Com. v. Rivera, J.

J-A03033-21

2021 PA Super 54

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
JONATHAN RIVERA :
:
Appellant : No. 1788 MDA 2019

Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered September 26, 2019
In the Court of Common Pleas of Bradford County Criminal Division at
No(s): CP-08-CR-0000606-2018

BEFORE: LAZARUS, J., KUNSELMAN, J., and MURRAY, J.

OPINION BY LAZARUS, J.: FILED MARCH 29, 2021

Jonathan Rivera appeals from the judgment of sentence, entered in the

Court of Common Pleas of Bradford County, after a jury convicted him of four

counts of corruption of minors—course of conduct;1 three counts of indecent

assault—person less than 13 years of age;2 two counts of indecent exposure;3

and one count each of criminal attempt to commit indecent assault—person

less than 13 years of age,4 and endangering the welfare of a child (EWOC).5

____________________________________________

1 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 6301(a)(1)(ii).

2 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3126(a)(7). Counts 21 and 22 were graded as third-degree
felonies. Count 24 was graded as a first-degree misdemeanor.

3 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3127(a).

4 18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 901, 3126(a)(7).

5 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 4304(a)(1).
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After careful review, we affirm in part, vacate in part and remand. Specifically,

because the Commonwealth’s amendment to the criminal information unfairly

prejudiced Rivera, we vacate Rivera’s convictions under Counts 21 and 22,

and remand for a new trial. Additionally, because the jury did not find that

Rivera’s EWOC conviction was the result of a course of Rivera’s conduct or

that his actions resulted in a substantial risk of death or serious bodily injury,

we remand for resentencing on Count 15. We affirm Rivera’s remaining

convictions.

On April 17, 2018, F.M.6 recorded a video in which her daughter, G.R.,7

accused Rivera of various acts constituting criminal sexual assault. The next

day, F.M. recorded another video in which her niece, C.P.,8 accused Rivera of

similar inappropriate behavior. F.M. then took these videos to the police,

____________________________________________

6F.M. is G.R.’s mother and K.M.’s sister. K.M. is C.P.’s mother. K.M. lived
with Rivera and C.P. at the time of the initial police reports.

7 G.R., born in October of 2010, was seven years old at the time of the initial
police report. G.R. alleged that Rivera committed multiple acts including
anally penetrating her, telling her to touch his privates, exposing himself to
her, and choking her with a lollipop. As discussed infra, Counts 2, 3, 6, 7,
14, 16, 21, and 25 of the Commonwealth’s charges, naming G.R. as the victim,
alleged a continuing course of conduct dating from January 1, 2009, which
predated G.R.’s birth by nearly two years.

8 C.P., born in March of 2010, was eight years old at the time of the initial
police report. C.P. alleged that Rivera anally penetrated her, touched her
privates with his private, and exposed himself to her. As discussed infra,
Counts 4, 5, 8-11, 17, 22, and 26, naming C.P. as the victim, alleged a
continuing course of conduct dating from January 1, 2009, which predated
C.P.’s birth by nearly one year.

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which led to the discovery of two additional child victim complainants, S.C.9

and S.M.10

On September 7, 2018, the Commonwealth charged Rivera with: Count

1—aggravated assault11 (victim G.R.); Counts 2 and 3—rape of a child12

(victim G.R.); Counts 4 and 5—rape of a child (victim C.P.); Counts 6 and 7—

involuntary deviate sexual intercourse13 (IDSI) (victim G.R.); Counts 8 and

9—IDSI (victim C.P.); Counts 10 and 11— attempted aggravated indecent

assault14 (victim C.P.); Counts 12 and 13—attempted aggravated indecent

assault (victim S.M.); Count 14—attempted aggravated indecent assault

(victim G.R.); Count 15—EWOC (victim G.R.); Counts 16, 17, 18, and 19—
____________________________________________

9 S.C., born in February of 2008, is K.R.’s daughter. K.R. was married to
Rivera, and the trio lived together for approximately three years. S.C. alleged
that Rivera rubbed her doll against his private parts and touched S.C.
inappropriately on her butt, over her clothing. S.C. was of elementary school
age when she lived with Rivera in Pennsylvania, but the Commonwealth
alleged the criminal acts commenced when S.C. was eleven months old.

10 S.M., born in March of 2003, testified that Rivera was her uncle’s friend.
S.M. lived and visited with that uncle in Scranton, Pennsylvania, on multiple
occasions in 2009, when she was six years old. S.M. alleged that Rivera
touched her inappropriately between four and nine times, once putting his
hands inside her underwear, and another time rubbing her stomach until she
fell asleep, after she woke up to find him on her bedroom floor apparently
looking for something.

11 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2702(a)(1).

12 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3121(c).

13 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3123(b).

14 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3125(a)(7).

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corruption of minors (victims G.R., C.P., S.C., and S.M., respectively); Count

20—simple assault15 (victim G.R.); Counts 21, 22, 23, and 24—indecent

assault of a child (victims G.R., C.P., S.C., and S.M., respectively); and Counts

25 and 26—indecent exposure (victims “two female juveniles”).

On January 14, 2019, the court dismissed Count 13 as duplicative of

Count 12, and further ordered the Commonwealth to identify the complainants

for Counts 25 and 26. On July 31, 2019, mere days before the scheduled trial,

the Commonwealth—apparently disregarding the fact that the court had

already dismissed Count 13—moved to amend the information by changing

the location of Counts 12 and 13 and specified the victims for Counts 25 and

26, as G.R. and C.P., respectively. The court commenced a jury trial on

August 6, 2019.

At trial, the Commonwealth called Pennsylvania State Trooper

Christopher Higdon to testify, and asked him if Rivera, having been read his

Miranda16 warnings after his arrest, denied the charges against him. Trooper

Higdon, over defense counsel’s objection, testified that Rivera did not deny

committing the offenses. See N.T. Jury Trial, 8/6/19, at 101-02.

The Commonwealth rested its case-in-chief on August 7, 2019. The

defense began presentation of its witnesses that same day. On August 8,

2019, the court dismissed Counts 10, 11, and 14, after the Commonwealth

____________________________________________

15 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2701(a)(1).

16 See Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).

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agreed that it had proffered insufficient evidence to prove those charges.

Additionally, the court permitted the Commonwealth to amend Counts 12, 21,

and 22, by changing the latter two counts from first-degree misdemeanors,

charged pursuant to subsection 3126(b)(3), to third-degree felonies, charged

pursuant to subsection 3126(b)(3)(iii). See N.T. Jury Trial, 8/8/19, at 7-9.

On August 8, 2019, the jury returned a verdict acquitting Rivera of

Counts 1-9, 20, and 23, and convicting Rivera of Counts 12, 15, 16-19, 21,

22, and 24-26. At the sentencing hearing held on September 26, 2019, the

court sentenced Rivera to an aggregate term of eight to fifty-two years’

incarceration. Rivera filed a timely notice of appeal; both he and the court

have complied with Pa.R.A.P. 1925.

