IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 20-0535
Filed April 14, 2021
MICHAEL SCHAWITSCH,
Applicant-Appellant,
vs.
STATE OF IOWA,
Respondent-Appellee.
________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Lee (South) County, Mary Ann
Brown, Judge.
Michael Schawitsch appeals the denial of his fourth application for
postconviction relief. AFFIRMED.
R.E. Breckenridge of Breckenridge Law P.C., Ottumwa, for appellant.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Richard Bennett, Assistant
Attorney General, for appellee State.
Considered by Bower, C.J., and Vaitheswaran and Greer, JJ.
2
GREER, Judge.
In his fourth attempt to challenge a 2001 jury conviction on two counts of
robbery in the first degree, two counts of unauthorized possession of an offensive
weapon, and one count of first-degree burglary, Schawitsch applied for
postconviction relief (PCR).1 Because it was filed almost seventeen years after
his conviction was final, the State moved for summary disposition. The district
court dismissed the application as time-barred under the statute of limitations
established in Iowa Code section 822.3.2
Schawitsch argues the district court erred by failing to apply the teachings
of Allison v. State, 914 N.W.2d 866 (Iowa 2018),3 and set aside his conviction
because his counsel at all levels—trial, direct appeal, and first PCR—rendered
performances so deficient they caused structural error. The State argues the
district court correctly dismissed this fourth application for PCR.
I. Facts and Procedural History.
Schawitsch was convicted for robberies taking place over two consecutive
days in February 1999. On the first day, a Joy Mart convenience store and then
on the next, a McDonald’s restaurant in Keokuk, Iowa, were robbed of cash by a
man with a gun. During the McDonald’s restaurant robbery, after a worker alerted
1 The pro se application was amended January 4, 2020.
2 Iowa Code section 822.3 (2018) provides:
All other applications must be filed within three years from the date
the conviction or decision is final or, in the event of an appeal, from
the date the writ of procedendo is issued. However, this limitation
does not apply to a ground of fact or law that could not have been
raised within the applicable time period.
3 In Allison, the supreme court held the filing of a second PCR petition—alleging
ineffective assistance of first PCR counsel—relates back to the date of the original
petition if “filed promptly” after the first PCR action. 914 N.W.2d at 891.
3
a drive-through customer of the reason behind the delay, the customer drove to
the police station and told officers what was taking place. As officers arrived, a
white Chevrolet Corsica without any license plates fled the restaurant. After a high-
speed chase into Illinois along Nauvoo River Road, the officers failed to apprehend
the driver.
The next day the officers recovered a sawed-off shotgun along the escape
route. It was similar to the gun observed on the suspect during the McDonald’s
robbery. In April, officers located a pair of blue jeans, two bank bags marked
McDonald’s, another bank bag, and $1098 in cash under a boat near the Nauvoo
River Road escape route. No identifying fingerprints were found on the items.
Next the police received information Schawitsch owned a vehicle similar to the
white Corsica used in the McDonald’s robbery. Initially, the vehicle belonged to
Schawitsch’s former girlfriend. Around February 1999, Schawitsch took ownership
of the vehicle from the girlfriend and the plates were removed. In April, the vehicle
was abandoned at an auto body shop. An unidentified woman called requesting
the body shop owner junk the vehicle. Instead, an Illinois salvage yard owner took
possession in August of 1999. The name on the vehicle’s title was “Michael
Schawitsch,” and Schawitsch’s pay stub was found in the vehicle.
After receiving information that Schawitsch owned a vehicle matching the
Corsica in the high-speed chase, the police prepared a photographic lineup, and
three of four witnesses identified Schawitsch as the robber.
Offering an alibi defense, Schawitsch testified he had been at his brother’s
and at his mother’s house on the nights of February 6 and 7, corroborated by
testimony from Schawitsch’s mother and his brother’s girlfriend. Despite his alibi
4
defense, a jury convicted Schawitsch of all charges. Schawitsch appealed and
this court affirmed the conviction on June 13, 2001.4 State v. Schawitsch, No. 00-
0475, 2001 WL 709444, at *1-2 (Iowa Ct. App. June 13, 2001).
Following this appeal, Schawitsch applied for further review, which the Iowa
Supreme Court denied. Procedendo issued on September 27, 2001. On June 3,
2002, Schawitsch timely filed his first PCR application. His PCR claims were
denied on September 26, 2002. Schawitsch appealed the decision; however, this
court affirmed the district court on June 25, 2003.5 Procedendo issued on
September 23, 2003.
