI says we should
only consider those issues argued in Weber’s motion for reconsideration, and for abuse of
discretion at that. We agree with Weber that, “[p]ursuant to Rule 4(a)(4)(A), a timely
motion for reconsideration will toll the time for filing a notice of appeal.” (Reply Br. at
1.) See United States v. Fiorelli, 337 F.3d 282, 288 (3d Cir. 2003) (holding that a timely
motion for reconsideration will toll the appeal deadline under Rule 4(a)(4)(A)). And
Weber did not file multiple Rule 4(a)(4) motions, as PNCI suggests, as a basis for finding
untimeliness.
6
The District Court had subject matter jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a) and
we have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We review a district court’s denial of a
motion to vacate an arbitration award de novo, with regard to its legal conclusions, and
for clear error, with regard to its factual findings. See Whitehead v. Pullman Grp., LLC,
811 F.3d 116, 119 n.23 (3d Cir. 2016).
7
§ 10(a). See Goldman, Sachs & Co. v. Athena Venture Partners, L.P., 803 F.3d 144, 148
(3d Cir. 2015) (“[W]here a party is capable of ‘thoroughly and systematically digging for
dirt on each of the three arbitrators,’ it should do so prior to being solely motivated by the
chance of vacating the award.”) (citation omitted); see also Merit Ins. Co. v. Leatherby
Ins. Co., 714 F.2d 673, 683 (7th Cir. 1983) (“That it did so little [investigating] suggests
that its fear of a prejudiced panel is a tactical response to having lost the arbitration.”).
1. Chairman Mathews
Weber asserts that Mathews failed to disclose that he performed certain in-house
legal work for a broker dealer.7 The information supporting this claim was found on
Mathews’s website, which, if it differs at all from his FINRA background disclosure,
does so only subtly.8 While Mathews’s FINRA background notes that he was general
counsel for Wachovia Corporation, his website adds that in that role, “he managed an
active docket of over 300 cases covering a broad range of claims, including . . . SEC and
[National Association of Securities Dealers (“NASD”) – the predecessor of FINRA –]
claims.” (App. at 515.) FINRA Rules 13402(b) and 13403(b)(2) require the chair of the
arbitration panel be a public member, not an industry insider. According to Weber, the
work Mathews performed at Wachovia makes his disclosure false, and the District Court
erred in concluding that Weber had waived a misclassification claim.
7
In particular, Mathews answered “no” to the question: “Are you, or were you
ever, associated with … a broker or a dealer?” (App. at 506.)
8
PNCI disputes whether his website is materially different from his FINRA
disclosure statement. We will assume for the sake of argument that they are different.
8
In Goldman, Sachs & Company v. Athena Venture Partners, L.P., we concluded
that constructive knowledge of an issue suffices for the issue to be waived if there is a
failure to raise it during arbitration. See 803 F.3d at 150. “Constructive knowledge in the
arbitration context reasonably requires parties to exercise as much diligence and tenacity
in ferreting out potential conflicts in selecting the panel as they do once attacking the
award [becomes] the sole reason to research the arbitrators.” Id. at 148 (internal
quotation marks and modifications omitted). Weber attempts to restrict the impact of
Athena Venture, arguing that it should be cabined to its facts, where “there was ‘alarming
information’ about ethical issues that put the ‘sore loser’ on inquiry notice to conduct
further research.”9 (Opening Br. at 23 (quoting Athena Venture, 803 F.3d at 149, 150).)
He argues that because there were no comparable red flags with regard to Mathews, he
did not need to conduct any significant pre-award inquiry. But such a duty exists under
Athena Venture, regardless of red flags.
Weber both could have and should have looked into Mathews’s background
before the hearing and arbitration decision, not after. He does not suggest that he
discovered this supposedly new information through anything other than a simple
background check, and though this is something he says he should not have been
expected to do before the award, our precedent says otherwise.
9
One of the arbitrators in Athena Venture had ethical charges brought against him,
which were revealed prior to completion of the arbitration hearings, and a deeper inquiry
would have revealed various felonies. See 803 F.3d at 146.
9
2. Arbitrator Ryan
For some reason not apparent in the record, FINRA reclassified Ryan as a non-
public arbitrator shortly after Weber’s arbitration hearing but nearly a month prior to the
award. Based on that reclassification, Weber contends that Ryan must have been
misclassified at the time he participated in the arbitration. The District Court concluded
that “despite FINRA’s late-in-the-game reclassification, Weber still could and should
have objected to Ryan’s participation.” (App. at 27.) We likewise hold that Weber’s
failure to object constitutes waiver. Moreover, his claim is based on pure speculation and
would have no merit even had it been preserved. See Hall St. Assocs., L.L.C. v. Mattel,
Inc., 552 U.S. 576, 586 (2008) (concluding that the avenues available for overturning an
arbitration award “address egregious departures from the parties’ agreed-upon
arbitration” and “extreme arbitral conduct”); Brentwood Med. Assocs. v. United Mine
Workers of Am., 396 F.3d 237, 238-39 (3d Cir. 2005) (“[A] court must … interfere only
when an [arbitration] award is severely problematic.” (citation omitted)).