Following our grant of two extensions of time, see Order, 4/13/20;17

Order, 6/12/20,18 Rivera filed his appellate brief on July 6, 2020. Having also

been granted an extension, see Order, 7/31/20,19 the Commonwealth filed its

appellate brief on September 4, 2020. We subsequently granted two more

____________________________________________

17 Without opposition from the Commonwealth, Rivera requested, and this
Court granted, a 60-day extension to file his appellate brief. We ordered
Rivera to file his brief on or before June 22, 2020.

18 On June 10, 2020, Rivera, requested a 14-day extension, which the
Commonwealth did not oppose. We granted the request and ordered that
Rivera file his brief no later than July 6, 2020.

19 We granted the request and ordered the Commonwealth to file its brief on
or before September 4, 2020.

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extensions, see Order, 9/22/20,20 Order, 10/15/20,21 after which Rivera filed

a reply brief on November 13, 2020. On November 23, 2020, we continued

the case pursuant to Rivera’s application for a continuance.22

On January 14, 2021, we ordered the parties to submit supplemental

briefs on or before January 28, 2021, to “specifically address how the Supreme

Court’s decision in Commonwealth v. McClelland, 233 A.3d 717 (Pa. 2020),

applies to the instant case.”23 Order, 1/14/21. Both parties complied.

____________________________________________

20We granted the request and ordered Rivera to file his reply brief on or before
October 30, 2020, and noted that no further extensions would be granted.

21We granted Rivera’s request for an extension and ordered Rivera to file his
reply brief on or before November 13, 2020, again noting that no further
extensions would be granted.

22 We granted Rivera’s application for continuance, ordering the Harrisburg
Prothonotary’s Office to list it for the next available argument panel, in order
to accommodate Rivera’s attorney. The Prothonotary complied, at which point
this panel assumed jurisdiction over this case and listed it for remote video-
teleconference argument on February 4, 2021, due to the ongoing COVID-19
pandemic.
23 The parties agree that the Commonwealth proved its prima facie case at
Rivera’s preliminary hearing by relying solely on hearsay evidence. See N.T.
Preliminary Hearing, 8/17/18. In McClelland, our Supreme Court held that
the Commonwealth may not establish a prima facie case against a defendant
relying on hearsay evidence alone, id. at 722, reversing the previous rule set
forth in Commonwealth v. Ricker, 120 A.3d 349 (Pa. Super. 2015). Rivera
raised the issue of the adequacy of the Commonwealth’s prima facie case in
his Rule 1925(b) statement, but abandoned it in his original appellate brief.
The trial court’s Rule 1925(a) opinion addressed the issue, but relied on
Ricker in recommending we find no error. We note that our Supreme Court
published the McClelland decision on July 21, 2020, after Rivera’s case was
already on appeal. Subsequent to our supplemental briefing order, Rivera
argued that his failure to raise the issue in his appellate brief did not result in

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Following our review of the Supreme Court’s decision in McClelland,

the parties’ briefs, relevant case law, and the certified record on appeal, we

find that the Supreme Court did not intend to extend McClelland’s holding to

cases such as this one, where the complained-of defect in the preliminary

hearing is subsequently cured at trial. Cf. Commonwealth v. Ballard, 460

A.2d 1091, 1092 (Pa. 1987) (“A finding at a preliminary hearing that sufficient

evidence exists to require a defendant to stand trial is not subject to review if

there has been a subsequent independent judicial judgment that there is

sufficient evidence to require the defendant to stand trial.”);

Commonwealth v. Tyler, 587 A.2d 326, 328 (Pa. Super. 1991) (purpose of

preliminary hearing is not to prove guilt but to avoid defendant’s incarceration

or trial unless sufficient evidence establishes crime was committed and

probability that defendant was involved; “Once [an] appellant has gone

to trial and been found guilty of the crime, any defect in the

preliminary hearing is rendered immaterial[.]”) (emphasis added;

internal citation omitted); Commonwealth v. Mignogna, 585 A.2d 1, 4 (Pa.

Super. 1990) (deficiency in evidence at preliminary hearing cured where trial

judge determines trial evidence is sufficient for submission to jury).

____________________________________________

waiver because it would have been futile for Rivera to raise the issue where,
at the time of the preliminary hearing, Ricker was governing law. See
Appellant’s Supplemental Brief, at 4-9. Nevertheless, for the reasons noted
in this decision, we find we cannot apply McClelland retroactively to the
instant case.

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Here, because the Honorable Evan S. Williams, III, determined that the

Commonwealth’s trial evidence was sufficient to submit Rivera’s case to the

jury, any defect that existed in the evidence proffered at Rivera’s preliminary

hearing was subsequently cured. See Ballard, supra, Tyler, supra, and

Mignogna , supra; cf. McClelland, supra at 725 (interlocutory appeal taken

from pre-trial order denying motion seeking writ of habeas corpus);

Commonwealth ex rel. Buchanan v. Verbonitz, 581 A.2d 172, 173 (Pa.

1990) (appeal taken from pre-trial order denying motion seeking writ of

habeas corpus). Moreover, Rivera fails to argue that the defect in the evidence

at the preliminary hearing tainted the validity of the verdict. See Mignogna,

supra at 4 (“[A] defendant must establish the existence of actual prejudice

arising from a denial of due process at the preliminary hearing in order to be

afforded the remedy of discharge.”); cf. Appellant’s Supplemental Brief, at 10

(“[The defects [alleged here by Rivera] are of a type that require reversal

without a showing of prejudice.”) (emphasis added). Therefore, we will

not consider any deficiency in the Commonwealth’s evidence that may have

existed prior to this case’s submission to the jury, and we will proceed to

address the issues Rivera raises on appeal.

On appeal, Rivera presents the following issues for our review:

1. Whether the trial court committed reversible constitutional
error when it admitted testimony commenting on Mr. Rivera’s
post-arrest, post-Miranda, exercise and assertion of his right to
silence?

2. Whether the trial court erred by permitting the Commonwealth
to amend the [i]nformation to add new felony offenses on the last

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day of trial, after the defense case was underway, and the
defendant was prejudiced by the amendment?

Appellant’s Brief, at 5.

First, Rivera claims that he is entitled to a new trial because the court

admitted evidence of his post-arrest and post-Miranda silence, in violation of

his constitutional rights to remain silent under the 5th and 14th Amendments

of the United States Constitution, and Article 1, Section 9 of the Pennsylvania

Constitution. See Appellant’s Brief, at 31-43; see also Appellant’s Reply

Brief, at 1-15. Specifically, Rivera argues that the court permitted the

Commonwealth to place evidence into the record in contravention of our

Supreme Court’s decision in Commonwealth v. Turner, 454 A.2d 537 (Pa.

