Center for Biological Diversity v. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
____________________________________
)
CENTER FOR BIOLOGICAL )
DIVERSITY, )
)
Plaintiff, )
)
v. ) Civil Action No. 18-0342 (ABJ)
)
U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE )
SERVICE, et al., )
)
Defendants. )
____________________________________)

MEMORANDUM OPINION

On June 27, 2017, plaintiff Center for Biological Diversity submitted two Freedom of

Information Act (“FOIA”) requests to the United States Environmental Protection Agency

(“EPA”) and the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (“FWS”). Compl. [Dkt. # 1]. Plaintiff

sought records from both EPA and FWS concerning biological evaluations and biological opinions

on certain pesticides under the Endangered Species Act (“ESA”). Id. ¶¶ 27, 31, 37, 42.

On February 13, 2018, plaintiff filed this suit, alleging that neither request had received

any determination and demanding that the agencies produce the responsive records as required

under FOIA, 5 U.S.C. § 552. Compl. ¶¶ 1–2. The agencies processed plaintiff’s requests and

completed production by December 30, 2019, see Joint Status Report (Jan. 6, 2020) [Dkt. # 31],

and the parties filed cross-motions for summary judgment concerning defendants’ withholding of

certain records pursuant to Exemption 5 of FOIA. See Defs.’ Mot. for Summ. J. [Dkt. # 36]

(“Defs.’ Mot.”); Pl.’s Cross Mot. for Summ. J. [Dkt. # 42] (“Pl.’s Cross Mot.”).
 Defendants rely on declarations from Marietta Echeverria, the Director of the

Environmental Fate and Effects Division (“EFED”) in EPA’s Office of Pesticide Programs

(“OPP”), Brian Anderson, Associate Director of the EFED within the Office of Chemical Safety

and Pollution Prevention (“OCSPP”), and Karen Myers, the Branch Chief of National

Consultations for FWS. 1 Plaintiff has submitted two declarations from its Government Affairs

Director, Brett Hartl. 2

Upon review of the record, controlling precedent, and for the reasons that follow, the Court

will grant defendants’ motion in part and enter judgment in their favor with respect to all issues

except whether defendant EPA justified its failure to identify any segregable material in two

records, and it will deny plaintiff’s cross motion with respect to all issues related to whether the

records were properly withheld.

BACKGROUND

I. The Endangered Species Act

Congress enacted the Endangered Species Act (“ESA”), 16 U.S.C. §§ 1531, et seq., in

order to protect and preserve endangered and threatened species and “to provide a program

for the[ir] conservation.” Id. § 1531(b). By enacting the ESA, it was “[t]he plain intent of

Congress . . . to halt and reverse the trend toward species extinction, whatever the cost.” Tenn.

Valley Auth. v. Hill, 437 U.S. 153, 184 (1978).

1 Decl. of Marietta Echeverria [Dkt. # 36-2] (“Echeverria Decl.”) ¶ 2; Decl. of Brian
Anderson [Dkt. # 46-2] (“Anderson Decl.”) ¶ 2; Decl. of Karen Myers [Dkt. # 36-3]
(“First Myers Decl.”) ¶ 1; Suppl. Decl. of Karen Myers [Dkt. # 46-3] (“Second Myers Decl.”) ¶ 1.

2 Decl. of Brett Hartl [Dkt. # 42-2] (“First Hartl Decl.”); Second Decl. of Brett Hartl
[Dkt. # 51] (“Second Hartl Decl.”).
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 Under the ESA, the United States Department of the Interior (“DOI”) and the United States

Department of Commerce (“DOC”) share responsibility for the protection of endangered and

threatened species. See 16 U.S.C. § 1533(a). Section 7(a)(2) of the ESA mandates that the federal

agencies engage in consultation in order to ensure that “any action authorized, funded, or carried

out by such agency . . . is not likely to jeopardize the continued existence of any endangered” or

threatened species. Id. § 1536(a)(2).

EPA is required to consult with certain wildlife services (“the Services”), including FWS,

before taking an action that “may affect” an endangered or threatened species or its habitat. In this

“consultation” process, EPA first makes a “may affect” determination as to whether the listed

species or its habitat will be adversely affected by a particular action. See 50 C.F.R. § 402.14(a).

If an affirmative determination is reached, EPA then releases a report – referred to as a

“biological evaluation” – and formal consultation with the Services is required. Id. § 402.14(c).

The formal consultation requires the Services to prepare a “biological opinion” in reply, as

to whether the proposed action will “jeopardize” endangered or threatened species’ existence or

detrimentally alter their habitat; the official biological opinion is known as a “jeopardy” or

“no jeopardy” biological opinion. See 50 C.F.R. § 402.14(h)(1)(iv). Upon the issuance of a

“jeopardy” finding to EPA, the agency must implement certain alternatives proposed by the agency

(known as “Reasonable and Prudent Alternatives”), seek an exemption pursuant to ESA, or

terminate the action. See 16 U.S.C. §§ 1536(b)(4), 1538(a), 1536(g).

One action that triggers the consultation process between EPA and the Services is the

registration of a pesticide for distribution, sale, and use. See 7 U.S.C. §§ 121-136y. Under the

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (“FIFRA”), EPA is authorized to regulate

these actions “[t]o the extent necessary to prevent unreasonable adverse effects on the

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environment,” and it restricts the use or sale of pesticides without an EPA registration for a

particular use. 7 U.S.C. § 136a(a).

II. Factual Background

A. Chlorpyrifos, Malathion, and Diazinon Pilot Consultations

Beginning in 2013, EPA and FWS began the process of addressing ESA obligations for

pesticide registrations, as required by FIFRA. In a 2014 report to Congress, the agencies indicated

their intent to consider the broad effects of pesticide registrations on all ESA-listed endangered

and threatened species. See Interim Report to Congress on Endangered Species Act

Implementation in Pesticide Evaluation Programs 2, 21 (2014), available at

https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-07/documents/esareporttocongress.pdf. This

triggered the consultation process contemplated in section 7 of ESA, and the agencies agreed to a

subset of pilot consultations on three pesticides: chlorpyrifos, malathion, and diazinon.

