IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE
STATE OF DELAWARE, )
)
)
v. ) I.D. No. 1912024010
)
)
MATTHEW PEART, )
)
Defendant. )
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
Upon Consideration of Defendant’s Revised Motion to Suppress,
DENIED.
Erika R. Flaschner, Esq., Deputy Attorney General, Department of Justice,
Wilmington, Delaware. Attorney for the State of Delaware.
James J. Haley, Jr., Esq., Ferrara & Haley, Wilmington, Delaware. Attorney for
Defendant.
RENNIE, J.
I. INTRODUCTION
Defendant, Matthew J. Peart (“Defendant”), filed this Motion to Suppress to
challenge the admissibility of evidence resulting from a search of his trash and of
his residence. For the reasons that follow, Defendant’s Motion to Suppress is
DENIED.
II. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
On the week of November 18, 2019, the Newark Police Department received
information from a confidential source that Defendant was selling cocaine and
living at 193 Madison Drive in Newark. This address was confirmed to be
Defendant’s residence.
On Monday, December 9, 2019, Corporal Kendrick and Corporal Rivers
responded to an alley behind Defendant’s residence and observed Defendant’s
trash can situated in a position to be picked up from a waste management
company. 1 The police conducted a search of the trash can and retrieved several
bags of garbage from inside the can. Located inside the trash bags were
“approximately twenty-five dryer sheets, hundreds of clear plastic sandwich bags
with one corner cut away, and multiple corners and cut away baggie tops with a
white powdery residue.” 2 The residue later field tested positive for cocaine. 3 The
1
D.I. 15 at 2 [hereinafter “State’s Resp.”].
2
State’s Resp., Exhibit B [hereinafter “Search Warrant Aff.”]. Based upon the officers’ training
and experience, the collective presence of these items are indicative of drug dealing activity.
2
police also located three receipts in the trash with the name “Matthew” or
“Matthew Peart.” 4
Based on these facts, the police filed a search warrant application and
affidavit which was signed by a magistrate on December 9, 2019. 5 The next day,
the Newark Police Department executed a daytime search warrant at 193 Madison
Drive, Newark, 19711. From this search, police recovered $23,700 USC, drug
paraphernalia, and approximately fifty grams of cocaine. Defendant was charged
with Drug Dealing (Cocaine) and Aggravated Possession (Cocaine), in violation of
16 Del. C. §§ 4752(1) and 4752(3).
On September 16, 2020, Defendant filed this Motion to Suppress. 6 On
November 23, 2020, the State filed its Response. 7 This Court heard oral argument
on December 11, 2020. 8 This matter is ripe for review.
III. STANDARD OF REVIEW
Delaware Superior Court Criminal Rule 12(b)(2) permits a defendant to file
a motion to suppress evidence prior to trial. 9 When a defendant challenges the
validity of a search warrant on a motion to suppress, “the defendant bears the
3
State’s Resp. at 3.
4
State’s Resp. at 3.
5
See generally Search Warrant Aff.
6
D.I. 13 [hereinafter “Def.’s Mot.”].
7
State’s Resp.
8
D.I. 14.
9
Super. Ct. Crim. R. 12(b)(2).
3
burden of establishing that the challenged search or seizure was unlawful.” 10 This
burden is by a preponderance of the evidence. 11 The Fourth Amendment mandates
that “no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause.” 12 The Fourth Amendment
to the United States Constitution and Article 1, § 6 of the Delaware Constitution
protects people from such seizures. 13
IV. CONTENTIONS OF THE PARTIES
Defendant argues that, because his trash can was located at the end of his
driveway when it was seized, it was within the curtilage of his private property,
and thus was subject to greater privacy protection against search and seizure. 14 In
the alternative, Defendant argues that if the Court finds that Defendant’s trash can
was not located within the curtilage of his property, then the Court should revisit
State v. Ranken (“Ranken”)15 and conclude that Delawareans have a reasonable
expectation of privacy in their trash, which is not relinquished when they place
their trash at the edge of their property for pick up.
In opposition, the State presents three arguments. First, the State argues that
Defendant’s garbage was not located within the curtilage of his residence. Second,
it argues that Defendant had no reasonable expectation of privacy in his garbage.
