Doe v. Great America LLC

2021 IL App (2d) 200123
No. 2-20-0123
Opinion filed February 24, 2021
______________________________________________________________________________

IN THE

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

SECOND DISTRICT
______________________________________________________________________________

JOHN DOE, Individually, as Independent ) Appeal from the Circuit Court
Administrator of the Estate of Jane Doe,
) of Lake County.
Deceased, and as Parent and Next Friend of
)
James Doe, a Minor, )
)
Plaintiff-Appellant, )
)
v. ) No. 18-L-796
)
GREAT AMERICA LLC., d/b/a )
Six Flags Great America, ) Honorable
) Jorge L. Ortiz,
Defendant-Appellee. ) Judge, Presiding.
______________________________________________________________________________

JUSTICE McLAREN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Justices Jorgensen and Hudson concurred in the judgment and opinion.

OPINION

¶1 Plaintiff, John Doe, individually, as independent administrator for the estate of Jane Doe,

and as parent and next friend of James Doe, appeals the trial court’s order finding him in contempt

for refusing to comply with a motion by defendant, Great America LLC, to compel the identity of

Jane Doe’s mental health providers and allow discovery of her psychiatric medical records. He

asserts privilege under section 10 of the Mental Health and Developmental Disabilities

Confidentiality Act (Act) (740 ILCS 110/10 (West 2018)) and argues that Jane Doe’s mental

condition had not been introduced as an element of plaintiff’s wrongful death claim to trigger an
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exception to the privilege. We determine that Jane Doe’s mental condition was introduced as an

element of plaintiff’s wrongful death claim when plaintiff alleged that, as a proximate result of

defendant’s acts or omissions, Jane Doe suffered a brain injury that rendered her bereft of reason

and caused her to commit suicide. Accordingly, we affirm and remand for further proceedings.

¶2 I. BACKGROUND

¶3 In November 2017, plaintiff and Jane Doe filed a complaint seeking damages in connection

with a battery at defendant’s amusement park. The complaint alleged that a group of youths

viciously attacked their family at the park, causing serious injuries, and that park employees failed

to intervene. The complaint alleged premises liability, negligence, and a claim under section

15(a)(1) of the Rights of Married Persons Act (750 ILCS 65/15(a)(1) (West 2016)).

¶4 During discovery, defendant submitted an interrogatory asking plaintiff and Jane Doe

whether they were claiming any psychiatric, psychological, or emotional injuries from the incident

and, if so, to provide the names of professionals providing treatment. The interrogatory further

asked plaintiff and Jane Doe whether they suffered any psychiatric, psychological, or emotional

injury before the incident occurred and, if so, to describe the nature of any such injury. On February

22, 2019, plaintiff and Jane Doe responded that they were not claiming any such injuries as

described in the interrogatory. Plaintiff and Jane Doe also objected to separate interrogatories

about previous injuries or illnesses.

¶5 On May 5, 2019, Jane Doe committed suicide. On July 16, 2019, plaintiff filed an amended

complaint adding a wrongful death claim related to her suicide. Plaintiff alleged that, as a

proximate result of defendant’s acts or omissions, “Jane suffered severe, debilitating and

permanent physical injuries that caused her conscious pain and suffering, including physical

injuries to her brain that rendered her bereft of reason and suicidal.”

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¶6 Defendant moved to dismiss the new claims, alleging that the suicide was an independent

intervening act and not a foreseeable result of defendant’s negligence. Defendant argued that

plaintiff did not allege sufficient facts that Jane Doe suffered a brain injury that caused her to

become bereft of reason and that he did not allege that Jane Doe was insane at the time of her

suicide. Plaintiff responded that he properly pled, as an ultimate fact, “Jane Doe’s insanity and loss

of reason, to be proven at trial.” The trial court denied the motion to dismiss.