See Exs. 2 & 3 to First Hartl Decl. [Dkt. # 42-2]. In April 2016, EPA released the draft biological

evaluations on those three pesticides for public comment, 81 Fed. Reg. 21341 (Apr. 11, 2016),

which initiated the formal ESA consultation with FWS in January 2017.

In October 2017, FWS prepared draft biological opinions on chlorpyrifos, malathion, and

diazinon, see First Hartl Decl. ¶¶ 21–22, including a “Draft Biological Opinion Conclusions” table

that the pesticides were likely to jeopardize the listed species. October 6, 2017 National Pesticide

Consultation Email and Briefing PowerPoint, Ex. 19 to First Hartl Decl. [Dkt. # 42-2] (“FWS

October 2017 Briefing”) at 13. As required by the ESA, FWS also prepared a “Reasonable and

Prudent Alternatives” (“Alternatives”) document for its draft biological opinions. However,

the October 2017 FWS draft biological opinions and the Alternatives document were never issued.

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 B. Carbaryl and Methomyl Consultations

After the pilot consultations were underway, defendants began the consultation process for

the pesticides carbaryl and methomyl. In May 2017, EPA released a public handout that stated,

“Draft BEs for carbaryl and methomyl are expected to be released soon for public comment.”

Ex. 14 to First Hartl Decl. [Dkt. # 42-2] (“EPA May 2017 Handout”). But EPA did not release

the carbaryl and methomyl draft BEs as scheduled, and drafts BEs on those pesticides were

released in March 2020 using a different underlying methodology.

C. FOIA Requests

In light of these developments, plaintiff made two FOIA requests seeking what it refers to

as the “missing” biological evaluations and opinions: one to EPA and one to FWS. Plaintiff’s

requests to EPA and FWS sought all records mentioning or including “chlorphyrifos, malathion,

diazinon, carbaryl, and methomyl,” and the corresponding draft and final biological evaluations

and opinions under the ESA. See Echeverria Decl. ¶ 5, First Myers Decl. ¶ 8. 3

Beginning in May 2018, defendants began producing records on a rolling basis, see Min.

Order (May 7, 2018), and by December 2019, had completed their production of thousands of

records. See Joint Status Report (Jan. 6, 2020) [Dkt. # 31] at 1. EPA produced 848 records, of

which 324 were released in part, and it withheld 296 records in full. Defs.’ Statement of Facts

[Dkt. # 36] (“Defs.’ SOF”) ¶ 2, citing Echeverria Decl. ¶ 6. FWS produced 6,779 records in full

or in part, and it withheld 1,451 records in full. Defs.’ SOF ¶ 6, citing First Myers Decl. ¶ 8.

3 Plaintiff’s request to FWS also sought Geographic Information System (“GIS”) data on
listed species not at issue in this litigation.
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 Plaintiff – in an exercise of judgment that the Court deeply appreciates – only challenges

the agencies’ withholding of seven records:

1. an EPA biological evaluation developmental draft for the pesticide
methomyl;

2. an EPA biological evaluation developmental draft for the pesticide
carbaryl;

3. an EPA draft excel workbook compiling summaries of data from bee
studies;

4. a FWS draft biological opinion and appendices for the pesticide
chlorpyrifos;

5. a FWS draft biological opinion and appendices for the pesticide
diazinon;

6. a FWS draft biological opinion and appendices for the pesticide
malathion; and

7. a FWS two-page draft document on possible “Reasonable and Prudent
Alternatives.”

Defs.’ SOF ¶¶ 3, 7. 4

Defendants rely on the deliberative process privilege under Exemption 5 of FOIA to justify

their withholding of the two 2017 EPA Developmental Draft Biological Evaluations, the Draft Bee

Data Excel Workbook, the three 2017 FWS Draft Biological Opinions and their appendices, and

the two-page “Alternatives” Document. Defendants argue that they are not yet final and are

undergoing revisions such that if they were released at present, the public would be confused and

scientific candor and experimentation among EPA and FWS staff would be “chill[ed].”

Defs.’ Mot. at 20, 25, 28.

4 The three draft biological opinions “consist of a total of 136 separate records, of which
defendant FWS has already provided . . . 19 of these records in full, and 4 records in part[,]”
to plaintiff. Defs.’ SOF ¶ 8.
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 LEGAL STANDARD

Summary judgment is appropriate “if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute

as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.”

Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). The party seeking summary judgment “bears the initial responsibility of

informing the district court of the basis for its motion, and identifying those portions of the

pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the

affidavits, if any, which it believes demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact.”

Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986) (internal quotation marks omitted). To defeat

summary judgment, the non-moving party must “designate specific facts showing that there is a

genuine issue for trial.” Id. at 324 (internal quotation marks omitted). When the court is presented

with cross-motions for summary judgment, it analyzes the underlying facts and inferences in each

party’s motion in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby,

Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247 (1986).

The mere existence of a factual dispute is insufficient to preclude summary judgment.

Anderson, 477 U.S. at 247–48. A dispute is “genuine” only if a reasonable fact-finder could find

for the non-moving party; a fact is “material” only if it is capable of affecting the outcome of the

litigation. Id. at 248; Laningham v. U.S. Navy, 813 F.2d 1236, 1241 (D.C. Cir. 1987). In the FOIA

context, “the sufficiency of the agency’s identification or retrieval procedure” must be

“genuinely in issue” in order for summary judgment to be inappropriate. Weisberg v. DOJ,

627 F.2d 365, 371 n.54 (D.C. Cir. 1980), quoting Founding Church of Scientology v. NSA,

610 F.2d 824, 836 (D.C. Cir. 1979) (internal quotation marks omitted).

“[S]ummary judgment may be granted on the basis of agency affidavits” in FOIA cases,

when those affidavits “contain reasonable specificity of detail rather than merely conclusory

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statements,” and when “they are not called into question by contradictory evidence in the record

or by evidence of agency bad faith.” Judicial Watch, Inc. v. U.S. Secret Serv., 726 F.3d 208, 215

(D.C. Cir. 2013), quoting Consumer Fed’n of Am. v. Dep’t of Agric., 455 F.3d 283, 287

(D.C. Cir. 2006). A plaintiff cannot rebut the good faith presumption afforded to an agency’s

supporting affidavits through “purely speculative claims about the existence and discoverability

of other documents.” SafeCard Servs., Inc. v. SEC, 926 F.2d 1197, 1200 (D.C. Cir. 1991), quoting

Ground Saucer Watch, Inc. v. CIA, 692 F.2d 770, 771 (D.C. Cir. 1981).