Weber argues that, at the time of the reclassification, there was no “rule /
mechanism that would have permitted him to seek reconsideration of the [FINRA]
Director’s decision to keep Ryan on the panel[.]” (Opening Br. at 29.) Specifically,
Weber argues the District Court was mistaken that FINRA Rule 13410(b) provides such a
mechanism because, he says, the reclassification decision was a final determination by
10
FINRA.10 For that reason, according to Weber, he could not have brought his claim any
earlier.
His argument misses the mark. Weber was told that, as a matter of FINRA policy,
Ryan would be reclassified for future arbitrations. At the same time, he was told to
contact the case administrator with any questions. He ignored that offer. A reasonably
diligent inquiry would have, at the very least, involved responding to the reclassification
note to request information on Ryan’s status change and then perhaps objecting to Ryan’s
continued service on his panel, if there was a valid basis to object. We do not know why
Ryan was reclassified, and evidently neither does Weber, so even if the claim were not
waived, we would not assume error by FINRA based on Weber’s speculation. See
Howsam v. Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc., 537 U.S. 79, 85 (2002) (delegating certain
questions of arbitrability to the NASD because it possesses expertise).
Whether or not Weber’s interpretation of Rule 13410(b) is sound, the fact remains
that he was given a procedure to investigate and declined to do so. Consequently, he has
waived his claim.
10
Rule 13410(b) provides that, “[a]fter the first hearing session begins, the
Director may remove an arbitrator based only on information required to be disclosed …
that was not previously known by the parties. The Director may exercise this authority
upon request of a party or on the Director’s own initiative.”
11
B. Violation of the Pennsylvania Constitution11
Weber broadly asserts that “FINRA’s Form U5 statutory scheme, i.e., its
database, … violates the Pennsylvania Constitution[,]” and in particular the fundamental
right to “reputation.”12 (Opening Br. at 36-37 (citation omitted).) If for no other reason
than that both FINRA and PNCI are not state actors, this claim plainly lacks merit.
Under the Pennsylvania Constitution, a person’s right to reputation is “a
fundamental interest which cannot be abridged without compliance with constitutional
standards of due process[.]” R. v. Commonwealth, Dep’t of Pub. Welfare, 636 A.2d 142,
149 (Pa. 1994) (citation omitted). To bring a viable claim for a Pennsylvania due process
violation, Weber had to show that the party whose actions he is complaining about is a
state actor. See Commonwealth v. Nat’l Gettysburg Battlefield Tower, Inc., 311 A.2d
588, 591 (Pa. 1973); accord Harvey v. Plains Twp. Police Dep’t, 421 F.3d 185, 195 (3d
Cir. 1995) (“Private persons, jointly engaged with state officials in the prohibited action,
are acting ‘under color’ of law for purposes of [§ 1983].” (quoting United States v. Price,
383 U.S. 787, 794 (1966)). As the District Court noted, “every court to examine the issue
11
Weber’s motion to vacate was brought under diversity jurisdiction, 28 U.S.C.
§ 1332, and the state constitutional claim was brought under supplemental jurisdiction, 28
U.S.C. § 1367, as part of “the same case or controversy.” The parties do not appear to
have contested the District Court’s supplemental subject matter jurisdiction to hear the
claim, and the Court did not decline to exercise its jurisdiction. It would, however, likely
have been within its discretion to do so, because “the claim raise[d] a novel or complex
issue of State law” and because the Court had “dismissed all claims over which it ha[d]
original jurisdiction.” 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c).
12
Specifically, Weber explains that FINRA’s “refusal to expunge his [Form U5]
violates his right to reputation as guaranteed by Article I, Section 1 of the Pennsylvania
Constitution[.]” (Reply Br. at 20 (citing Carlacci v. Mazaleski, 798 A.2d 186, 188-89
(Pa. 2002)).)
12
has held that FINRA is not a state actor” and “even if FINRA was a state actor, [PNCI] –
unquestionably a private company – would not become a state actor simply by submitting
paperwork to FINRA[.]” (App. at 31 (citations omitted).) We agree and have said as
much previously. See First Jersey Sec., Inc. v. Bergen, 605 F.2d 690, 699 n.5 (3d Cir.
1979) (“NASD is not a state agency[.]”).
Weber attempts to avoid these prior decisions by narrowly arguing that it is the
database of U4 and U5 Forms maintained by FINRA that is effectively a state actor, and
PNCI’s filing of Weber’s U5 Form constitutes state action. (See Reply Br. at 22
(“[W]hat is being challenged is the maintenance of the … database itself, and the
constitutionally impermissible blackening of a person’s reputation without any process at
all[.]”).) The argument is still unavailing.
Undertaking an action that loosely parallels actions that the state can undertake,
such as maintaining a database of employees in the finance field and noting reasons for
termination, does not convert private action into state action. See Leshko v. Servis, 423
F.3d 337, 340 (3d Cir. 2005) (describing that there are two categories of state action, “an
activity that is significantly encouraged by the state or in which the state acts as a joint
participant” and “an actor that is controlled by the state, performs a function delegated by
the state, or is entwined with government policies or management” (citations omitted)).
That alone is sufficient to affirm the District Court’s decision.
III. CONCLUSION
For the forgoing reasons, we will affirm the District Court’s orders confirming the
arbitration award and denying reconsideration.
13