Next, in December 2003, Schawitsch petitioned for habeas corpus relief in
federal court. His petition was denied, and the denial was later affirmed on appeal.
Schawitsch v. Burt, 491 F.3d 798, 799, 803-804 (8th Cir. 2007) (finding photo array
used to identify Schawitsch was not impermissibly suggestive and any claim of
4 Issues presented in the direct appeal were: (1) the district court should have
suppressed evidence of an impermissibly suggestive photographic lineup; (2) the
court should have granted his motion to strike two witnesses; (3) an exhibit should
have been introduced into evidence; (4) the State did not present sufficient
evidence to support his convictions; (5) he should not have been sentenced to
consecutive prison terms; and (6) Iowa Code section 902.12 (2001) is
unconstitutional.
5 In a short opinion affirming denial of Schawitsch’s first PCR action, our court said:
Schawitsch . . . filed a petition for [PCR], reasserting five of the six
arguments raised on direct appeal. The district court concluded all
five claims now asserted “were previously and finally adjudicated by
the Iowa Court of Appeals” and granted the State’s motion for
summary disposition. A [PCR] proceeding may not be used as a
means to relitigate claims which “were or should have been properly
presented on direct appeal.” To the extent identical issues were
previously raised by Schawitsch and rejected by this court on direct
appeal, they were properly dismissed by the district court in this
action.
Schawitsch v. State, No. 02-1549, 2003 WL 21458797, at *1 (Iowa Ct. App. June
25, 2003) (citation omitted).
5
ineffective assistance by trial counsel for a failure to object to prosecutor’s
impermissible cross-examination was procedurally defaulted at the state court
level). The federal court summarized the ineffective assistance claim:
The district court also correctly held the actions of direct-appeal and
post-conviction counsel cannot constitute “cause” to excuse a
procedural default, unless that claim has been adjudicated in state
court, which Schawitsch did not do. See Taylor v. Bowersox, 329
F.3d 963, 971 (8th Cir. 2003) (holding exhaustion doctrine requires
claim for ineffective assistance of direct appeal counsel be initially
presented to state courts as an independent claim before it may be
used to establish cause for a procedural default in federal habeas
proceeding).
Id. at 804.
Back at the state level, Schawitsch applied for PCR a second time in
October 2006, asserting he was denied effective assistance of counsel by his trial
counsel, direct appeal counsel, and his PCR counsel. The State moved for
summary disposition because the petition was time-barred under the three-year
statute of limitations in section 822.3. The district court agreed, and the application
was summarily dismissed as untimely on April 27, 2007. Schawitsch appealed,
and our court affirmed the district court. Schawitsch v. State, No. 07-0873, 2008
WL 681468, at *1-2 (Iowa Ct. App. Mar. 14, 2008).
Schawitsch filed his third application for PCR on March 1, 2010, claiming
new evidence not available at trial and that his trial counsel was ineffective for
failing to adequately investigate another suspect. The district court found the
evidence was either not newly discovered or did not rise to the level to prove
prejudice, and it denied the application on April 4, 2011. Again, Schawitsch
appealed. A panel of our court affirmed the district court. Schawitsch v. State,
No. 11-0743, 2012 WL 1439223, at *2, 5 (Iowa Ct. App. Apr. 25, 2012) (concluding
6
“there is too much other evidence of Schawitsch’s guilt in the record” to show any
change in the result even considering any newly discovered evidence or any
unprofessional errors of trial counsel).
Now on his fourth try, Schawitsch applied for PCR forty-seven days after
the Allison ruling and six years from the third PCR application. In this 2018 PCR
application, Schawitsch contends his first PCR counsel purposely raised issues
that had been already decided in the direct appeal with the goal to move as quickly
as possible through the state trial process to then file the federal habeas corpus
petition. Once the first PCR was dismissed, Schawitsch argues his PCR counsel
urged a “bare bones appeal,” effectively creating a lack of meaningful
representation. Schawitsch characterizes the performance of his counsel as “so
deficient to be deemed structural error.” After the State moved for summary
disposition of his fourth application, the district court dismissed it as time-barred
on February 27, 2020. Schawitsch appeals that ruling.
II. Standard of Review and Preservation of Error.
We review summary dismissals of PCR applications for errors at law.
Ledezma v. State, 626 N.W.2d 134, 141 (Iowa 2001). But PCR applications that
allege ineffective assistance of counsel implicate constitutional rights and thus
receive de novo review. Id.; see also State v. Lorenzo Baltazar, 935 N.W.2d 862,
868 (Iowa 2019). Summary disposition is proper “if the pleadings, depositions,
answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if
any, show that there is no genuine issue of material fact and that the moving party
is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law,” essentially applying summary
7
judgment principles. Davis v. State, 520 N.W.2d 319, 321 (Iowa Ct. App. 1994)
(quoting Iowa Rule of Civil Procedure 237(c), now renumbered 1.981(3)).