In a FOIA case, the burden rests with “the agency to sustain its action,” Military Audit

Project v. Casey, 656 F.2d 724, 738 (D.C. Cir. 1981), and “the vast majority of FOIA cases can

be resolved on summary judgment.” Brayton v. Office of U.S. Trade Rep., 641 F.3d 521, 527

(D.C. Cir. 2011). The district court reviews an agency’s decisions de novo. 5 U.S.C.

§ 552(a)(4)(B).

ANALYSIS

To prevail in a FOIA action, an agency must first demonstrate that it has made “a good

faith effort to conduct a search for the requested records, using methods which can be

reasonably expected to produce the information requested.” Oglesby v. U.S. Dep’t of the Army,

920 F.2d 57, 68 (D.C. Cir. 1990). Second, the agency must show that whatever “materials that are

withheld . . . fall within a FOIA statutory exemption.” Leadership Conference on Civil Rights v.

Gonzales, 404 F. Supp. 2d 246, 252 (D.D.C. 2005). Any “reasonably segregable” information in

a responsive record must be released, 5 U.S.C. § 552(b), and “non-exempt portions of a document

must be disclosed unless they are inextricably intertwined with exempt portions.” Mead Data Ctr.,

Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t of Air Force, 566 F.2d 242, 260 (D.C. Cir. 1977).

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 One of the nine exemptions available under FOIA – Exemption 5 – permits agencies to

withhold “inter-agency or intra-agency memorandums or letters that would not be available by law

to a party other than an agency in litigation with the agency[.]” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(5).

It encompasses the deliberative process privilege, which protects “documents reflecting advisory

opinions, recommendations and deliberations comprising part of a process by which governmental

decisions and policies are formulated.” Dep’t of Interior v. Klamath Water Users Protective Ass’n,

532 U.S. 1, 8 (2001), quoting NLRB v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 421 U.S. 132, 150 (1975).

This privilege “rests on the obvious realization that officials will not communicate candidly among

themselves if each remark is a potential item of discovery,” and its purpose “is to enhance ‘the

quality of agency decisions’ by protecting open and frank discussion among those who make them

within the Government.” Id. at 8–9, quoting Sears, 421 U.S. at 151. To accomplish that goal,

“[t]he deliberative process privilege protects agency documents that are both predecisional and

deliberative.” Judicial Watch, Inc. v. FDA, 449 F.3d 141, 151 (D.C. Cir. 2006), citing Coastal

States Gas Corp. v. Dep’t of Energy, 617 F.2d 854, 866 (D.C. Cir. 1980).

A document is predecisional if “it was generated before the adoption of an agency policy,”

and it is deliberative if “it reflects the give-and-take of the consultative process.” Coastal States,

617 F.2d at 866. “[R]ecommendations, draft documents, proposals, suggestions, and other

subjective documents which reflect the personal opinions of the writer rather than the policy of the

agency[ ]” all qualify as deliberative. Id.

In 2016, Congress amended FOIA to add an additional requirement: records that are

otherwise protected from disclosure under an exemption must be released unless the

agency “reasonably foresees that disclosure would harm an interest protected by the

exemption.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(8)(A)(i); see also Judicial Watch, Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice,

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2019 WL 4644029, at *3 (D.D.C. Sept. 24, 2019). This “reasonable foreseeability of harm”

standard requires the withholding agency to provide “context or insight into the specific

decision-making processes or deliberations at issue, and how in particular they would be harmed

by disclosure” of the contested records. Id., at *5.

Finally, once a defendant has properly asserted a FOIA exemption, it still must release

“[a]ny reasonably segregable portion of a record . . . after deletion of the portions which are

exempt.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b). The agency bears the burden of demonstrating that no reasonably

segregable material exists in the withheld documents. Army Times Publ’g Co. v. Dep’t of Air

Force, 998 F.2d 1067, 1071 (D.C. Cir. 1993). “[T]he agency must provide a ‘detailed justification’

for its non-segregability but need not ‘provide so much detail that the exempt material would be

effectively disclosed.’” Judge Rotenberg Educ. Ctr., Inc. v. FDA, 376 F. Supp. 3d 47, 75

(D.D.C. 2019), quoting Mead Data Ctr., 566 F.2d at 242.

Here, defendants rely on the deliberative process privilege to justify their withholding of

the April 2017 developmental draft biological evaluations, the draft bee data excel workbook,

the October 2017 draft biological opinions, and the two-page “Alternatives” document, stating that

the contents of these documents are predecisional and deliberative in nature. As to the harm that

would ensue if the records are released to the public, defendants emphasize the “public confusion”

that would result, Defs.’ Mot. at 23–25, 28, and cite the “chilling effect” release might have on

their scientists’ ability to “freely exchang[e] and test[] ideas [and] methods” and “analyz[e]

preliminary results.” Id. at 28.

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 I. April 2017 EPA Developmental Draft Biological Evaluations for Carbaryl and
Methomyl

A. The developmental draft biological evaluations are predecisional and
deliberative.

EPA’s biological evaluation (“BE”) encompasses a complex analysis that includes more

than “a simple ‘may affect’ finding for listed species.” Echeveria Decl. ¶ 8. EPA’s declarant

explains that a BE is a:

comprehensive document that presents to the Services EPA’s assessment of
the manner in which the FIFRA registration action may affect a species or
habitat, along with detailed descriptions of the species, habitats, and
geographic areas that may be affected and EPA’s reviews of the best
available scientific and commercial information, relevant biological studies
and literature reviews.