1982), wherein our Supreme Court stated that, to admit evidence of the

defendant’s post-arrest silence:

[T]he Commonwealth must seek to impeach a defendant’s
relation of events by reference only to inconsistencies as
they factually exist, not to the purported inconsistency between
silence at arrest and testimony at trial. Silence at the time of
arrest may become a factual inconsistency in the face of an
assertion by the accused while testifying at trial that he
related this version to the police at the time of arrest
when[,] in fact[,] he remained silent.

Id. at 539-40 (citing Doyle v. Ohio, 426 U.S. 610 (1976)) (emphasis added).

Rivera claims that his counsel’s questioning of Trooper Higdon, on cross-

examination, inquired into the completeness of the Trooper’s pre-arrest

investigation as well as the Commonwealth’s bases for seeking Rivera’s arrest,

rather than inquired into whether Rivera denied the allegations against him at

the time of his arrest. Restated, Rivera claims that the Commonwealth

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improperly relies on the defense question that related to Rivera’s pre-arrest

statements in asserting that a factual inconsistency existed at trial regarding

Rivera’s alleged post-arrest denial of the criminal charges against him.

The Commonwealth relies on our Supreme Court’s decision in

Commonwealth v. Copenhefer, 719 A.2d 242 (Pa. 1988), where the Court

found the prosecutor’s reference to the defendant’s post-arrest silence was a

“fair response” and did not violate the defendant’s constitutional right to

remain silent where the defendant raises a factual inconsistency at trial. Id.

at 251. The Commonwealth argues that Rivera’s testimony attacked the

thoroughness and fairness of its investigation into his case, raising a factual

inconsistency, and thereby opened the door to “fair response.” See Appellee’s

Brief, at 11-13.

The admission of evidence is within the sound discretion of the trial court

and an appellate court will not reverse the trial court’s determination absent

an abuse of that discretion. Commonwealth v. Puksar, 740 A.2d 219, 225

(Pa. 1999). “Not merely an error in judgment, an abuse of discretion occurs

when the law is overridden or misapplied, or the judgment exercised is

manifestly unreasonable, or the result of partiality, prejudice, bias, or ill-will,

as shown by the evidence on record.” Commonwealth v. Montalvo, 986

A.2d 84, 94 (Pa. 2009) (citing Commonwealth v. Cooper, 941 A.2d 655,

668 (Pa. 2007)) (internal citation and quotation marks omitted).

At trial, Rivera’s counsel’s cross-examination of Trooper Higdon

proceeded as follows:

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[By Defense Attorney:]

Q. And you still arrested my client[?]

A. Correct.

Q. So therefore you arrested my client based upon the forensic
interview.

A. Well not solely, but correct.

Q. Well you never talked to my client, did you?

A. No, I attempted to.

N.T. Jury Trial, 8/7/19, at 100 (emphasis added). On re-direct examination,

under the theory of “fair response,” see Copenhefer, supra, the

Commonwealth questioned Trooper Higdon as follows:

[By Commonwealth Attorney:]

Q. I’d like to direct your attention to June 26, 2018, at about 1400
hours, did you[,] along with other Pennsylvania State Police
Troopers[,] go to the home of Jonathan Rivera?

A. Yes.

Q. And was he arrested based on the arrest warrant?

A. I had an arrest warrant in hand, correct.

Q. At approximately 1430 hours, did you read Mr. Rivera his
Miranda warnings?

A. Yes.

Q. [W]hat are the Miranda warnings?

A. Miranda warnings are[—]I’ll say in easy terms[—]their right
to remain silent.

Q. Okay. After you read him his Miranda warnings, he never
told you that he didn’t do anything to any of these kids?

A. No.

Q. He never denied doing anything to—

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[Defense Attorney]: Objection to that. A person doesn’t have to
deny.

The Court: You’re correct, I think he’s just asking if he did. You
may answer.

A. He did not deny.

Q. He never said [“]I didn’t do this[”]?
A. No.

Q. What did he say?

A. Nothing, he said he wished to not talk.

Id. at 101-02 (emphasis added).

Here, we agree with Rivera that the court admitted Trooper Higdon’s

rebuttal testimony on re-direct examination in error, as it did not qualify as a

“fair response.” The defense’s questioning of Trooper Higdon, when read

within the context of the record, inquired into Rivera’s pre-arrest questioning

by police. See N.T. Jury Trial, 8/7/19, at 95-99 (defense attorney inquiring

into bases for Trooper Higdon’s belief that Rivera was perpetrator prior to his

arresting Rivera). As such, Rivera did not create a factual inconsistency with

regard to whether he denied the allegations against him “at the time of [his]

arrest.” Turner, supra (emphasis added); see also Copenhefer, supra at

252 (defendant clearly stated he cooperated with police because he had

nothing to hide and insinuated that he answered “everything” police believed

relevant during his questioning, when in fact, defendant had selectively

invoked right to remain silent when police inquired regarding most

incriminating questions). Nevertheless, we hold that the trial court’s error

was harmless.

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Our Supreme Court has long held that:

although a perfectly conducted trial is indeed the ideal objective
of our judicial process, the defendant is not necessarily entitled to
relief simply because of some imperfections in the trial, so long as
he has been accorded a fair trial. A defendant is entitled to a fair
trial but not a perfect one. If a trial error does not deprive the
defendant of the fundamentals of a fair trial, his conviction will not
be reversed.

Commonwealth v. Noel, 104 A.3d 1156, 1169 (Pa. 2014) (quoting

Commonwealth v. Wright, 961 A.2d 119, 135 (Pa. 2008)) (brackets and

quotation marks omitted). Where a trial court has erroneously admitted

evidence of post-arrest silence, we may find that no new trial is warranted if

we are convinced the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. See

Commonwealth v. Adams, 39 A.3d 310, 321-22 (Pa. Super. 2012). The

Commonwealth carries the burden of proving harmless error. Id. at 322. Our

Supreme Court has clarified that harmless error exists where

the record demonstrates either: (1) the error did not prejudice
the defendant or the prejudice was de minimis; or (2) the
erroneously admitted evidence was merely cumulative of other
untainted evidence which was substantially similar to the
erroneously admitted evidence; or (3) the properly admitted and
uncontradicted evidence of guilt was so overwhelming and the
prejudicial effect of the error was so insignificant by comparison
that the error could not have contributed to the verdict.

Commonwealth v. Hairston, 84 A.3d 657, 671-72 (Pa. 2014).

Here, we find that the properly admitted and uncontradicted evidence

of Rivera’s guilt was so overwhelming by comparison to any prejudice caused

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by the error that it could not have contributed to the verdicts in any of Rivera’s

convictions.24 See Hairston, supra.

