IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE
BRANDILYN BIGGS, an individual, )
Plaintiff, )
)
v. )
)
ROBERTA C. HALL, an individual, )
AB MERION II 1303 )
WILMINGTON, LLC, a domestic )
limited liability company, ACE ) C.A. No. N17C-10-149 ALR
AMERICAN INSURANCE )
COMPANY, a foreign corporation, )
and GEICO ADVANTAGE )
INSURANCE COMPANY, a foreign )
corporation, )
Defendants, )
)
and )
)
ROBERTA C. HALL, )
Defendant/Third-Party Plaintiff,)
)
v. )
)
GABRIEL JAMES HUFFORD, )
Third-Party Defendant. )
Submitted: December 18, 2020
Decided: February 3, 2021
Upon Defendant AB Merion II 1303 Wilmington, LLC’s
Motion for Summary Judgment
DENIED
Arthur M. Krawitz, Esquire, Jessica Lewis Welch, Esquire, Doroshow, Pasquale Krawitz
& Bhaya, Wilmington, Delaware. Attorneys for Brandilyn Biggs.
Roger P. Downes, Esquire, Joseph Brenner, Esquire, Marks, O’Neill, O’Brien, Doherty
& Kelly, P.C. Attorneys for Defendant AB Merion II, 1303 Wilmington, LLC.
Rocanelli, J.
Plaintiff Brandilyn Biggs (“Biggs”) is an emergency medical technician
(“EMT”) for St. Francis Hospital in Wilmington, Delaware. This lawsuit involves
two separate incidents: a motor vehicle accident on October 15, 2015 and a slip and
fall on February 6, 2016. This decision addresses only the February 6, 2016 incident
involving real property owned, managed and/or maintained by Defendant AB
Merion II 1303 Wilmington, LLC (“AB Merion”).
Biggs contends that she was injured in the parking lot of AB Merion’s
Delaware Avenue apartment building (“Parking Lot”) when Biggs was dispatched
to render medical assistance to a person in the vicinity of the Parking Lot. According
to Biggs, she slipped and fell on ice while searching the Parking Lot for the
individual who needed medical attention. Biggs contends that AB Merion was
negligent by failing to maintain the Parking Lot in a safe condition for pedestrians.
AB Merion requests that this Court enter judgment in its favor as a matter of
law on the grounds that AB Merion’s duty to Biggs as an EMT was merely to refrain
from willful or wanton conduct rather than to satisfy the ordinary duty of reasonable
care. According to AB Merion, Delaware’s “Firefighter’s Rule”1 is applicable to an
EMT such as Biggs. AB Merion contends that there are no genuine issues of
material fact in dispute. Biggs opposes extension of the Firefighter’s Rule to an
1
The rule was known as the “Fireman’s Rule” but the Court will use the gender
neutral term “firefighter” throughout.
1
EMT under these circumstances and also opposes summary judgment on the grounds
that there are genuine issues of material fact in dispute.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
The Court may grant summary judgment only where the moving party can
“show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party
is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.”2 A genuine issue of material fact is one
that “may reasonably be resolved in favor of either party.”3 The moving party bears
the initial burden of proof and, once that is met, the burden shifts to the non-moving
party to show that a material issue of fact exists.4 At the motion for summary
judgment phase, the Court must view the facts “in the light most favorable to the
non-moving party.”5 Summary judgment is only appropriate if Biggs’s claims
against AB Merion lack evidentiary support such that no reasonable jury could find
in her favor.6
2
Super. Ct. Civ. R. 56(c).
3
Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 259 (1986).
4
Moore v. Sizemore, 405 A.2d 679, 680–81(Del. 1979).
5
Brozka v. Olson, 668 A.2d 1355, 1364 (Del. 1995).
6
See Hecksher v. Fairwinds Baptist Church, Inc., 115 A.3d 1187, 1200–05 (Del.
2015); Edmisten v. Greyhound Lines, Inc., 2012 WL 3264925, at *2 (Del. Aug. 13,
2012) (TABLE).