Id. She adds that the creation of a BE has three distinct phases “used to describe where a particular

iteration of a BE for pesticide registration actions is in the development process.” Id. ¶ 9.

A “developmental draft BE” is an iteration of a BE that is still under internal
development by EPA. A “draft BE” is the version of a BE that has been
released by EPA for public comment. A “final BE” is the version of a BE
that is submitted to the Services after public comments have been received
and considered by EPA.

Id. She avers that the two biological evaluations for the pesticides carbaryl and methomyl at issue

in the case are developmental draft BEs. Id.

Plaintiff has not yet had access to these materials. It characterizes the two documents as

“Final Draft Biological Evaluations,” and submits that because the BEs represent what the agency

was “about to release to the public,” these “polished records . . . contain[ing] expert conclusions”

do not fall under the deliberative process privilege. Pl.’s Cross Mot. at 26.

EPA maintains that, notwithstanding their level of polish, the two developmental draft BEs

fall under the deliberative process privilege because they “died on the vine.” Defs.’ Reply & Mem.

in Supp. of Defs.’ Mot. for Summ. J. [Dkt. # 46] (“Defs.’ Reply”) at 10, citing Nat’l Security

11
Archive v. CIA, 752 F.3d 460, 463 (D.C. Cir. 2014). Along with BEs for chlorpyrifos, diazinon,

and malathion, the carbaryl and methomyl BEs were originally drafted using what the agency

refers to as the “Interim Methods.” Echeverria Decl. ¶ 10. However, after reviewing the public’s

comments on the 2016 pilot release of draft BEs for chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and malathion, the

agency determined it needed to revise its approach to the forthcoming BEs in three respects:

(1) the earlier Interim Methods did not meaningfully distinguish species that
are likely to be exposed to and affected by the assessed pesticides from those
that are not likely; (2) the resources needed to sustain the level of effort was
too high; and (3) the amount of documentation produced was too great for
the public to review and comment upon in a reasonable timeframe.

Id. ¶ 15.

Based on this recommendation, the carbaryl and methomyl BEs underwent significant

revisions, and the April 2017 developmental draft BEs for carbaryl and methomyl were never

approved for release. Echeveria Decl. ¶¶ 16–19. In March 2020, the agency released carbaryl and

methomyl draft BEs – generated using the “Revised Methods” – for public comment. Id. ¶ 19.

The Supreme Court recently addressed the question of the applicability of Exemption 5 to

drafts prepared pursuant to section 7 of the ESA. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Servs. v. Sierra Club,

Inc., 209 L. Ed. 2d 78 (2021). In that case, the Sierra Club filed FOIA requests for records related

to the EPA’s consultation with FWS and the National Marine Fisheries Service (“NMFS”),

regarding proposed rulemaking for the design and operation of certain “cooling water intake

structures.” Id. at 84. In response to EPA’s consultation initiation, FWS and NMFS (together,

“the Services”) prepared draft biological opinions that concluded the proposed rule would

jeopardize listed species and “identified possible reasonable and prudent alternative that the EPA

could pursue.” Id. at 85. These drafts were never approved, and the agencies agreed to extend the

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period of consultation. In March 2014, EPA supplied the Services with a significantly altered

proposed rule, after which the Services issued a “no jeopardy” final biological opinion. Id.

At issue before the Supreme Court was whether the draft biological opinions from the

Services were covered under the deliberative process privilege: defendants maintained that the

drafts could be withheld since they were “necessarily nonfinal.” Sierra Club, 209 L. Ed. 2d at 85.

The Court noted that “whether an agency’s position is final for the purposes of the deliberative

process privilege is a functional rather than formal inquiry[,]” id. at 90, and it “shields documents

that reflect an agency’s preliminary thinking about a problem, as opposed to its final decision about

it.” Id. at 85. It emphasized that courts needed to analyze whether a draft “communicates a policy

on which the agency has settled[,]” rather than merely “whether a document is last in line[.]” Id.

at 87. The Court found that the privilege covered the requested records, stating that “the

determinative fact” in finding that the agency policy was non-final was “not their level of polish,”

but rather “that the decisionmakers at the Services neither approved the drafts nor sent them to

the EPA.” Id. at 89.

In light of Sierra Club and this Circuit’s existing precedent, the Court finds that the

April 2017 carbaryl and methomyl developmental draft BEs are properly characterized as drafts,

and therefore, they are predecisional. See Nat’l Security Archive, 752 F.3d at 463 (“[A] draft [that]

died on the vine . . . is still a draft . . . [t]hose kind of documents are no less drafts than the drafts

that actually evolve into final . . . actions.”). The EPA declaration outlines the full scope of

considerations weighed by agency decisionmakers “leading up to the decision to delay publication

of the developmental draft BEs for Carbaryl and Methomyl[,]” which included “interpreting

scientific literature, choosing appropriate toxicity endpoints, determining whether or not a species

is likely to be exposed to and affected by the pesticides being evaluated, and whether or not and

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how to include probabilistic analyses in the draft BEs.” Echeverria Decl. ¶ 22. Based on the

declaration, it is clear that EPA scientists were still engaged in the detailed process of deciding

what specific analyses to execute and include in the drafts BEs.

Applying the functional test set out in Sierra Club, the Court is compelled to find that the

April 2017 drafts do not communicate a policy on which the agency has settled. They may have

been close to publication, but until the agency approved them or disseminated them as the next

step in the process, the developmental drafts remained subject to revision and were thus

predecisional. 5

The documents are also deliberative. Plaintiff argues that the deliberative process privilege

cannot shield the developmental drafts BEs because they contain scientific facts and conclusions

rather than the policies protected under Exemption 5. Pl.’s Cross Mot. at 30–33. Plaintiff directs

the Court to non-binding case law stating that these kinds of drafts “are not open to

discretionary decisionmaking.” Id. at 32, citing Nw. Envtl. Advocates v. EPA, No. 05-1876-HA,

2009 WL 340732, *7 (D. Or. Feb. 11, 2009). 6 However as courts in this circuit have noted,

5 Plaintiff suggests that the carbaryl and methomyl developmental draft BEs should have
been released to the public because the draft BEs for chlorpyrifos, malathion, and diazinon were
released in 2016 as part of the pilot consultation process. Pl.’s Cross Mot. at 24. But the
D.C. Circuit rejected this argument in Army Times Publ’g Co. v. Dep’t of the Air Force,
998 F.2d 1067, 1071 (D.C. Cir. 1993), where the Air Force did not “‘waive’ its right to claim an
exemption from disclosure simply because it has released information similar to that requested.”
Id. at 1071; see also Nat’l Sec. Archive, 752 F.3d at 464 (“[A]n agency does not forfeit the benefit
of a FOIA exemption simply because of its prior decision to voluntarily release other
information.”).