¶7 In a further interrogatory, defendant asked plaintiff to identify Jane Doe’s mental health

providers, and plaintiff refused. Defendant then filed a motion to compel plaintiff to completely

answer the interrogatory and withdraw plaintiff’s objection to a subpoena of medical insurance

records. Defendant argued that plaintiff had put Jane Doe’s mental health at issue by pleading that

defendant’s acts or omissions caused her to become insane and bereft of reason and commit

suicide. Defendant stated that it learned through pharmacy records that a psychiatrist prescribed

Jane Doe medications to treat symptoms of schizophrenia and depression, as well as panic attacks,

post-traumatic stress disorder, and obsessive disorders. Yet, plaintiff failed to disclose the

identification of that provider. Defendant alleged that the information was necessary to defend the

action. Plaintiff replied that the records were privileged under the Act. Further, he was not seeking

damages for any mental, emotional, or psychological injuries to Jane Doe.

¶8 The trial court granted the motion to compel, finding an exception to the privilege applied

because Jane Doe’s mental health had been placed “at issue” when plaintiff alleged that the

incident caused her to become bereft of reason. In doing so, the court distinguished cases applying

the Act that found that the exception did not apply when a plaintiff sought damages for a physical

brain injury instead of a psychological injury. The court stated that “[i]f bereft of reason isn’t

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psychological damage, then, you know, I don’t know what is.” The court then noted that it was

required to:

“conduct an in camera review of [Jane Doe’s] mental health records for the purpose of

considering their relevance, whether they’re probative, whether they’re otherwise clearly

admissible, whether there’s other satisfactory evidence that is not available regarding the

facts sought to be established, and that disclosure is more important to the interests of

substantial justice than protection of any injury which disclosure is likely to cause.”

¶9 Plaintiff refused to comply, and the trial court found him in direct friendly civil contempt

and fined him $100. Plaintiff appeals.

¶ 10 II. ANALYSIS

¶ 11 Plaintiff contends that the trial court erred in finding him in contempt. He argues that the

trial court improperly ordered discovery, because the medical records sought by defendant are

privileged under the Act and no exception applies. In particular, he argues that he is seeking

damages not for a psychological injury but only for a physical brain injury.

¶ 12 “Where an individual appeals a finding of contempt for violating a discovery order, the

contempt finding is final and appealable, presenting to a reviewing court the propriety of the

discovery order.” Sparger v. Yamini, 2019 IL App (1st) 180566, ¶ 16. “ ‘If the discovery order is

invalid, then the contempt order, for failure to comply with that discovery order, must be

reversed.’ ” Id. (quoting In re D.H., 319 Ill. App. 3d 771, 773 (2001)). The applicability of a

statutory evidentiary privilege and any exceptions is a matter of law that we review de novo. Id.

¶ 13 The Act provides that

“[e]xcept as provided herein, in any civil, criminal, administrative, or legislative

proceeding, or in any proceeding preliminary thereto, a recipient, and a therapist on behalf

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and in the interest of a recipient, has the privilege to refuse to disclose and to prevent the

disclosure of the recipient’s record or communications.” 740 ILCS 110/10(a) (West 2018).

Section 10(a)(2) of the Act provides an exception to the privilege, stating that

“[r]ecords or communications may be disclosed in a civil proceeding after the recipient’s

death when the recipient’s physical or mental condition has been introduced as an element

of a claim or defense by any party claiming or defending through or as a beneficiary of the

recipient, provided the court finds, after in camera examination of the evidence, that it is

relevant, probative, and otherwise clearly admissible; that other satisfactory evidence is not

available regarding the facts sought to be established by such evidence; and that disclosure

is more important to the interests of substantial justice than protection from any injury

which disclosure is likely to cause.” Id. § 10(a)(2).

¶ 14 “A party may introduce his or her mental condition in several ways during the course of

litigation, including, e.g., in the pleadings, answers to written discovery, a deposition, in briefs or

motions, in argument before the court, or by stipulation.” Reda v. Advocate Health Care, 199 Ill.