2
THE FIREFIGHTER’S RULE
The Firefighter’s Rule “bars firefighters from recovering from private parties
for injuries sustained in the course of carrying out their professional duties.”7 The
Firefighter’s Rule was adopted in Delaware by the Superior Court in 1988.8
Carpenter v. O’Day involved a firefighter who was injured at the scene of a fire.9
Consistent with standard procedures, Carpenter was ripping down interior walls of
a burning building to prevent the fire from spreading. 10 While pushing and pulling
at plywood to tear down walls, Carpenter injured her back. The Delaware Superior
Court held that the landowner was not responsible for Carpenter’s injuries. Rather,
recovery for the injured firefighter was limited to worker’s compensation benefits.
The Court held that the duty owed to firefighters responding to an emergency
is to refrain from injuring the firefighter intentionally or by willful and wanton
misconduct and to provide notice of hidden dangers of which the landowner is
aware.11 The Carpenter Court emphasized that “a fire[fighter] may not recover
when he [or she] is injured from the very risk, created by the defendant’s act of
negligence, that required his [or her] professional assistance and presence at the
7
Carpenter v. O’Day, 562 A.2d 595, 595 (Del. Super.), aff’d, 533 A.2d 638 (Del.
1988).
8
See id.
9
Id.
10
Id. at 596.
11
Id. at 597, 601–02.
3
scene.”12 The Court explained that adoption of the Firefighter’s Rule was supported
by (i) common law land-entrant classification of a firefighter;13 (ii) assumption of
the risk by the firefighter; and (iii) public policy concerns.14 First, firefighters enter
the property during an emergency and the property owner cannot make the property
reasonably safe for the firefighters under the emergency situation.15 Second, a
firefighter assumes the risks inherent in firefighting.16 Third, public policy precludes
recovery for the very risk that required the firefighter to be present at the property.17
The Firefighter’s Rule is not a general rule that applies to all first responders.
For example, in Bradley v. Powell,18 a police officer was injured at a bar when the
officer was dispatched to investigate the report of a stolen wallet. When the officer
arrived, the patron who reported his wallet stolen was intoxicated and agitated.19
The police officer instructed the complaining patron to wait outside. The patron
disregarded this instruction and tried to re-enter the bar.20 When the police officer
12
Id. at 601 (emphasis added).
13
The Superior Court declined to classify firefighters as either licensees or business
invitees. Id. at 598 (“I am therefore not persuaded to manipulate and strain these
classifications in order to accommodate firefighters. It is from the rejection of this
land entrant classification scheme that other courts have adopted the Firemen’s Rule
based on an assumption of risk and/or public policy rationale.” (footnote omitted)).
14
Id. at 596.
15
Id. at 597.
16
Id. at 598–600.
17
Id.at 600–01.
18
Bradley v. Powell, 2018 WL 2357526 (Del. Super. May 23, 2018).
19
Id. at *1.
20
Id.
4
grabbed the patron to prevent him from re-entering the bar, the patron fought back
which caused the police officer to lose his footing and fall.21 The police officer
injured his knee and missed eight weeks of work after surgery.22 When the police
officer filed a lawsuit against the patron, the Superior Court declined to extend the
Firefighter’s Rule to police officers under these circumstances.23
The Bradley Court explained that the Firefighter’s Rule “is meant only to
cover negligent acts of misconduct stemming from the reason for which the police
officer was called to the scene that could have been reasonably anticipated by the
officer.”24 The Bradley Court expressly distinguished the facts before it with a
hypothetical situation where the police officer was injured after being summoned by
a bar owner because a patron was intoxicated and agitated.25 Under those
circumstances, the Bradley Court reasoned that the Firefighter’s Rule might apply
because the intoxicated and agitated person was the very harm which the officer was
called to address.26 The Court distinguished the injury which occurred when
investigating the report of a stolen wallet because that investigation does not
necessarily include the harm of being attacked by an intoxicated and agitated
21
Id.
22
Id.
23
Id. at *3.
24
Id.
25
Id. at *2.
26
Id.