All parties agree error was preserved on the issues presented.
III. Analysis.
We first review the steps to advance a PCR action. To have a timely PCR
application under Allison, three conditions must be met: (1) the original PCR
application alleging ineffective assistance of counsel must be timely filed under
section 822.3; (2) the second PCR application must assert PCR counsel was
ineffective in presenting the ineffective-assistance-of-trial counsel claim; and (3)
the successive petition must be “filed promptly after the conclusion of the first PCR
action.” 914 N.W.2d at 891. Here, the statute of limitations expired in September
2004—three years after writ of procedendo issued on September 27, 2001
following the supreme court’s denial of his application for further review following
his direct appeal.
As for the first prong, “the original PCR application must be timely filed
under section 822.3,” and while it was in this case, no claims of ineffective
assistance of counsel were raised. See id. After the federal action failed,
Schawitsch filed a second application for PCR and for the first time listed ten
alleged failings of trial counsel, plus the failure of the first PCR counsel to raise
ineffective assistance of trial counsel. That second 2006 PCR filing was untimely
under section 822.3.
As for the second prong of Allison, it was not met because the original timely
PCR application listed no claims of ineffective assistance of counsel, instead only
addressing deficiencies already articulated in the direct appeal. Yet it appeared
8
this was an intentional strategy developed between Schawitsch and his PCR
counsel to get the case into federal court as quickly as possible. In
correspondence between PCR counsel and Schawitsch, counsel clarified their
discussions as follows:
I did not include any argument concerning ineffective assistance of
counsel. After reviewing all the transcripts and case background,
including your family’s concerns about the application to the Iowa
Supreme Court for further review, it appears [trial counsel]
represented you vigorously and competently. I have found no
indication that he failed to do anything substantial. I concur with your
assessment that he did a good job for you. The problems were with
the trial court, not your trial attorney.
Years spent incarcerated may have changed Schawitsch’s position on the
strategy, but “[m]iscalculated trial strategies and mere mistakes in judgment
normally do not rise to the level of ineffective assistance of counsel.” Ledezma,
626 N.W.2d at 143. Ineffective assistance is more likely when counsel’s alleged
actions or inactions result from a lack of diligence, rather than use of judgment. Id.
And first PCR counsel confirmed his belief that trial counsel performed
competently. See State v. Brubaker, 805 N.W.2d 164, 171 (Iowa 2011) (noting
counsel does not provide ineffective assistance by failing to pursue a meritless
claim).
Along with failing to establish the first and second Allison prongs,
Schawitsch also cannot meet the third prong. Under Allison, the successive
petition must be “filed promptly after the conclusion of the first PCR action.” 914
N.W.2d at 891. Here, the district court noted:
This court in evaluating whether [Schawitsch] promptly filed his
successive [PCR] petition after the conclusion of the “first” [PCR]
case must also take into consideration the traditional principles of
finality in criminal cases. The court is aware that Allison sets up
9
standards to grant exceptions to the concept of finality. But in
evaluating whether [Schawitsch’s] actions were “prompt” the concept
of finality is appropriate. “Without finality, the criminal law is deprived
of much of its deterrent effect.”
(Citation omitted.) Schawitsch’s fourth PCR filing does not fit within the narrow
exception of Allison. First, it is not the second PCR filing. Second, it was not filed
promptly after the conclusion of the first PCR action. Id. Under section 822.3,
Schawitsch’s three -year statute of limitations for applying for PCR expired in
September 2004. This fourth PCR application comes almost fourteen years after
that deadline.
We remain consistent in our approach of denying relief when a third, or in
this case fourth, PCR cause of action is involved. See Smitherman v. State,
No. 19-0331, 2020 WL 3571814, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. July 1, 2020) (finding fourth
PCR claim not allowed); Long v State, No. 19-0726, 2020 WL 2061934, at *3-4
(Iowa Ct. App. Apr. 29, 2020) (finding third PCR application did not fall within
narrow confines of Allison); Morris v. State, No. 18-1021, 2019 WL 3714820, at *2
n.2 (Iowa Ct. App. Aug. 7, 2019) (finding third PCR claim, filed nine years and
eleven months after procedendo issued on the appeal of first PCR application,
time-barred); Kelly v. State, No. 17-0382, 2018 WL 3650287, at *4 (Iowa Ct. App.