With respect to victims G.R. and C.P., the Commonwealth’s evidence of

corruption of minors—course of conduct, indecent exposure, and EWOC,25

included extensive direct victim testimony,26 testimony from a responding
____________________________________________

24As we note below, see infra at 23-32, we reverse Rivera’s convictions under
Counts 21, and 22, on other grounds, and remand for resentencing on Count
15, only.

25 We find the evidence was sufficient to prove Rivera’s EWOC conviction,
beyond a reasonable doubt, as a first-degree misdemeanor, rather than a
third-degree felony. See infra at 29-32.

26 See N.T. Jury Trial, 8/6/19, at 60 (“[Rivera] put his private in our butt.”);
id. at 61 (“[Rivera] doesn’t really explain it because um, cause we already
know the games but all he does is takes off his clothes and tells us that dares
and stuff, and Simon says.”); id. at 62 (Q: “Does [Rivera] take off his
underwear?” A: “Yes.”); id. (“[Rivera] does like, um he, he, um, puts his
private in our butts and then starts telling us to do weird stuff, stuff with truth
or dare, or um Simon says.”); id. at 63 (Q: “What does [Rivera] do to [C.P.]?”
A: “The same thing he does to me.” Q: “Which is what?” A: “He does, um,
he puts his private in [C.P.’s] butt and like, [C.P.] has to do stuff with it.” Q:
“So what does [C.P.] have to do with it?” A: “Touch it and stuff. . . . [with]
her hands.”; Q: “And you said it feels like a dog toy?” A: “Yea.”); id. at 64
(Q: “You do remember [Rivera] saying don’t tell anybody?” A: “Yea.”); id.
at 65-66 (“[Rivera] stopped the car because there was no cars coming through
and then he told us to sit on his private[.]”); id. at 66 (Q: “[Rivera] told you
that if anybody asks[,] just tell them that we stopped for gas?” A: “Yea.” Q:
“And you thought that was silly because [Rivera] already stopped for gas[?]”
A: “Yea.”); id. at 67 (“[Rivera] showed us videos of other people doing the
same thing. . . . That um, not really the same thing but, um adults touching
their other, the other person[’]s private and stuff.”); id. at 68 (“[Rivera] went
in the barn like real, really down from the barn and then, um then he was
squirting it in this like, like, hay thing. . . . In this hay box and then he told
us[, ‘]you want to try some?[’] And then we, we said [‘N]o![’] And we ran
back really fast. . . . Um, he, he was shaking his private and then like

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paramedic, see N.T. Jury Trial, 8/6/19, at 110-18, the testimony of a

Children’s House Child Advocacy Center forensic interviewer, id. at 28-49, as

____________________________________________

squirting white stuff out of his privates.”); id. at 73-74 (“I was in the bus with
[C.P.] and [she] told me like ‘This has to stop,’ and stuff, and I told her [‘]I
know but how do we do that?[’] And we didn’t want to tell our moms because
um, then we thought that we were going to get in trouble. So we didn’t know
what to do so we just did nothing because we didn’t know what to do.”); id.
at 200 (“And [Rivera will] wake us up. . . . And then we’ll watch half of the
movie. . . . [Then, h]e touched my private . . . [with h]is private[.]”); id. at
201 (Q: “[D]id [Rivera] ever take off his underwear too?” A: “Yes.”); id. at
203-04 (Q: “[S]o did you see [Rivera’s] private touch [G.R.]’s private?” A:
“Yes.” . . . Q: “What did [Rivera] tell [G.R.] to do?” A: “[T]o pull her pants
down.”); id. at 205-06 (Q: “Did anything ever happen with you, [G.R.] and
[Rivera] in a barn?” A: “Yes. . . . [Rivera] was showing us a video. . . . I,
I don’t look at those videos. . . . Cause I don’t like it. . . . I just don’t like
watching like, videos on his phone. . . . Because, because um, [Rivera]’s
showing us on the phone what, what um [G.R.] and him do, just with different
[grownups].”); id. at 70, 73, 78 (“[Rivera] got um, a lollipop um, from, he got
a lollipop for us for school. And then he opened one and started choking us
with it. And then um, he dropped a lollipop in my mouth and I had to go in
the hospital. . . . [It was at n]ighttime because we were going to sleep. . .
. [Rivera was tucking us to bed and then so I wasn’t asleep. . . . He was
choking both of us.”; “I don’t, I don’t think I liked it.”; “[C.P. was also
choking], because we, so [Rivera] was like choking both of us with the lollipop
and then, then he accident[tal]ly dropped it into my throat and then he tried
to take it out. . . . [C.P.] didn’t get to go to the hospital like, she, she chokes
and then he takes the lollipop out. And then he starts choking me with it. . .
. I just saw [Rivera’s] hand up and then it, my eyes just closed.”); id. at 207-
08, 209 (“I woke up, and well I woke up and [Rivera] was holding two lollipops.
One for me and one for [G.R.]. And he, he told us to open our mouth. So we
did and then, and then he put the lollipop in [G.R.’s] mouth.”; Q: “Did [Rivera]
ever, did he take it out?” A: “He couldn’t. I started stomping on the floor [to
wake up my mom] and my mom woke up.”; “[A]n ambulance came cause
[my mom] called and then a helicopter came to get here quicker to [take G.R.
to] the hospital[.]”).

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well as audio recordings of the victims,27 and the video recordings of G.R.’s

and C.P.’s forensic interviews. Id. at 122-23, N.T. Jury Trial, 8/7/19, at 2.

Regarding victim S.C., the Commonwealth’s evidence of corruption of

minors—course of conduct—included direct victim testimony,28 Children’s
____________________________________________

27 See N.T. Jury Trial, 8/6/19, at 182-93 (G.R.: “[C.P.] said that she doesn’t
want to do it again. . . . I said I don’t want to do it again. . . . I keep playing
the game [Rivera] would like keep waking us up to do it. . . . And we said it
[] in secret in the bus. Cause we don’t want nobody to know this, that we []
touched, we touched and stuff. . . . No we want to do stuff [with Rivera] but
not do the private stuff. We can play games but not like, bad games. . . .
Like, like he does Simon Says and like [] he does like, Truth or Dare[.]”; C.P.:
“[Rivera] made us touch his pee pee. . . . [H]e told us not to tell anybody.”
F.M.: “Did [Rivera] ever put his pee pee inside you?” C.P.: “In that private—
” F.M.: “In your butt? Did he put it inside?” C.P.: “Yea, but I didn’t want
him to . . . and [G.R.] too. . . . He did it and I didn’t want him to. . . . I told
him not to. I just told him [] I just want to watch.”; F.M.: “Wa[s Rivera]
playin[g] wit[h] you guys with the lollipop?” C.P.: “Yea, my I told him I didn’t
want to. . . . [G.R. choked] so I got so scared that I was stomping so I hoped
mommy’d come up.”).