2d 47, 61 (2002). “Ordinarily, a party’s prayer for pain and suffering damages will not introduce

mental condition as an element of the party’s claim.” Deprizio v. MacNeal Memorial Hospital

Ass’n, 2014 IL App (1st) 123206, ¶ 18. Also, the allegation of a neurological injury does not

automatically introduce mental condition as an element. Reda, 199 Ill. 2d at 58.

¶ 15 For example, in Reda, the plaintiff brought a medical malpractice action against a hospital

and doctors after developing an acute thrombosis and an apparent stroke. In depositions, the

plaintiff and his wife disclosed that he suffered from “headaches, loss of memory, decline in

comprehension, difficulties in performing daily activities, and changes in personality.” Id. at 57.

During discovery, the plaintiff’s counsel refused to comply with a pretrial discovery order

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requiring him to produce his psychiatric records, arguing that the records were privileged under

the Act. The trial court held the plaintiff’s counsel in friendly civil contempt, and the plaintiff

appealed. The appellate court affirmed in part. Id. at 53.

¶ 16 Our supreme court reversed. The court held that the plaintiff did not introduce his mental

condition as an element of the cause of action by discussing during depositions his headaches, loss

of memory, decline in comprehension, difficulties in performing daily activities, and changes in

personality, because such alleged injuries were physical/neurological and could be separated from

psychological damage. Id. at 57-58. In particular, the court noted that a neurological injury is not

synonymous with psychological damage, nor does a neurological injury directly implicate

psychological damage. Id. at 58. The court stated that, if it were otherwise, then in every case in

which the plaintiff claimed damages stemming from a physical brain injury, the door to discovery

of the plaintiff’s mental-health records would automatically open, and the limited exception of the

Act would effectively eviscerate the privilege. Id.

¶ 17 Likewise, in Sparger, the First District held that evidence of cognitive impairments

consistent with a traumatic brain injury did not place the plaintiff’s mental condition at issue.

Sparger, 2019 IL App (1st) 180566, ¶ 24. The court distinguished the case from one in which the

plaintiff alleged pain and anguish in both mind and body and claimed psychiatric, psychological,

and/or emotional injuries. Id. ¶ 26 (citing Phifer v. Gingher, 2017 IL App (3d) 160170, ¶¶ 4, 6).

¶ 18 Plaintiff argues that, as in Reda and Sparger, he merely seeks damages for a condition

consistent with a physical brain injury, making the exception inapplicable. But Reda and Sparger

did not involve a suicide, which complicates the matter.

¶ 19 If the decedent had no right of action at the time of death, the personal representative also

has no right of action in a wrongful death action. Turcios v. The DeBruler Co., 2015 IL 117962,

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¶ 17 (citing Williams v. Manchester, 228 Ill. 2d 404, 421 (2008)). Thus, the injury that the personal

representative alleges caused the decedent’s death must be the same injury that the decedent

suffered prior to death. Id. The general rule, applicable in negligence actions, is that the injured

party’s voluntary act of suicide is an independent intervening act, which is unforeseeable as a

matter of law and breaks the chain of causation from the tortfeasor’s negligent conduct. Id. ¶ 20.

Our supreme court has stated that “a suicide may result from a complex combination of

psychological, psychiatric, chemical, emotional, and environmental factors.” Id. ¶ 41. Thus, “it is

the rare case in which the decedent’s suicide would not break the chain of causation and bar a

cause of action for wrongful death.” Id. However, an exception exists when, as the proximate result

of a head injury caused by the negligence of another, the injured person becomes “ ‘insane and

bereft of reason’ ” and, while in that condition and as a result of it, he or she commits suicide.

Crumpton v. Walgreen Co., 375 Ill. App. 3d 73, 80 (2007) (quoting Stasiof v. Chicago Hoist &

Body Co., 50 Ill. App. 2d 115, 122 (1964)). In such a case, the act is not voluntary and therefore

does not break the causal connection between the suicide and the act that caused the injury. Id.