Aug. 1, 2018) (noting third PCR application was time-barred). This fourth
application is not “promptly” filed. See Johnson v. State, No. 19-1949, 2021 WL
210700, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. Jan. 21, 2021) (citing cases that confirm the word
promptly means “in a prompt manner, at once; immediately, quickly”). In short, we
agree with the district court’s resolution.
10
Directing us back to language in Allison, Schawitsch promotes a
constitutional mandate that requires a defendant to have at least one competent
counsel in the process challenging a wrongful conviction no matter when the
challenge is made. He advocates extending the rationale of Allison to his fourth
PCR filing by allowing it to relate back to the timing of the filing of the original PCR
petition. He posits that he has suffered “structural ineffective assistance of
counsel” because his trial counsel, appeal counsel, and the first PCR counsel all
failed in their duties. See Dockery v. State, No. 13-2067, 2016 WL 351251, at *5
(Iowa Ct. App. Jan. 27, 2015) (reversing and remanding for consideration of
substantive claims where “although three attorneys were appointed to represent
Dockery in the PCR action, none made any substantive filings appropriate to a
PCR action during the three-and-one-half years the action was pending”).
Schawitsch’s focus in this appeal centers on the first PCR counsel. Schawitsch
offered correspondence from his PCR counsel to show “[PCR counsel] was raising
the same issues that had just been rejected on direct appeal . . . to invite summary
dismissal which did occur.” Because his first PCR counsel treated the filing as a
necessary step to allow him access to the federal habeas corpus relief and it was
not a serious effort, Schawitsch argues his circumstances require relief even after
the passage of years. Structural error occurs when:
(1) counsel is completely denied, actually or constructively, at a
crucial stage of the proceeding; (2) where counsel does not place the
prosecution’s case against meaningful adversarial testing; or
(3) where surrounding circumstances justify a presumption of
ineffectiveness, such as where counsel has an actual conflict of
interest in jointly representing multiple defendants.
11
State v. Feregrino, 756 N.W.2d 700, 707 (Iowa 2008) (citing United States v.
Cronic, 466 U.S. 648, 659 (1984)). To be sure, the first PCR application failed to
articulate any ineffective assistance of counsel allegations, but we cannot say this
record supports a denial of counsel at a crucial stage or denial of a meaningful
adversarial testing of the issues. Because PCR counsel made a tactical decision
and believed trial counsel performed competently, those decisions do not rise to a
structural error. See Lado v. State, 804 N.W.2d 248, 253 (Iowa 2011) (holding
PCR counsel’s ineffective assistance in failing to avoid dismissal under Iowa Rule
of Civil Procedure 1.944 amounted to structural error that rendered the entire PCR
proceeding “presumptively unreliable”); Hrbek v. State, No.13-1619, 2015 WL
6087572, at *2-3 (Iowa Ct. App. Oct. 14, 2015) (concluding the applicant was
entitled to reinstatement of a PCR action that had been dismissed eight years
earlier under rule 1.944 because of the ineffective assistance of PCR counsel,
which resulted in structural error).
Finally both parties spar over the application of the amended section 822.3
(Supp. 2019) to this case. The State advocates for the application of the
amendment to bar the PCR filing, and Schawitsch counters against its application.
The district court agreed with Schawitsch. Effective July 1, 2019, Iowa Code
section 822.3 now states, “An allegation of ineffective assistance of counsel in a
prior case under this chapter shall not toll or extend the limitation periods in this
section nor shall such claim relate to a prior filing to avoid the application of the
limitation periods.” This amendment appears to abrogate Allison, although it is not
yet clear what PCR applications the amended legislation affects. See Johnson,
2021 WL 210700, at *3; Maddox v. State, No. 19-1916, 2020 WL 5230367, at *2
12
n.3 (Iowa Ct. App. Sept. 2, 2020) (“Because we hold Allison . . . did not save
Maddox’s second PCR petition, we need not address whether this recent
legislation, apparently abrogating Allison, applies to this appeal.”); Wilder v. State,
No. 19-0157, 2020 WL 1879703, at *1 n.1 (Iowa Ct. App. Apr. 15, 2020). Here,
even without the new legislation, Schawitsch’s fourth PCR application is time-
barred, so we need not address if the amended section applies to his August 2018
application.
Conclusion.
Because Schawitsch failed to show his claims overcome the time limitation
of section 822.3, we affirm the district court’s summary dismissal of his fourth PCR
action.
AFFIRMED.