10
State v. Sisson, 883 A.2d 868, 875 (Del. Super. 2005) (citations omitted).
11
State v. Preston, 2016 WL 5903002, at *2 (Del. Super. Sept. 27, 2016).
12
See U.S. Const. amend. IV.
13
See Del. Const. art. I, § 6; see also State v. Moore, 997 A.2d 656, 663 (Del. 2010) (“The right
of Delaware citizens is further secured by Article I, § 6 of the Delaware Constitution.”).
14
Def.’s Mot. at 3-4 (citing Collins v. Virginia, 138 S. Ct. 1663 (2018)).
15
25 A.3d 845 (Del. Super. 2010), aff’d, 21 A.3d 597 (Del. 2011).
4
Third, the State asserts that the warrant was supported by probable cause.
V. DISCUSSION
A. Defendant’s Garbage Can Was Located Outside of the Curtilage
of His Residence
The Court finds that Defendant’s garbage can was located outside the
curtilage of his residence. In United States v. Dunn, 16 the United States Supreme
Court (“U.S. Supreme Court”) outlined the following factors to assess curtilage:
(1) the proximity of the area claimed to be curtilage to the home; (2) whether the
area is within an enclosure surrounding the home; (3) how the resident uses the
area; and (4) the efforts undertaken by the resident to protect the area from
observation by people passing by. 17 This Court considers these factors here in
turn.
First, although the garbage can was within close proximity to the
residence— where the driveway at issue is short (just longer than a four-wheel
vehicle)— it was placed far enough away from the house to reasonably
demonstrate an intent to be picked up by waste management. The driveway
connects to an alley which is utilized by the City of Newark to collect garbage on
Mondays.
Second, the garbage was not within an area of enclosure surrounding
16
480 U.S. 294 (1987).
17
Id. at 301.
5
Defendant’s residence. Defendant does not argue that any such enclosure existed.
Third, the area in which the garbage can was placed was likely used for
nothing more than to enter and leave the residence— outside of garbage placement
for pick up. The State has posited that “[t]he alley is utilized by the City of
Newark to collect trash from Madison Drive residents on Monday[s].” 18 Although
the Court does not assume this is the exclusive use of that area, Defendant does not
raise any arguments to suggest that the area is otherwise used in such a way to be
considered part of the curtilage of his residence.
Fourth, the Court finds that Defendant failed to take any steps to protect his
garbage from the public view once he placed the receptacle at the end of his
driveway for the purposes of trash collection. Thus, consideration of the Dunn
factors leads to the conclusion that the trash can was outside the curtilage of
Defendant’s residence. For this reason, the Court finds that the Newark Police
Department was not required to obtain a warrant prior to conducting a search of the
garbage can’s contents.
B. Defendant Did Not Have a Reasonable Expectation of Privacy In
His Garbage
The Court next considers whether Defendant had a reasonable expectation of
privacy in his garbage. The U.S. Supreme Court has held that the U.S.
Constitution does not provide for a reasonable expectation of privacy with regard
18
State’s Resp. at 6.
6
to trash outside the curtilage of the property. 19 “The searches and seizures
provision in the Delaware Constitution preceded the adoption of the Fourth
Amendment and has been held to provide greater protection than those afforded by
the United States Constitution.” 20 However, even with these greater protections,
Delaware case law establishes that the “warrantless search of trash containers left
curbside on a public sidewalk is permissible under both the United States and
Delaware Constitutions.” 21 This Court upholds Delaware’s longstanding precedent
here.
In State v. Ranken,22 the Superior Court denied a motion to suppress in
connection with the search of a defendant’s trash can. In doing so, the Court found
that because “[defendant’s] trash was left in an area accessible to the public, the
police were permitted, under the Fourth Amendment, to search and seize the three
white trash bags located in a dark colored trash can on the public sidewalk in front
of Ranken’s address.” 23 In reaching its holding, the Court considered case law
from Delaware, 24 and case law from other jurisdictions, 25 along with precedent
19
See Dunn, 480 U.S. 294.
20
State v. Ranken, 25 A.3d 845, 853 (Del. Super. 2010), aff’d, 21 A.3d 597 (Del. 2011) (citing
Jones v. State, 745 A.2d 856, 863 (Del. 1999)).