6 While plaintiff is correct that “material that is purely factual” would not be considered
deliberative, see In re Sealed Case (Espy), 121 F.3d 729, 737 (D.C. Cir. 1997), courts in this district
have held that the EPA’s “may affect” determination under the ESA is deliberative because both
“determining what information to include and how to assess that information is . . . deliberative.”
Cent. for Bio. Diversity v. EPA, 369 F. Supp. 3d 1, 19 (D.D.C. 2019) (citing other courts that have
“reached the same conclusion that the deliberative process privilege is available for records
associated with EPA’s actions under ESA’s section 7(a)(2)”).
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decisionmaking that “reflect[s] the collection, culling and assessment of factual information or

scientific data” is of a kind that is clearly covered by the deliberative process privilege. Ctr. for

Bio. Diversity v. EPA, 369 F. Supp. 3d 1, 20 (D.D.C. 2019) (collecting cases).

B. EPA sufficiently outlined the foreseeable harm posed by release of the
development draft biological evaluations.

To comply with section 552(a)(8)(A), defendants assert that disclosure of the

developmental draft BEs from 2017 would result in public confusion. Echeveria Decl. ¶ 23.

Because the agency now relies on the Revised Methods in generating its draft BEs, rather than the

Interim Methods, it submits that release of the developmental drafts BEs would misrepresent its

decision and could “damage the Agency’s ability to receive robust public review and comment of

the 2020 draft BEs that have now been released.” Echeverria Decl. ¶ 23.

This satisfies defendants’ obligation to particularize how release would implicate the

interests protected by the deliberative process privilege.

C. EPA did not support its assertion that portions of the developmental draft
biological evaluations could not be segregated.

“[B]efore approving the application of a FOIA exemption, the district court must make

specific findings of segregability regarding the documents to be withheld.” Sussman v. U.S.

Marshals Serv., 494 F.3d 1106, 1116 (D.C. Cir. 2007). Any reasonably segregable portion of a

withheld record must be released by the agency, unless the non-exempt portions are “inextricably

intertwined with exempt portions” of the record. Mead Data Ctr., 566 F.2d at 260; see also

Johnson v. EOUSA, 310 F.3d 771, 776 (D.C. Cir. 2002).

“In order to demonstrate that all reasonably segregable material has been released, the

agency must provide a ‘detailed justification’ for its non-segregability,” although “the agency is

not required to provide so much detail that the exempt material would effectively be disclosed.”

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Johnson, 310 F.3d at 776, citing Mead Data Ctr., 566 F.2d at 261. Just is the case with other

aspects of the FOIA analysis, “[a]gencies are entitled to a presumption that they complied with the

obligation to disclose reasonably segregable material,” Sussman, 494 F.3d at 1117, citing Boyd v.

Criminal Div. of DOJ, 475 F.3d 381, 391 (D.C. Cir. 2007), and “[a] court may rely on government

affidavits that show with reasonable specificity why documents withheld pursuant to a valid

exemption cannot be further segregated.” Juarez v. DOJ, 518 F.3d 54, 61 (D.C. Cir. 2008), citing

Armstrong v. Exec. Office of the President, 97 F.3d 575, 578 (D.C. Cir. 1996).

Defendants assert that the two developmental draft BEs “have been properly withheld in

full because no meaningful, non-exempt information could be segregated from them.” Defs.’ Mot.

at 17. Plaintiff maintains that some portion of the developmental draft BEs must be segregable,

because they contain a great deal of factual information, and the records “were polished and ready

to be published for public comment.” Pl.’s Cross Mot. at 33.

The declarant avers that the release of the factual information contained in the documents

would expose what transpired in deliberations between the 2017 developmental draft BEs and the

draft BEs issued in March of 2020. “Any language used in these 2017 developmental drafts that

remain in the 2020 draft BEs that were publicly released are interspersed throughout these draft

documents making such language inextricably intertwined with privileged information.”

Echeverria Decl. ¶ 25. That may be a legitimate basis for shielding information from review. But

the EPA also emphasizes the impracticability of going through the 2017 developmental draft BEs

line-by-line to determine what could be released: “[T]hese documents are not further segregable

in any reasonable or meaningful way in light of their immense length (thousands of pages) and

complexity.” Id. In light of these considerations, defendants argue that the agency is “entitled to

16
the presumption that they have produced all reasonably segregable, non-exempt information.”

Defs.’ Reply at 16.

While the Court recognizes that the agency faces a daunting task, this showing does not

satisfy defendants’ burdens because both the Vaughn Index and the declaration rely on blanket

assertions, see EPA Vaughn Index, Echeverria Decl. ¶¶ 24, 35, and defendants point to no FOIA

precedent that authorizes the Court to relieve an agency from this obligation on the grounds that it

would be too burdensome. See Wilderness Soc’y v. Dep’t of Interior, 344 F. Supp. 2d 1, 19

(D.D.C. 2004) (“[A] blanket declaration that all facts are so intertwined to prevent

disclosure under the FOIA does not constitute a sufficient explanation of non-segregability.”).

Agencies must “specify in detail which portions of the document are disclosable and which are

allegedly exempt,” and here, defendants wholly failed to supply the requisite detail. Vaughn v.