28 See N.T. Jury Trial, 8/7/19, at 19, 26, 30 (“[W]e were in like a shed because
we had a shed next to the house and—where we keep our stuff in there and
it was like this hammer thing, it wasn’t really a hammer but it was some type
of tool and was like playing with it, like banging like a—a (unintelligible) on it
and I was playing around with it and when I bent over he tried to touch me.”;
Q: “Um, so did you actually feel his hand on your butt or?” A: “Yeah, like—
like the tip of his finger, like was about to and that’s when my mom started
coming outside.”; “I didn’t see it because like I felt the tip of his hand.”); id.
at 20-23 (“[Rivera] had pulled down his clothes, his underwear and his pants,
and I slept with this doll, like this little, little doll from a movie that I was
watching and I had—I had a doll from the movie. . . . And I would sleep with
that doll and I remember one night when [Rivera] came into my room, he had
pulled down his clothes and had took the doll and placed it right there on his
private areas. . . . like thirty second[s] later, my Mom was coming up—up to
the room and then that’s when he threw the doll on my bed, pulled his pants
up and left to the bathroom.”).

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House Child Advocacy Center forensic interviewer testimony, see N.T. Jury

Trial, 8/6/19, at 28-49, and the video recording of S.C.’s forensic interview.

See N.T. Jury Trial, 8/7/19, at 42.

Finally, regarding victim S.M., the Commonwealth’s evidence of

corruption of minors—course of conduct—and criminal attempt to commit

indecent assault—person less than 13 years of age—included direct victim

testimony,29 as well as the video recording of S.M.’s forensic interview. See

N.T. Jury Trial, 8/7/19, at 65-67.

____________________________________________

29 See N.T. Jury Trial, 8/7/19, at 47 (“[Rivera] would sit by me on the couch
while we were watching [television] or while I was reading a book and he
would touch me above my pants in my lower region. . . . [Rivera] would sit
by me and talk to me, trying to be my friend and then he would put his hand
on my lower back and slowly move down.”; Q: “[A]bout how many times did
[Rivera] ever sit next to you on the couch and—rub your lower back?” A:
“Four to nine.”); id. at 48, 49-50 (Q: “When [Rivera] started to move his
hand down your back, did he [] get to your waistline where your pants were?”
A: “Yes.” Q: “Okay. Were there times when [Rivera] put his hand down
inside of your pants?” A: “There was once.”; Q: “Can you tell me everything
you remember about that [one] time?” A: “I sat next to him and I was
reading a book and he asked me what book I was reading and I told him the
name of it, it was a—it was probably a Dr. Seuss book. And he then proceeded
to put his hand on my back and move down, but this time instead of going
above, he went inside my pants and then he, from under the—from the pants
he would go under through my underwear like in the bottom, I don’t know
how to explain it, I said I don’t like that and I moved away and he said this—
[‘K]eep this between us.[’]”); id. at 48 (Q: “[Of] the times where [Rivera]
moved his hands down to your waistline and kept his hand above your pants[,]
what would he do with his hands after he got to your waistline?” A: “He
would rub. . . . He would rub on where my butt is and then he would like try
to go more under. . . . Like where my vagina would be.”); id. at 49 (Q:
“About how long would these incidents last?” A: “Only ten minutes because
everyone was in the kitchen and [Rivera] would try to make sure it would
happen while they weren’t around, but someone would come out and he would

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We find, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the properly admitted

evidence of Rivera’s guilt was so overwhelming, and the prejudicial effect of

the court’s error in admitting such minimal evidence of Rivera’s post-arrest

silence so insignificant by comparison, that the error could not have

contributed to the verdict. See Hairston, supra; see also Adams, supra.

Indeed, the Commonwealth did not mention Rivera’s post-Miranda silence

again or reference it during closing argument. See Commonwealth v.

Moury, 992 A.2d 162, 178 (Pa. Super. 2010) (properly admitted evidence of

defendant’s guilt was so overwhelming that single reference to his silence at

trial constituted harmless error); cf. Commonwealth v. DiPietro, 648 A.2d

777, 781 (Pa. 1994) (prosecutor’s use of post-arrest silence during closing

argument compounds prejudice). Accordingly, the trial court’s error did not

deprive Rivera of the fundamentals of a fair trial.30 See Noel, supra; cf.
____________________________________________

stop.”); id. at 52 (“My grandma and I shared a room, but she was working
that night so I was sleeping alone, and [Rivera] came in, but I was asleep
during the time he came in and I woke up and he was on the floor on all fours
and he said that he dropped something under my door. And then [Rivera] got
up and sat on the edge of my bed and started—and he pulled my shirt up and
he started rubbing my stomach and told me to go back to sleep.”; Q: “At that
time[,] did he touch any of your private parts or anything like that?” A: “No,
he just touched my chest.”).

30 We note that “[i]f the Commonwealth mentions a defendant’s post-arrest
silence, the court might still be able to cure any prejudice through prompt and
adequate curative instructions.” Commonwealth v. Moury, 992 A.2d 162,
176 (Pa. Super. 2010). Here, following the Commonwealth’s rebuttal
evidence and Rivera’s objection, the court stated, “Okay and just to [Rivera’s
trial counsel’s] point, that is [Rivera’s] right as a defendant, okay,
[c]onstitutional [r]ight.” N.T. Jury Trial, 8/7/19, at 102. We find this

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Turner, supra at 540 (finding harmless error inapplicable because “beyond

a reasonable doubt” standard was not met where attempts to draw

conclusions regarding jury verdict would lead to speculation by appellate court

since jury returned not guilty verdict on murder charge but returned guilty

verdict on voluntary manslaughter charge, evidencing possible compromise

verdict). See also Commonwealth v. Wright, 961 A.2d 119, 143-44 (Pa.

2008) (in light of overwhelming evidence implicating defendant in crime,

prosecution’s remarks about defendant’s silence constituted harmless error);

cf. Commonwealth v. Costa, 742 A.2d 1076, 1078 (Pa. 1999) (declining to

find harmless error beyond reasonable doubt where prosecution referenced

defendant’s silence at trial, and no overwhelming evidence of guilt existed).

Next, Rivera claims that the trial court erred when it permitted the

Commonwealth to amend the information after the close of its case-in-chief

and after the start of the defense at trial. Specifically, Rivera argues that the

____________________________________________

statement by the court—lacking in specifics with regard to which of Rivera’s
constitutional rights was at issue and how the jury should consider that right
within the context of the relevant testimony—was inadequate to qualify as
curative. See Moury, supra (“To evaluate whether cautionary instructions
can cure a reference to a defendant’s post-arrest silence[,] courts must
consider[:] 1) the nature of the reference to the defendant’s silence; 2) how
it was elicited; 3) whether the district attorney exploited it; and 4) the
promptness and adequacy of the cautionary instructions.”) (internal
quotation marks omitted; emphasis added).