21
State v. Guardarrama, 2016 WL 7235694, at *5 (Del. Super. Dec. 14, 2016), aff’d, 179 A.3d
865 (Del. 2018).
22
25 A.3d 845 (Del. Super. 2010), aff’d, 21 A.3d 597 (Del. 2011).
23
Id. at 852.
24
See Jones v. State, 745 A.2d 856 (Del. 1999); see also State v. Dorsey, 1997 WL 528273 (Del.
Super. Aug. 1, 1997); see also State v. Grossberg, 1998 WL 283491 (Del. Super. Mar. 18, 1998).
7
established by the U.S. Supreme Court. 26
After consideration of the expansive case law from multiple jurisdictions,
the Court concluded that “[t]wenty-two states have found no constitutional
violation[,]” in connection with the search of trash cans outside of a defendant’s
curtilage. 27 The Court also found that although “[f]our states ruling on this issue
have ruled [that] a constitutional violation occurred[,]” such rulings were
unpersuasive in comparison with the “overwhelming majority[.]” 28
In Ranken, the Court relied on the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision
in California v. Greenwood, which held that “a warrantless search of trash does not
violate the Fourth Amendment.” 29 Similarly, this Court finds that the warrantless
search of Defendant’s trash can, located outside the curtilage of his residence, does
not violate the Fourth Amendment.
Even when considering the issue under the heightened protections of the
Delaware Constitution, the Ranken Court still found no constitutional violation for
a warrantless search of trash under these circumstances. The Court aptly
25
See State v. DeFusco, 224 Conn. 627 (1993); see also Perkins v. State, 197 Ga. App. 577
(1990); see also State v. Hempele, 120 N.J. 182 (1990); see also Commonwealth v. Edmunds,
526 Pa. 374 (1991); see also Commonwealth v. Bagley, 408 Pa. Super. 188 (1991); see also State
v. Sampson, 362 Md. 438 (2001); see also Commonwealth v. Pratt, 407 Mass. 647 (1990); see
also State v. Hauser, 342 N.C. 382 (1995).
26
See California v. Hodari D., 499 U.S. 621 (1991); see also California v. Greenwood, 486 U.S.
35 (1988); see also Unites States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897 (1984); see also Katz v. United States,
389 U.S. 347 (1967) (Harlan, J., concurring).
27
Ranken, 25 A.3d at 860–61.
28
Id.
29
Id.
8
recognized that, although it is “regrettable,” the standard of reasonable expectation
of privacy has lessened over time. 30 It reasoned that “reasonable people must or
should have a lessened expectation of privacy in their trash[.]” “[T]he expectation
of privacy is no longer reasonable” as it pertains to personal items placed into the
trash or garbage. 31
Defendant asks this Court to reconsider the established holding in Ranken on
this issue. However, in reviewing Ranken, this Court emphasizes that Ranken’s
holding was formulated after analyzing a multitude of cases that considered this
issue and in the context of the current epoch in which the expectation of privacy in
one’s trash has all but disappeared. Indeed, as stated in Ranken, and re-
emphasized in this opinion:
The media is replete with warnings to people not to put personal items
in their trash such as bills, receipts, mailers from credit card
companies, etc., which can be converted to forged credit cards, etc.
Some of the media coverage and much advertising is not only to warn
people not to do so but to instead shred such documents. 32
For these reasons, the Court declines Defendant’s request to disregard the holding
in Ranken. Instead, for the forgoing reasons, the Court reaffirms the holding in
Ranken and finds that Defendant had no reasonable expectation of privacy in his
garbage.
30
See id. at 860.
31
Ranken, 25 A.3d at 860.
32
Id.