Rosen, 484 F.2d 820, 827 (D.C. Cir. 1973); see also King v. United States Dep’t of Justice,

830 F.2d 210, 224 (D.C. Cir. 1987) (“[T]he withholding agency must supply ‘a relatively detailed

justification, specifically identifying the reasons why a particular exemption is relevant and

correlating those claims with the particular part of a withheld document to which they apply.’”);

Kimberlin v. DOJ, 139 F.3d 944, 950 (D.C. Cir. 1998) (“Neither the [plaintiff] nor the

court . . . is obliged to accept [defendants’] conclusion[s] without more specification.”).

For these reasons, while the Court will enter summary judgment in favor of the defendants

and deny plaintiff’s motion on the question of whether the records are exempt, the agency must

produce a redacted version disclosing purely factual information, or other materials that can be

segregated, within thirty days of the date of this opinion, or submit a more detailed explanation as

to why that would be impossible.

17
 II. Draft Bee Data Excel Workbook

A. The Workbook is predecisional and deliberative.

Defendants’ search for records responsive to plaintiff’s FOIA request also returned an

excel workbook (“Workbook”) that includes “bibliographical lists” of bee toxicity studies and

study summary data. Defs.’ Mot. at 20; see also Echeverria Decl. ¶ 26–27. According to the

agency’s declarant, the “workbook at issue represents an early stage in the development of

[a potential future EFED] database.” Id. ¶ 27.

The Workbook was deemed responsive because it includes the Master Record

Identification Numbers (“MRIDs”) for carbaryl and methomyl, despite the fact that its contents do

not relate to the development of draft BEs for either pesticide. Echeverria Decl. ¶¶ 26, 28.

Defendants’ state that because the Workbook was merely an early developmental draft “used for

scoping out the potential work involved” for a future project, the deliberative process privilege is

applicable. Id. ¶ 26. Defendants’ declarant also avers that the Workbook contains “extensive

dialog in the form of comments . . . between two reviewers” involved in its development. Id. ¶ 32.

Plaintiff’s only challenge to defendants’ assertion that the Workbook is a predecisional and

deliberative draft used to inform EPA’s future bee projects is its statement that it is “simply a

database.” Pl.’s Cross Mot at 30. The Court cannot apply this formal, rather than functional,

inquiry proposed by plaintiff. See Sierra Club, 209 L. Ed. 2d at 90. The creation of a database

involves choices about what to include and how to display the information, and a draft represents

an ongoing effort to apply certain methodologies and to continue evaluating underlying data, and it

is usually deliberative. Cal. Air Res. Bd. v. EPA, 2020 WL 2934914, at *12 (D.D.C. June 3, 2020),

citing Coastal States Gas Corp., 617 F.2d 854, 866 (D.C. Cir. 1980). For these reasons, the

spreadsheet is deliberative and was properly withheld.

18
 B. EPA sufficiently explained the foreseeable harm posed by release of
the Workbook.

Plaintiff asserts that defendant EPA relies on “boilerplate assertions of harm” in order to

withhold the Workbook from disclosure; namely, that release of the Workbook would “have a

chilling effect on Agency staff’s ability to have open and frank discussions weighing, considering,

and evaluating scientific data, studies, reports, and other relevant information[.]” Echeverria Decl.

¶ 33. See Machado Amadis v. U.S. Dep’t of State, 971 F.3d 364, 371 (D.C. Cir. 2020)

(Agencies “cannot simply rely on generalized assertions that disclosure could chill deliberations.”)

(internal quotation marks omitted).

But EPA’s declarant provided more detail about the specific kind of harm that would occur

if the Workbook was not withheld, as “[t]his version of the workbook is incomplete and has not

been reviewed for relevance, quality or accuracy.” Echeverria Decl. ¶ 31. The declaration adds

that “release of this workbook in draft form would result in public confusion regarding the

Agency’s final decisions” and “would expose what occurs in the deliberative process between the

creation of the draft and the issuance of the final database.” Id. ¶¶ 33, 35.

Because EPA outlined more than a “generalized assertion” of foreseeable harm by

explaining the specific concerns of releasing a draft excel document with staff comments that has

not been reviewed for accuracy, it has permissibly withheld the Workbook.

C. EPA properly concluded that the Workbook is not segregable.

Regarding segregability of the Workbook, plaintiff posits that the agency is being

untruthful about the comments exchanged between EPA employees within the Workbook, and it

suggests that “those comments can be redacted.” Pl.’s Cross Mot. at 30. In the absence of any

19
showing of bad faith, 7 the Court relies on the contents of the Vaughn index and the agency

declaration that the commentary is not segregable from the rest of the Workbook. See Johnson v.

Exec. Office for U.S. Attorneys, 310 F.3d 771, 776–77 (D.C. Cir. 2002).

Also the agency’s declarant described the nature of the comments contained in the

workbook, which “represent initial deliberations between [Echeverria’s] staff prior to sending the

document through the management chain for scoping a contract work plan and ultimate project

approval.” Echeverria Decl. ¶ 31. She added that the Workbook is not segregable even if the staff

comments were removed from the cells of the excel spreadsheet, because “the differences in the

information portrayed in this draft workbook consist largely, if not wholly, of differences in the

method of explanation and organization of text, rather than differences in the underlying facts from

the studies they are derived from.” Id. ¶ 35.

Therefore, the Court finds that the agency properly withheld the Workbook from disclosure

under Exemption 5, and it will grant summary judgment in favor of defendants on this claim.

III. October 2017 FWS Draft Biological Opinions for Chlorpyrifos, Malathion, and
Diazinon

A. The draft biological opinions are predecisional and deliberative.

In support of the FWS withholdings pursuant to Exemption 5, the agency’s declarant

explains:

In the ESA consultation requirement for action agencies, records relating to
EPA’s biological evaluation and FWS’ early drafts of the three biological
opinions like the ones at issue in plaintiff’s FOIA request, there are
numerous decision points in which a wide array of FWS and EPA
participants confer, share ideas, opinions, and develop options for the
consideration of decision-makers. FWS’ analysis is case-specific to the

7 Agency declarations are generally accorded “a presumption of good faith,” SafeCard
Servs., 926 F.2d at 1200, and so in camera review of a contested draft is not necessary where
“[p]laintiff has provided no factual basis for questioning the agency’s declarations.” Cal. Air,
2020 WL 2934914, at *13 n.4.
20
 particular species and pesticide at issue, with FWS experts making
numerous policy judgments during the development of the draft biological
opinions (not yet finalized). The documents being withheld subject to the
Plaintiff’s FOIA request relate to numerous decision points in this process[.]

