In The
Court of Appeals
Seventh District of Texas at Amarillo
No. 07-20-00278-CV
IN THE INTEREST OF B.J.B. AND J.D.D., CHILDREN
On Appeal from the 31st District Court
Lipscomb County, Texas
Trial Court No. 19-10-4820, Honorable Jack M. Graham, Presiding
April 9, 2021
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before QUINN, C.J., and PIRTLE and DOSS, JJ.
Appellant, A.T. (the mother), appeals from the trial court’s order terminating her parental
rights to her children, B.J.B. and J.D.D.1 Appellee is the Texas Department of Family and
Protective Services. A.T. does not challenge whether there was sufficient evidence to terminate
her parental rights pursuant to section 161.001(b)(1)(D), (E), (N), and (O) of the Texas Family
Code. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(b)(1)(D), (E), (N), (O) (West Supp. 2020).2. Instead,
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To protect the parties’ privacy, we refer to Appellant and her children by initials. See TEX. FAM.
CODE ANN. § 109.002(d) (West Supp. 2020); TEX. R. APP. P. 9.8(b). C.B., B.J.B.’s father, was named
permanent possessory conservator of B.J.B. J.D.D.’s father, J.D., had his parental rights terminated.
Neither appealed.
2
Throughout the remainder of this Memorandum Opinion, provisions of the Texas Family Code
will be cited as “§ __” and “section ___.”
she contends the trial court erred in determining there was legally and factually sufficient evidence
that termination of her parental rights was in the best interest of B.J.B. and J.D.D. We affirm the
trial court’s order.
Background
The evidence at the final hearing established that on September 18, 2019, the Department
received a report of neglectful supervision involving drug use and unhealthy living conditions. The
next day, an investigator observed a cluttered yard and broken glass in the driveway of the
residence. Halfway to the front door, the investigator noticed the smell of garbage and urine.
B.J.B., a three-and-one-half-year-old child, answered the front door with dirt on his face and
clothing.
B.J.B. invited the investigator inside, where she found the floors covered with feces and
the carpets stained. Trash bags were strewn and stacked throughout the house. In addition,
spoiled food was found throughout the house, dirty clothing covered the utility room floor, and
J.D.D., a four-month-old child, was sleeping on a dirty mattress in the living room with B.J.B. and
A.T. The home had no hot water; the gas had been disconnected. The children were
malnourished. J.D.D. suffered an inflamed rash under his chin.
A.T. and her roommate claimed A.T.’s brother left the house in its present condition when
he moved out seven months earlier. She and her roommate denied using drugs and agreed to
be tested. A.T. asserted the children were never left without her supervision.
The investigator created a detailed list of tasks for A.T. to complete to make the home
livable and safe for the children. The investigator also provided a lock for the front door to prevent
B.J.B. from wandering out, as well as a pack and play for J.D.D. to sleep in. A.T.’s mother arrived,
agreed the house was in poor shape, and indicated she would get someone to bring a trailer to
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haul the trash off. The investigator informed A.T. that she would be waiting for the drug screens
to be completed and would randomly appear to check on the progress of the clean-up.
On September 30, the drug-screen results for A.T. and her roommate reported positive
for the presence of methamphetamine. The same day, Jana Byard, a caseworker, visited the
home. When she arrived, the smell of trash and urine could still be detected from the front yard.
When A.T. answered the door, she indicated that J.D., J.D.D.’s father, had been released early
from jail and had returned. Byard found the living conditions had worsened since the previous
visit 12 days earlier. In addition to the previous problems, she also observed empty beer
containers strewn throughout the house and more loose trash on the floors. J.D.D. was covered
with a dirty blanket and B.J.B.’s clothing was smeared with dirt. When confronted with her positive
drug screen, A.T. denied that she used any drugs. When it became apparent there were no
suitable persons capable of or willing to supervise the children, the Department removed the
children on an emergency basis and filed its Original Petition on October 1, 2019. Both children
were placed in a foster home.