9
C. The State’s Search Warrant Was Supported by Probable Cause
Finally, the Court considers whether the State’s search warrant application
and affidavit was supported by probable cause. The Fourth Amendment to the
United States Constitution and Article 1, Section 6 of the Delaware Constitution,
as well as Sections 2306 and 2307 of Title 11 of the Delaware Code, set forth the
requirements for obtaining and executing a valid search warrant. 33
The issuing magistrate must “make a practical, common-sense decision
whether, given all the circumstances set forth in the affidavit—including the
veracity and basis of knowledge of persons supplying hearsay information—there
is a fair probability that contraband or evidence of a crime will be found in a
particular place.” 34 This determination must be made on the four-corners of the
affidavit in support of the search warrant. 35 Delaware employs a “totality of
circumstances” analysis. 36
A reviewing court must ensure that “the magistrate had substantial basis for
concluding that probable cause existed.”37 Upon review of a magistrate’s decision,
the Court must pay “great deference,” to the determination of probable cause, and
33
See U.S. Const. amend. IV; see also Del. Const. art. I, § 6; see also 11 Del. C. §§ 2306 and
2307.
34
State v. Holden, 60 A.3d 1110, 1114 (Del. 2013) (citing Illinois v. Gates, 426 U.S. 213, 237
(1983)).
35
See id. (citing LeGrande v. State, 947 A.3d 1103, 1107 (Del. 2008)); see also Wheeler v. State,
135 A.3d 282 (Del. 2016).
36
LeGrande v. State, 947 A.3d 1103, 1107–08 (Del. 2008) (quoting Sisson v. State, 903 A.2d
288, 296 (Del. 2006)).
37
Holden, 60 A.3d at 1114 (quoting Illinois v. Gates, 426 U.S. 213, 238–39 (1983)).
10
should not conduct “a de novo review” of the decision. 38
In this case, Defendant raises an issue regarding the reliability of the
anonymous tip provided in November 2019. The search warrant application and
affidavit point to an anonymous tip issued by a confidential source. The tip
indicated that Defendant was a “source of supply of cocaine[,]” that he “would
walk from [his residence] to different parts of the neighborhood to deal cocaine
and would also travel to local bars to deal to other patrons.” 39 Defendant argues
that the informant was not a past, proven and reliable informant.
This may be the case. “However, even if an informant is anonymous or the
informant’s reliability is unknown, probable cause requirements are met if there is
sufficient independent police corroboration.” 40 “It is not a requirement that a
confidential source always be a past, proven reliable informant . . . .”41 In support
of its position that the probable cause requirement was met, the State points to
the contents of the search of Defendant’s trash as independent corroboration. As
part of its demonstration of probable cause, the State, in its search warrant
application and affidavit, identified the following items that were found during the
search:
38
Holden, 60 A.3d at 1114.
39
Search Warrant Aff. at 5.
40
Ranken, 25 A.3d at 863 (citing LeGrande, 947 A.2d at 1108; Tatman v. State, 494 A.2d 1249,
1251 (Del. 1985)).
41
State v. Rhoades, 2011 WL 6000842, at *2 (Del. Super. Ct. Nov. 3, 2011) (citing Tatman v.
State, 494 A.2d 1249, 1251 (Del. 1985)).
11
- Approximately 700 clear plastic sandwich bags with one corner that had
been cut away.
- Approximately 50 plastic sandwich bag corners, or cut away tops that
had a white powdery residue.
- Approximately 25 unused dryer sheets.
- Three empty sandwich bag boxes.
- Two Receipts with the name “Matthew Peart” printed on them. 42
The affidavit indicates that the affiants’ training, experience, and
participation in past drug investigations allowed them to tie these items to drug
dealing activity. Further, the affidavit also provides that “[t]he white powdery
residue from the plastic baggies . . . field tested positive for cocaine.”43
Additionally, the affiant provided notes of physical surveillance performed. 44
Because this Court finds that the warrantless search of Defendant’s trash can was
legal, it also finds that using the contents of that search to independently
corroborate an anonymous tip was valid. Hence, after a careful review of the
totality of the circumstances, this Court finds that sufficient probable cause existed
to support the issuance of the search warrant. Therefore, the Court finds that the
State’s search warrant application and affidavit was supported by probable cause.
42
Search Warrant Aff. at 6.
43
Id.
44
See id. (“Physical surveillance was performed at 193 Madison Drive during the week of
12/09/2019. The Honda Accord . . . registered to Matthew Peart was observed in the driveway in
the rear of the residence.”).
12
VI. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, Defendant’s Motion to Suppress is DENIED.
IT IS SO ORDERED THIS 25th day of March, 2021.
_____________________ ________
Sheldon K. Rennie, Judge
13