5
person.27 The Court explained that the attack by the intoxicated and agitated patron
was an independent act separate and distinct from the stolen wallet.28 Therefore, the
Court opted not to extend the Firefighter’s Rule to police officers under these
circumstances.29
DISCUSSION
AB Merion asserts that it is entitled to summary judgment because Biggs was
a first responder who was injured when she was engaged in efforts to render medical
assistance. As such, according to AB Merion, Biggs was only owed a duty by AB
Merion to refrain from willful and wanton misconduct. AB Merion further argues
that judgment as a matter of law is appropriate because there is no evidence to
support a finding that AB Merion engaged in willful or wanton conduct. Adopting
AB Merion’s argument would require this Court to extend the Firefighter’s Rule.
Biggs opposes summary judgment. According to Biggs, she was owed a
general duty of reasonable care and not merely a duty to refrain from willful and
wanton misconduct. Biggs argues that slipping and falling in the Parking Lot was
not a risk she assumed as an EMT responding to a call for medical attention. Biggs
also contends there are genuine issues of material fact in dispute which preclude
summary judgment.
27
Id. at *3.
28
Id.
29
See id.
6
This Court declines to extend the Firefighter’s Rule to EMTs under the
circumstances of this case. Biggs, an EMT, was dispatched to the area of the Parking
Lot to render medical assistance. Biggs was not injured by the person she was
summoned to help; rather, Biggs was injured while searching the Parking Lot for the
injured person. Accordingly, Biggs was not injured by the very harm she was
dispatched to address. Biggs alleges that she sustained her injuries when she slipped
and fell in the Parking Lot.
The principles supporting the Firefighter’s Rule are not applicable here. First,
when Biggs entered the Parking Lot she was not a trespasser30 and she was not a
guest.31 Second, Biggs did not assume the risk of slipping and falling in the Parking
Lot by responding as an EMT to a call for medical assistance. Third, any public
policy concerns militate in favor of requiring that parking lots be properly
maintained so that persons who are authorized to use those parking lots will not be
injured.
30
See Simpson v. Colonial Parking, Inc., 36 A.3d 333 (Del. 2012) (affirming the
Superior Court’s determination that plaintiff, who rode his bike across a parking lot
merely for his own benefit, was a trespasser).
31
See Bailey v. Pennington, 406 A.2d 44 (Del. 1979) (finding individuals invited to
attend a corn roast at defendant’s home, without payment, were considered “guests”
under Delaware’s Premises Guest Statute); see also Manniso v. Taylor, 2020 WL
3259484 (Del. Super. June 16, 2020) (“Delaware courts have found a ‘guest without
payment’ to be akin to a ‘social guest,’ or a person ‘who is present by invitation,
express or implied, without economic or business benefit to the host.’”), aff’d, 2021
WL 83771 (Del. Jan. 11, 2021).
7
Accordingly, Biggs was owed the duty of reasonable care. This is the
common law standard.32 “The standard of care required of all defendants in tort
actions is that of a reasonably prudent [person].33 There are no exceptions which
apply that change the standard of care applicable here.
CONCLUSION
The Firefighter’s Rule shall not be extended to EMTs under the circumstances
of this case. Biggs was owed the duty of reasonable care. Viewing the facts in the
light most favorable to Biggs, there is a genuine issue of material fact regarding
whether AB Merion was negligent in its duty to maintain the Parking Lot. Therefore,
AB Merion is not entitled to summary judgment.
NOW, THEREFORE, this 3rd day of February 2021, Defendant AB
Merion II 1303 Wilmington, LLC’s Motion for Summary Judgment is hereby
DENIED.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
Andrea L. Rocanelli
______________________________
The Honorable Andrea L. Rocanelli
32
But see 25 Del. C. § 1501 (modifying the liability of owners or occupiers of land
for injuries sustained by guests without payment or trespassers under Delaware’s
Premises Guest Statute).
33
Robelen Piano Co. v. Di Fonzo, 169 A.2d 240, 244 (Del. 1961). See Delmarva
Power & Light Co. v. Burrows, 453 A.2d 716 (Del. 1981) (“Delaware law measures
duties owed in terms of reasonableness. One’s duty is to act reasonably, as a
reasonably prudent [person] (or entity) would.”).
8