Sharlotte Watson, a child support service specialist, testified A.T.’s court-ordered service
plan required that A.T. attend parenting classes and individual counseling, complete psychosocial
and drug/alcohol assessments, submit to random drug testing, obtain stable employment, and
obtain stable housing. During the proceedings, A.T. and J.D. continued living together and moved
several times. A.T. did not complete any of her services and failed to submit to random drug
testing. When she submitted to a court-ordered drug test at a hearing in July 2020, her results
were again positive for methamphetamine.3
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Due to A.T.’s failure to submit to scheduled drug testing, the trial court ordered a cessation in
visitations with the boys until such time as she submitted a negative drug test. A.T. never submitted a
negative drug test, so visitations were never resumed.
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Byard testified that in the more than six months the children were living in their foster
home, they bonded with their foster parents. Initially, B.J.B. had some “disturbing” behaviors after
removal, including temper tantrums accompanied by screaming and cursing. However, B.J.B.’s
behavior improved after about a month and when he regularly worked with a therapist. The foster
parents also demonstrated improvement in the children’s physical health; evidence showed the
foster parents were meeting all the children’s needs and that the children were thriving.
Permanent placement for the boys had been discussed with the foster parents.
Byard testified that it was in the children’s best interests that A.T.’s parental rights be
terminated. Thereafter, the trial court signed an order of termination finding by clear and
convincing evidence that termination of A.T.’s parental rights to both children was warranted
under section 161.001(b)(1)(D), (E), (N), and (O), and that termination of A.T.’s parental rights
was in the children’s best interest.
Analysis
To terminate parental rights pursuant to section 161.001, the Department has the burden
to prove by clear and convincing evidence of the following: (1) satisfaction of at least one of the
predicate grounds in section 161.001(b); and (2) that termination is in the best interest of the child.
See §§ 161.001(b), 161.206(a); In re A.V., 113 S.W.3d 355, 362 (Tex. 2003). “‘Clear and
convincing evidence’ means the measure of degree of proof that will produce in the mind of the
trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to the truth of the allegations sought to be established.”
§ 101.007.4
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This intermediate standard falls between the preponderance standard of ordinary civil
proceedings and the reasonable doubt standard in criminal proceedings. In re D.T., 34 S.W.3d 625, 630
(Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2000, pet. denied). While the State’s proof must weigh heavier than merely the
greater weight of the credible evidence, there is no requirement that the evidence be unequivocal or
undisputed. State v. Addington, 588 S.W.2d 569, 570 (Tex. 1979).
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In this case, the trial court found evidence of four predicate grounds supporting termination
of A.T.’s parental rights and that termination of her rights was in the children’s best interest. A.T.
contends the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support the trial court’s finding that
termination is in the children’s best interests. We disagree, and affirm the order of the trial court.
Standard of Review
In reviewing the legal sufficiency of the evidence to support the trial court’s
findings, we look “at all the evidence in the light most favorable to the finding to determine
whether a reasonable trier of fact could have formed a firm belief or conviction that its
finding is true.” In re J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d 336, 344 (Tex. 2009) (quoting In re J.F.C., 96
S.W.3d 256, 266 (Tex. 2002)). We give appropriate deference to the factfinder’s
conclusions and the role of the trial court by “assum[ing] that the factfinder resolved
disputed facts in favor of the finding if a reasonable factfinder could do so.” Id. “A corollary
to this requirement is that [we] should disregard all evidence that a reasonable factfinder
could have disbelieved or found to have been incredible.” Id. If, after conducting our
legal sufficiency review of the record evidence, we determine that no reasonable
factfinder could form a firm belief or conviction that the matter that must be proven is true,
then we must conclude that the evidence is legally insufficient. Id. at 344-45.
In reviewing the factual sufficiency of the evidence, we give deference to the fact
finder’s findings, but also consider the disputed or conflicting evidence. Id. at 345. “If, in
light of the entire record, the disputed evidence that a reasonable factfinder could not
have credited in favor of the finding is so significant that a factfinder could not reasonably
have formed a firm belief or conviction, then the evidence is factually insufficient.” In re
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J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266. In conducting a factual sufficiency review, we cannot substitute
our judgment for that of the factfinder. In re H.R.M., 209 S.W.3d 105, 108 (Tex. 2006).