¶ 20 Our supreme court has adopted this approach, in distinction from “[t]he universal rule

followed by most jurisdictions *** that the victim’s act of suicide is a new and independent agency

breaking the chain of causation from the negligent act and is not reasonably foreseeable.” Little v.

Chicago Hoist & Body Co., 32 Ill. 2d 156, 158-59 (1965). The court noted that the “ ‘better view’ ”

was expressed by Dean Prosser, who stated that

“ ‘[if] insanity prevents [the victim] from realizing the nature of his act or controlling his

conduct, his suicide is to be regarded either as a direct result and no intervening force at

all, or as a normal incident of the risk, for which the defendant will be liable. *** But if the

suicide is during a lucid interval when he is in full command of his faculties but his life has

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become unendurable to him, it is agreed that his voluntary choice is an abnormal thing,

which supercedes the defendant’s liability.’ ” Id. at 159 (quoting William L. Prosser,

Handbook of the Law of Torts § 49, at 274 (2d ed. 1955)).

¶ 21 Here, for plaintiff to recover, he would be required to prove as an element of his cause of

action that, as the proximate result of Jane Doe’s head injury, she became insane and bereft of

reason and committed suicide while in that state. Such proof necessarily entails an examination of

her mental condition. Unlike cases such as Reda and Sparger, which involved a brain injury

without an intervening suicide, a suicide directly implicates a psychological condition or

psychological damage. “Bereft of reason” and “insanity” implicate a psychological injury.

“Insanity” by definition, is indeed a “mental disorder.” Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019).

Likewise, a determination of whether Jane Doe was in a “lucid” state when she took her life

requires consideration of her mental condition. See Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019)

(defining “lucid” in part as being “[sane]”). Thus, her mental condition was introduced as an

element of the wrongful death claim, making her mental health records discoverable. Accordingly,

the trial court did not err when it granted the motion to compel and found plaintiff in contempt.

¶ 22 Plaintiff also argues that the trial court applied the wrong statutory standard to find the

records discoverable. He argues that the court’s statement that he placed Jane Doe’s mental health

“at issue” showed that the court was applying a privilege found in a different statute, namely

section 8-802 of the Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/8-802 (West 2018)). Thus, plaintiff

contends that the court failed to consider whether plaintiff introduced Jane Doe’s mental condition

as an element of the wrongful death claim. But the parties consistently referenced the Act in their

pleadings and when arguing before the court. The court also discussed cases applying the Act and

itself applied the Act’s language when it noted that it was required to conduct an in camera review

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of the records. The court discussed no other statutory privilege. Thus, plaintiff’s argument is

unsupported by the record.

¶ 23 Finally, we recognize that, under certain circumstances, fundamental fairness may dictate

that the privilege yield. D.C. v. S.A., 178 Ill. 2d 551, 568 (1997). Because we determine that

plaintiff introduced Jane Doe’s mental condition as an element of his wrongful death claim, we

need not and do not determine whether fundamental fairness would also require the privilege to

yield in this case.

¶ 24 III. CONCLUSION

¶ 25 For the reasons stated, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court of Lake County and

remand the cause for further proceedings.

¶ 26 Affirmed.

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No. 2-20-0123

Cite as: Doe v. Great America LLC, 2021 IL App (2d) 200123

Decision Under Review: Appeal from the Circuit Court of Lake County, No. 18-L-796;
the Hon. Jorge L. Ortiz, Judge, presiding.

Attorneys Patrick L. Provenzale and Nemura G. Pencyla, of Ekl, Williams
for & Provenzale LLC, of Lisle, for appellant.
Appellant:

Attorneys John A. Terselic and Brett M. Henne, of Swanson, Martin &
for Bell, LLP, of Libertyville, for appellee.
Appellee:

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