First Myers Decl. ¶ 12. She outlined that the withheld portions of the documents are predecisional

because they were created in preparation to draft the biological opinions “which are still under

development,” and deliberative because they contain the “thoughts, ideas and opinions of FWS

staff about the draft biological opinion[s,]” including “internal discussions . . . reflect[ing] advice,

analyses, suggestions, and recommendations concerning the content of the draft product.” Id. ¶ 13.

Some of the responsive records for the three FWS biological opinions were labeled

“Final Draft [Biological Opinion]” on October 31, 2017. 8 Plaintiff contends that the three draft

biological opinions for chlorpyrifos, malathion, and diazinon are necessarily final because they

were labeled as such by the agency. See Pl.’s Cross Mot. at 14.

Defendants’ declarant responds that the labeling of these documents as “final” was not

because they were ready for release back to EPA, but rather because they were the “latest versions

of the assembled draft documents.” Second Myers Decl. ¶ 5. Furthermore, defendants aver that

the draft biological opinions are being revised to incorporate “additional sources of usage data for

consideration in its analyses.” Id. ¶ 2.

Plaintiff urges the Court to reject defendants’ “post-hoc” and “self-serving” justification

for classifying these records as drafts. Pl.’s Cross Reply at 12. But here again, plaintiff is asking

the Court to apply the formalistic test recently rejected by the Supreme Court in favor of a

functional test. See Sierra Club, 209 L. Ed. 2d at 90.

8 See also First Hartl Decl. ¶ 15; Exs. 5 & 6 to First Hartl Decl. [Dkt. # 42-2]; and Pl.’s Reply
in Supp. of Cross Mot. [Dkt. # 49] (“Pl.’s Cross Reply”) at 12.
21
 In Sierra Club, the Court “did not foreclose the possibility that a draft biological opinion

is final.” 209 L. Ed. 2d at 88 n.4. It opined that a draft biological opinion might be considered

final – and therefore no longer predecisional – if the Services treated it as final, for instance, by

making it “clear that they would not incorporate into that opinion responses made by the action

agency, as to reasonable and prudent alternatives or other matters.” Id., discussing 50 C.F.R.

§ 402.14(g)(5).

The declarant explains that the decision to revise the data collected and used in FWS’s

analyses was reached after a draft of the biological opinion was released to “internal agency and

DOI (e.g., Solicitors) reviewers.” Second Myers Decl. ¶ 2. 9 This period – after a draft biological

review is nearly finalized by the Services but before a final version is issued to the EPA – is exactly

the sort of process that the Supreme Court emphasized “specifically contemplates further

review . . . [because of] the possibility of changes to the biological opinion after the Services send

the agency the draft.” Sierra Club, 209 L. Ed. 2d at 88 (emphasis in original).

And here, changes were made to the methodology to be employed in the opinions as a

result of the “review of these initial draft[s].” Second Myers Decl. ¶ 2. This underscores

defendants’ assertion that the two draft biological opinions – whatever they were titled – were

functionally drafts because they left “agency decisionmakers free to change their minds.”

9 Plaintiff’s argument that the draft biological opinions cannot still be considered in review
because a senior EPA advisor thanked FWS for “the opportunity to view the draft Biological
Opinions” is unconvincing. Pl.’s Cross Reply at 7. The regulations require that the Services must
make a draft available to EPA before issuing a final biological opinion. 50 C.F.R. § 402.14(g)(5);
see also Sierra Club, 209 L. Ed. 2d at 90 (Breyer, J., dissenting).
22
Sierra Club, 209 L. Ed. 2d at 87 (internal quotation omitted). Therefore, the Court finds the two

draft biological opinions were predecisional and deliberative in nature. 10

B. FWS sufficiently explained the foreseeable harm posed by release of the draft
biological opinions.

The arguments regarding the foreseeable harm posed by release of the FWS draft biological

opinions are nearly identical to those offered concerning the EPA’s developmental draft BEs.

Defendants argue that their release would have a “chilling effect” on ongoing deliberations within

the agency and cause “public confusion” if the final position of FWS does not resemble

“the preliminary and exploratory information in the current records.” First Myers Decl. ¶ 13.

Plaintiff states these are basically final drafts that are not subject to change, and there is no chance

of chill or confusion because the FWS policy is set.

The declaration states with specificity:

The withheld portions or the entire withheld record reflect the thoughts,
ideas and opinions of FWS staff . . . [and] contains exploratory analysis of
data which allows the FWS to educate themselves about the data and
evaluate different analysis techniques. In most instances, FWS scientists
shared these records with each other throughout the deliberative process of
selecting the data and information they wanted to convey while drafting the
various documents for review and consideration of potential applicability to
the components of the draft biological opinion. The internal discussions are
deliberative because they reflect internal advice, analyses, suggestions, and
recommendations concerning the content of the draft product and do not
reflect final decisions regarding the development of the draft biological
opinions. Similarly, the documents that consist of the appendices . . . reflect
preliminary analyses, the compilation of data and certain factual

10 The Court certainly understands why plaintiff and the public would have an interest in the
multiple iterations of the important studies and recommendations. But that interest conflicts with
the interest the deliberative process privilege is designed to protect: the agency’s need to debate
policy alternatives fully before they are formalized and disseminated. There will be opportunities
for public notice and comment after the agency decides what its final recommendation will be
before any formal policy is promulgated. Moreover, the Court notes that its ruling in this FOIA
case does not address the question of whether the privilege – which is a qualified one, see Espy,
121 F.3d at 737–38 – could be overcome in future litigation, based on a different record and
different legal standards, concerning the reasonableness of the ultimate policy decision.
23
 information identified through the exercise of scientific judgment,
interpretation of technical data provided for consideration to others for
further development, and redevelopment of models used to analyze
scientific data important to providing greater assessment of effects to
individual species.