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J-A03033-21

Commonwealth’s amendments to Counts 21 and 22 upgraded those charges

from misdemeanors in the first degree31 to felonies of the third degree.32

The court permitted the Commonwealth to amend Counts 21 and 22

because the Commonwealth alleged the amendment simply changed the

grading pursuant to subsection 3126(b)(3)(iii). See N.T. Jury Trial, 8/8/19,

at 6 (Commonwealth Attorney: “There’s a subsection under indecent assault

that says it’s a felony of the third degree if the indecent contact has to do with
____________________________________________

31Initially, the Commonwealth’s information charged Rivera, at those counts,
with indecent assault pursuant to subsection 3126(a)(7), which states:

(a) Offense defined. — A person is guilty of indecent assault
if the person has indecent contact with the complainant, causes
the complainant to have indecent contact with the person or
intentionally causes the complainant to come into contact with
seminal fluid, urine or feces for the purpose of arousing sexual
desire in the person or the complainant and:

* * *

(7) the complainant is less than 13 years of age[.]

18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3126(a)(7). Under subsection (b), those crimes were graded
as misdemeanors of the first degree. See 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3126(b)(3) (“An
offense under subsection (a)(7) is a misdemeanor of the first degree unless
any of the following apply, in which case it is a felony of the third degree: [i]t
is a second or subsequent offense[; t]here has been a course of conduct of
indecent assault by the person[; t]he indecent assault was committed by
touching the complainant’s sexual or intimate parts with sexual or
intimate parts of the person[; or, t]he indecent assault is committed by
touching the person’s sexual or intimate parts with the complainant’s sexual
or intimate parts.”) (emphasis added); see also N.T. Jury Trial, 8/8/19, at 6
(“[Counts 21and 22 are both] graded as a misdemeanor of the first degree.”).

32 Subsection 3126(b)(3)(iii) states that an indecent assault is graded as a
felony of the third degree when it “was committed by touching the
complainant’s sexual or intimate parts with sexual or intimate parts of the
person.” 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3126(b)(3)(iii). See also supra at n.31.

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J-A03033-21

. . . the private parts of the suspect and the private part of the victim

touch[ing]. So I’m going to suggest that—I understand that it’s late in the

game to be upgrading two counts from misdemeanor 1’s to felony 3’s[—]but

I’m going to suggest that they’re lesser included offenses of the [] rape [and]

IDSI charges.”) (unnecessary capitalization omitted); id. at 9 (The Court:

“Okay, that’s fine. I’m going to allow [the amendments to Counts 21 and 22],

with the understanding I’m not adding a new offense[.] I am going to add

some language to [those counts t]hat will make reference to the sexual or

intimate parts that is mentioned in [subsection] (b)(3)(iii)[. This amendment]

adds an additional element to the offense, but that element is included in other

offenses that have previously been charged[,] so it’s really not adding

anything new.”).

Rivera asserts that he was unfairly prejudiced by the Commonwealth’s

last-minute amendment because it alleged, for the first time, that Rivera

brought “his intimate parts into contact with the intimate parts of another for

the purpose of arousing or gratifying sexual desire[.]” Appellant’s Brief, at 47.

Additionally, Rivera argues that his trial strategy was adversely affected

insofar as his previous strategy permitted Rivera to avoid all felony charges

by pointing to a lack of physical evidence and denying any penetration

occurred, whereas, post-amendment, Rivera’s defense—if believed by the

jury—would no longer permit avoidance of all felony convictions since lack of

physical evidence, and lack of penetration, was no defense. See id. at 51.

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Rivera concludes that he suffered irreparable prejudice and, therefore, he is

entitled to a new trial. We agree.

Pennsylvania Rule of Criminal Procedure 564 governs when the

Commonwealth may amend the charges against a defendant, and states:

The court may allow an information to be amended, provided that
the information[,] as amended[,] does not charge offenses arising
from a different set of events and that the amended charges are
not so materially different from the original charge that the
defendant would be unfairly prejudiced. Upon amendment, the
court may grant such postponement of trial or other relief as is
necessary in the interests of justice.

Pa.R.Crim.P. 564.

Our standard of review for a challenge to the court’s grant of an

amendment to the information is well-settled:

[We consider] whether the crimes specified in the original
indictment or information involve the same basic elements and
evolved out of the same factual situation as the crimes specified
in the amended indictment or information. If so, then the
defendant is deemed to have been placed on notice regarding his
alleged criminal conduct. If, however, the amended provision
alleges a different set of events, or the elements or defenses to
the amended crime are materially different from the elements or
defenses to the crime originally charged, such that the defendant
would be prejudiced by the change, then the amendment is not
permitted.

Commonwealth v. Davalos, 779 A.2d 1190, 1194 (Pa. Super. 2001)

(quoting Commonwealth v. Stanley, 401 A.2d 1166, 1175 (Pa. Super.

1979)); see also Commonwealth v. Jackson, 215 A.3d 972, 979 (Pa.

Super. 2019).

Since the purpose of the information is to apprise the defendant
of the charges against him so that he may have a fair opportunity

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J-A03033-21

to prepare a defense, our Supreme Court has stated that following
an amendment, relief is warranted only when the variance
between the original and the new charges prejudices an
appellant by, for example, rendering defenses which might
have been raised against the original charges ineffective
with respect to the substituted charges.

Commonwealth v. Sinclair, 897 A.2d 1218, 1223 (Pa. Super. 2006) (citing

Commonwealth v. Brown, 727 A.2d 541, 543 (Pa. 1999)) (emphasis

added). We consider the following factors to determine whether the defendant

suffered prejudice:

(1) whether the amendment changes the factual scenario
supporting the charges; (2) whether the amendment adds new
facts previously unknown to the defendant; (3) whether the entire
factual scenario was developed during a preliminary hearing; (4)
whether the description of the charges changed with the
amendment; (5) whether a change in defense strategy was
necessitated by the amendment; and (6) whether the timing of
the Commonwealth’s request for amendment allowed for ample
notice and preparation.

Sinclair, supra (citing Commonwealth v. Grekis, 601 A.2d 1284, 1292 (Pa.

Super. 1992)).

Here, under the first Sinclair factor, the Commonwealth argues that the

factual scenario supporting the charges remained the same before and after

the amendment because the additional element—that Rivera’s indecent

assault be “committed by touching the complainant’s sexual or intimate parts

with [Rivera’s] sexual or intimate parts,” 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3126(b)(3)(iii)—was

previously alleged through the rape and IDSI charges.33 See Appellee’s Brief,

____________________________________________

33Counts 2-9 alleged Rivera committed the crimes of rape and IDSI against
both G.R. and C.P.