First Myers Decl. ¶ 13. This goes well beyond a merely formulaic recitation of the elements of

the privilege, and defendants’ decision to withhold the records will be upheld.

C. FWS properly concluded that the draft biological opinions are not segregable.

The agency conducted a line-by-line review of the documents to determine whether any

information was segregable, and it determined that release of a portion of the records would reveal

“the nature of the deliberative communication or itself reflect the deliberative process of compiling

information deemed relevant at this preliminary stage[.]” First Myers Decl. ¶¶ 14–15. Courts in

this district have held that “a statement representing that a ‘line-by-line’ search was conducted”

together with “sufficiently detailed Vaughn index and declarations” satisfies an agency’s showing

on segregability of a record. ViroPharma v. HHS, 839 F. Supp 2d 184, 195–96 (D.D.C. 2012).

In addition, defendant FWS has not withheld all records in their entirety, but has released

some in part to the extent possible. First Myers Decl. ¶ 14. These portions included sections such

as the “Consultation History,” “Description of the Action,” and some example draft analysis

summaries. Id. ¶ 3. Regarding what portions it has not released, it explained the rationale

underlying the withholdings for each of the separate draft biological opinions for chlorpyrifos,

malathion, and diazinon and their appendices. See id. ¶¶ 18(a)–j.

Based on its review of the declarations and the level of detail included in the Vaughn index,

the Court finds that defendant FWS provided all reasonably segregable material to plaintiff, and

therefore summary judgment will be granted for defendant FWS on these three draft biological

opinions.

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 IV. “Alternatives” Document

A. The Alternatives document is predecisional and deliberative.

FWS drafted the Alternatives document in advance of issuing draft biological opinions to

EPA that found that chlorpyrifos, malathion, and diazinon would jeopardize listed species, and it

included proposed recommendations for potential mitigating actions. The agency’s declarant

explains that the Alternatives document “is deliberative because it provides preliminary

recommendations for potential actions should such alternatives be needed,” and it is predecisional

because “in such a case[, it] would undergo additional analysis and further development with the

action agency later in time.” First Myers Decl. ¶ 13

Plaintiff does not directly challenge whether the Alternatives document is predecisional

and deliberative; its dispute here is limited to whether there is foreseeable harm if the

document is released. Because a document containing recommendations prepared for decision

and review by senior leadership is “a classic example of a deliberative document,” Abtew v. DHS,

808 F.3d 895, 899 (D.C. Cir. 2015), the Court concludes that the Alternatives document is covered

by the Exemption 5 deliberative process privilege.

B. FWS sufficiently outlined the foreseeable harm posed by release of the
Alternatives document.

Defendants’ Vaughn index states that the draft document at issue here “predates an agency

decision on the matter.” Ex. A to [Dkt. # 36-3] (“FWS Vaughn Index”) at 11. The declarant

emphasizes that “[t]he suggested activities or criteria were provided for discussion and deliberation

by FWS staff” in advance of a “jeopardy” decision, but would not be required if the opposite

conclusion was reached. First Myers Decl. ¶ 13. Defendants argue that because reasonable and

prudent alternatives that were included may change if the future biological opinion results change,

it would cause public confusion if released. See Defs.’ Mot. at 24, citing First Myers Decl. ¶ 13.

25
 Although defendants arguably could have provided more detail regarding the

potential harm, “the degree of detail necessary to substantiate a claim of foreseeable harm is

context-specific.” Rosenberg v. U.S. Dep’t of Defense, 442 F. Supp. 3d 240, 259 (D.D.C. 2020).

And since the document is so short, and so closely linked to the deliberations over the draft

biological opinions’ jeopardy determination, there is little that an additional explanation would, or

could, have provided. See, e.g., Nat’l Immigration Project of Nat’l Lawyers Guild v. ICE,

No. 17-cv-02448 (APM), 2020 WL 5798429, at *5 (D.D.C. Sept. 29, 2020) (discussing that given

the preliminary nature of the drafts at issue and the somewhat self-evident effects of public

disclosure, the agency met its burden under section 552(a)(8)(A)). The Court finds this

explanation sufficient to establish foreseeable harm.

C. FWS properly concluded that the Alternatives document is not segregable.

The Alternatives document is only two pages long, and a portion of the document has been

redacted and released to plaintiff. First Myers Decl. ¶ 19. Based on that fact, and the conclusion

that the information in this document is of the sort protected by the deliberative process privilege,

the Court concludes that the agency is entitled to a presumption that is has produced the segregable

portions.

26
 CONCLUSION

For these reasons, the Court will GRANT defendants’ motion in part and enter judgment

in their favor with respect to all issues except whether defendant EPA justified its failure to identify

any segregable material in two records, and it will DENY plaintiff’s cross motion with respect to

all issues related to whether the records were properly withheld. 11 The sole remaining

segregability question remains under advisement pending further action by the EPA.

A separate order will issue.

_______________________
AMY BERMAN JACKSON
United States District Judge

DATE: March 31, 2021

11 On March 5, 2021, defendants filed a two-page notice informing the Court that the
Supreme Court had reached a decision in Sierra Club, Defs.’ Notice of Suppl. Authority
[Dkt. # 53], and plaintiff filed a five-page response on March 8, 2021. Pl.’s Resp. to Defs.’ Notice
[Dkt. # 54]. On March 18, 2021, defendants filed a motion to strike plaintiff’s response, which
plaintiff opposed. Defs.’ Mot. to Strike [Dkt. # 55]; Pl.’s Mem. in Opp. to Mot. to Strike
[Dkt. # 57]. The Court finds that it was entirely appropriate for the parties to bring the recent
decision to its attention, but it also points out, that as with cases cited in the parties’ memoranda,
it relies on the authorities themselves, and not the parties’ characterizations of them, in reaching
its decisions. So plaintiff may have said more than was called for at the time, but the motion to
strike, which was entirely unnecessary, will be denied.
27