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J-A03033-21

at 16-17. As such, the Commonwealth would have us find that Rivera was

already on notice that he was accused of touching his intimate parts to the

intimate parts of his victims. We disagree.

In Rivera’s case, the factual scenario supporting the charges under

Counts 21 and 22 materially changed following the Commonwealth’s

amendment. See Sinclair, supra. G.R. alleged separate acts constituting

rape and indecent assault. See N.T. Jury Trial, 8/6/19, at 61, 62-63. G.R.

claimed that Rivera anally penetrated both her and C.P., and separately,

claimed she and C.P. each touched Rivera’s genitals. Id. Nevertheless, the

Commonwealth’s amendment required the logical inference that elements

from the rape or IDSI charges could be cobbled together, or merged, with

those of indecent assault. They cannot under these circumstances, where the

factual scenario underlying each charge is separate and distinct. See e.g.

Commonwealth v. Richter, 676 A.2d 1232, 1236 (Pa. Super. 1996)

(“[W]hen an indecent assault conviction is predicated upon an act separate

from the act of forcible intercourse, the indecent assault conviction does not

merge with a conviction for rape. This is true whether the act [that]

constitutes indecent assault is committed immediately prior to, or

concurrently with[,] the rape.”); cf. Commonwealth v. Lomax, 8 A.3d 1264,

1268 (Pa. Super. 2010) (rape of child merged with first-degree misdemeanor

indecent assault where crime of rape, alleging touching of defendant’s and

victim’s genitals together, added no elements to indecent assault charge,

which Commonwealth based on defendant’s touching of victim’s sexual parts).

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J-A03033-21

Under the second Sinclair factor, Rivera claims that the amendment

added new facts previously unknown to him insofar as the Commonwealth

alleged, for the first time, that Rivera brought his intimate parts into contact

with G.R.’s and C.P.’s intimate parts for the purpose of arousing or gratifying

sexual desire. See Appellant’s Brief, at 47, 49 n.14. We agree.

The Commonwealth’s reliance on the facts underlying the rape and IDSI

charges is misplaced, since indecent assault contains an intent element that

the prosecution need not prove to sustain a rape or IDSI conviction. See 18

Pa.C.S.A. § 3126(a) (elements of offense includes that indecent contact was

“for the purpose of arousing sexual desire in the person or the

complainant.”) (emphasis added);34 see also 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3121(c) (“A

person commits the offense of rape of a child, a felony of the first degree,

when the person engages in sexual intercourse with a complainant who is less

than 13 years of age.”);35 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3123(b) (“A person commits

involuntary deviate sexual intercourse with a child, a felony of the first degree,

____________________________________________

34 Indecent contact is defined as “[a]ny touching of the sexual or other
intimate parts of the person for the purpose of arousing or gratifying sexual
desire, in any person.” 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3101.

35 In addition to its ordinary meaning, “sexual intercourse” includes
intercourse per os or per anus, with some penetration however slight;
emission is not required. See 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3101.

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J-A03033-21

when the person engages in deviate sexual intercourse with a complainant

who is less than 13 years of age.”).36

Here, the Commonwealth’s information did not charge Rivera with

bringing his intimate parts into contact with G.R.’s and C.P.’s intimate parts

for the purpose of arousing or gratifying sexual desire until after the

court permitted the amendment to Counts 21 and 22. See 18 Pa.C.S.A. §

3126(b)(3)(iii) (indecent assault is third-degree felony when “committed by

touching the complainant’s sexual or intimate parts with [the defendant’s]

sexual or intimate parts”). As such, the Commonwealth’s amendment

resulted in the inclusion of a new fact previously unknown to Rivera. See

Sinclair, supra.

Under the third Sinclair factor, we note that, had Rivera raised a

challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence proffered at his preliminary

hearing in a pre-trial writ of habeas corpus, he would have been entitled to

relief in the form of a new preliminary hearing. See McClelland, supra.

With regard to the fourth Sinclair factor, the description of the charges

materially changed, as described above in the analysis of the first and second

Sinclair factors.
____________________________________________

36 Deviate sexual intercourse is defined as “[s]exual intercourse[,] per os or
per anus[,] between human beings and any form of sexual intercourse with
an animal. The term also includes penetration, however slight, of the genitals
or anus of another person with a foreign object for any purpose other than
good faith medical, hygienic[,] or law enforcement procedures.” 18 Pa.C.S.A.
§ 3101. “A foreign object is any physical object not a part of the actor’s
body[.]” Commonwealth v. Kelley, 801 A.2d 551, 555 n.4 (Pa. 2002)
(citation and quotation marks omitted).

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J-A03033-21

Under the fifth Sinclair factor, Rivera’s professed trial strategy was

adversely affected. See Appellant’s Brief, at 51. Prior to the Commonwealth’s

amendment, Rivera could avoid all of his felony charges—Counts 1-19—by

denying that any penetration occurred and relying on the lack of evidence.

See 18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 2702(a)(1), 3121(c), 3123(b), 3125(a)(7), 4304(a)(1),

and 6301(a)(ii). Conversely, post-amendment, Rivera’s defense that no

penetration occurred and that there was a general lack of physical evidence—

if believed by the jury—would no longer permit avoidance of all felony

convictions, since lack of penetration was no defense. See 18 Pa.C.S.A. §

3126(b)(3)(iii) (indecent assault is third-degree felony when it “was

committed by touching the complainant’s sexual or intimate parts with [the

defendant’s] sexual or intimate parts”).

Finally, under the sixth Sinclair factor, the Commonwealth’s

amendment request denied Rivera fair notice as well as the time necessary to

adequately prepare a defense. Indeed, the court permitted the

Commonwealth’s amendment after the defense had already begun placing

evidence into the record. See N.T. Jury Trial, 8/8/19, at 9.

In sum, all six of the Sinclair factors weigh in favor of finding that Rivera

suffered prejudice. See Sinclair, supra at 1223. We conclude, therefore,

that Rivera was unfairly prejudiced. Consequently, the court should not have

permitted the Commonwealth to amend Counts 21 and 22, see Davalos,

supra, and Rivera is, thus, entitled to have those convictions vacated. If,

upon remand, the Commonwealth wishes to refile those two charges, Rivera

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J-A03033-21

is entitled to a new trial on those two counts. See Commonwealth v.

Bricker, 882 A.2d 1008, 1022 (Pa. Super. 2005) (where trial court abuses its

discretion in permitting Commonwealth to amend charges, appellate court

may vacate convictions and order new trial as to those erroneously-amended

charges). Moreover, because the court sentenced Rivera to consecutive 1-7

years’ terms of incarceration on Count 21 and Count 22, our vacation of

Rivera’s convictions upsets the court’s sentencing scheme. Thus, Rivera must

be resentenced on the remaining convictions we have affirmed. See

Commonwealth v. Lekka, 210 A.3d 343, 358-59 (Pa. Super. 2019) (quoting

Commonwealth v. Benchoff, 700 A.2d 1289, 1294 (Pa. Super. 1997)) (“[I]f

we determine that a correction by this [C]ourt may upset the sentencing

scheme envisioned by the [sentencing] court, the better practice is to

remand.”).

Additionally, our review of the record requires that we remand for

resentencing on Count 15—EWOC. Although graded as a third-degree felony,

the Commonwealth’s information did not specifically allege, and the court did

not specifically instruct the jury regarding, either a “course of conduct,” see

18 Pa.C.S.A. § 4304(b)(1)(ii), or a “substantial risk of death or serious bodily

injury,” see id. at (b)(1)(iii), to the victim, G.R., with regard to the Count 15

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J-A03033-21

EWOC charge.37 See N.T. Jury Trial, 8/8/19, at 180-81.38 Nevertheless, the

jury convicted Rivera of EWOC as a third-degree felony, rather than a first-

____________________________________________

37 The Commonwealth’s bill of information charged Rivera at Count 15 with:

COUNT 15—Endangering Welfare of Children—(FELONY 3)—
[Rivera], on or about, between 02/21/18 and 02/22/18, in
the County of Bradford, being a parent, guardian or other person
supervising the welfare of [G.R.] a child under 18 years of age,
knowingly endangered the welfare of said child by violating a duty
of care, protection or support, namely, intentionally shoved a
lollipop in and out of the victim’s mouth for sexual
gratification, getting it stuck in her throat causing cardiac
arrest, in violation of Section § 4304(a)(1) of the Pennsylvania
Crimes Code, Act of December 6, 1972, as amended, 18
Pa.C.S.[A.] §4304(a)(1)[.]

Commonwealth’s Information, at 3 (emphasis added).

38 With respect to the EWOC charge, the court instructed the jury as follows:

The defendant has been charged with endangering the welfare of
a child. To find the defendant guilty of this offense, you must find
that each of the following elements have been prove[n] beyond a
reasonable doubt: [f]irst, that the defendant endangered the
welfare of the child by violating a duty of care, protection, or
support[; s]econd, that the defendant endangered the welfare of
the child knowingly[—a person’s conduct is [“]knowing[”] when
he or she is aware that it is practically certain that his or her
conduct will cause a particular result[; t]hird, that the defendant
was[,] at the time[,] a parent, guardian, person supervising the
welfare of the child under the age of 18, or a person that employs
or supervises such a person[—t]he term [“]person supervising the
welfare of a child[”] means a person other than a parent or
guardian that provides care, education, training or control of a
child[; f]ourth, that the child was under the age of 18 years at the
time of the endangering. If, after considering all the evidence,
you find that the Commonwealth has established beyond a
reasonable doubt all of the elements of this crime, you must find

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J-A03033-21

degree misdemeanor. See 18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 4304(b)(1)(i), (ii), (iii) (“An

offense under this section constitutes a misdemeanor of the first degree. [] If

the actor engaged in a course of conduct of endangering the welfare of a child,

the offense constitutes a felony of the third degree. [] If, in the commission

of the offense under subsection (a)(1), the actor created a substantial risk of

death or serious bodily injury, the offense constitutes a felony of the third

degree.”).

Moreover, the court sentenced Rivera to 18 months’ to 7 years’

incarceration on Count 15—the statutory maximum for a third-degree felony.

See 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 1103(3) (“In the case of [a person who has been convicted

of] a felony of the third degree, [the person may be sentenced] for a term

which shall be fixed by the court at not more than seven years.”); cf. id. at §

1104(1) (“A person who has been convicted of a [first-degree] misdemeanor

may be sentenced to imprisonment for a definite term which shall be fixed by

the court and shall be not more than [5] years[.]”).

Because Rivera’s Count 15 was improperly graded as a third-degree

felony where the trial court failed to give a proper instruction on the offense,

we remand to the trial court for imposition of a sentence consistent with the

grading of this crime as a first-degree misdemeanor. See Commonwealth

____________________________________________

the defendant guilty. Otherwise, you must find the defendant not
guilty.

N.T. Jury Trial, 8/8/19, at 180-81.

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J-A03033-21

v. Hoffman, 198 A.3d 1112, 1123 (Pa. Super. 2018) (“[A] claim that the

court improperly graded an offense for sentencing purposes implicates the

legality of sentence. A challenge to the legality of sentence is never waived

and may be the subject of inquiry by the appellate court sua sponte.

Our standard of review is de novo, and the scope of our review is plenary.”)

(internal citations, quotation marks, and brackets omitted; emphasis added);

see also Commonwealth v. Popow, 844 A.2d 13, 18 (Pa. Super. 2004)

(“[I]n order to be graded as a third-degree felony, the Commonwealth must

allege in the information and present evidence at trial of the additional factor

of ‘course of conduct,’ and the jury must be instructed on such. . . . We

cannot merely assume the jury found this additional fact when no evidence of

it was presented at trial and no mention of it was made in the jury’s

charge.”) (emphasis added).

Here, the court made no mention of either “course of conduct” or

“substantial risk of death or serious bodily injury” during the jury charge.39

See N.T. Jury Trial, 8/8/19, at 180-81; see also Commonwealth v.

____________________________________________

39 It is likely safe to assume the Commonwealth was proceeding on a theory
of “substantial risk of death or serious bodily injury,” see N.T. Jury Trial,
8/6/19, at 115 (Q: “Based on your training and experience, if CPR hadn’t []
resulted in . . . the lollipop being dislodged from [G.R.’s] throat, is there a
significant chance she would have expired?” A: “Almost assuredly.”)
(emphasis added), rather than a “course of conduct.” Nevertheless, because
the court instructed the jury on neither ground for increasing the grading of
Rivera’s EWOC charge, we cannot assume the jury found either element
present here. See Popow, supra at 18 (“We cannot merely assume the jury
found this additional fact when no evidence of it was presented at trial and
no mention of it was made in the jury’s charge.) (emphasis added).

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J-A03033-21

Hartman, 638 A.2d 968, 971 (Pa. 1994) (when court instructs jury, objective

is to explain to jury how to approach its task and factors it should consider in

reaching verdict). Additionally, the jury verdict sheet failed to identify

whether the jury made any determination with respect to those terms. See

Jury Verdict Slip, 8/8/19, at 2. Because we may not assume that the jury

found either one of these additional facts with respect to the EWOC charge,

especially where they were not charged on those terms, see Popow, supra,

sentencing Rivera on the offense as a third-degree felony was improper, and

he is entitled to resentencing on Count 15. Id.

Convictions under Counts 21, and 22 vacated, all other convictions

affirmed. Judgment of sentence vacated. Case remanded for resentencing in

accordance with the dictates of this opinion. Jurisdiction relinquished.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 03/29/2021

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