Along with a best interest finding, a finding of only one statutory ground under
section 161.001(b)(1) is sufficient to support a judgment of termination. In re A.V., 113
S.W.3d at 362. Here, A.T. does not challenge any statutory ground relied on by the trial
court in ordering the termination of her parental rights pursuant to section
161.001(b)(1)(D), (E).5 We thus review the trial court’s best interest findings for legal and
factual sufficiency.
The Department is required to prove by clear and convincing evidence that
termination of A.T.’s parental rights is in the children’s best interests. See
§ 161.001(b)(2); In re K.M.L., 443 S.W.3d 101, 116 (Tex. 2014). There is a strong
presumption that the best interest of a child will be served by preserving the parent-child
relationship. In re R.R., 209 S.W.3d 112, 116 (Tex. 2006). However, the presumption is
not irrebuttable; the Texas Family Code and Supreme Court of Texas provide additional
factors for assessing the best interest of a child. See § 263.307; Holley v. Adams, 544
S.W.2d 367, 371-72 (Tex. 1976).6 The absence of evidence about some of these
5
Pursuant to the Texas Supreme Court’s opinion In re N.G., 577 S.W.3d 230 (Tex. 2019), we
generally review the trial court’s findings under predicate grounds section 161.001(D) and (E) when
challenged. This is so because of the potential future consequences to a parent’s parental rights
concerning a different child. Id. at 235-37. Having considered all the evidence including A.T.’s use of
methamphetamines before and after removal, and the children’s living environment before removal, A.T.’s
subsequent failure to undergo drug testing and/or treatment during the termination proceedings is sufficient
evidence establishing A.T. violated section 161.001 (D) and (E). See In re A.F.J., 576 S.W.3d 753, 751
(Tex. App.—El Paso 2019, pet. denied) (“evidence that the parent continued to use illegal drugs even
though the parent knew her parental rights were in jeopardy is conduct showing a voluntary, deliberate, and
conscious course of conduct, which by its nature, endangers a child’s well-being”).
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The Holley factors include: (1) the desires of the child; (2) the emotional and physical needs of
the child now and in the future; (3) the emotional and physical danger to the child now and in the future; (4)
the parental abilities of the individual seeking custody; (5) the programs available to assist the individual to
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considerations would not preclude a factfinder from reasonably forming a strong
conviction or belief that termination is in the child’s best interest, particularly if the
evidence is undisputed that the parental relationship endangered the safety of the child.
In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 27; In re A.C., 394 S.W.3d 633, 642 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st
Dist.] 2012, no pet.).
In addition to the foregoing factors, evidence that supports one or more statutory
grounds for termination may also constitute evidence demonstrating that termination of
parental rights is in the children’s best interests. See In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 28. See
also In re E.C.R., 402 S.W.3d 239, 249-50 (Tex. 2013). A child’s need for permanence
through the establishment of a “stable, permanent home” has been recognized as the
paramount consideration in determining best interest. See In re K.C., 219 S.W.3d 924,
931 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2007, no pet.). In making our determination, we may consider
“circumstantial evidence, subjective factors, and the totality of the evidence as well as the
direct evidence.” See In re E.D., 419 S.W.3d 615, 620 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2013,
pet. denied). We may likewise measure a parent’s future conduct by his or her past
conduct when assessing the evidence of whether termination of parental rights is in the
child’s best interest. Id. See In re D.J.H., 381 S.W.3d 606, 613 (Tex. App.—San Antonio
2012, no pet.) (“A fact-finder may infer from past conduct endangering the well-being of
a child that similar conduct will recur if the child is returned to the parent.”).
promote the best interest of the child; (6) the plans for the child by the individual or agency seeking custody;
(7) the stability of the home or proposed placement; (8) the acts or omissions of the parent that may indicate
that the existing parent-child relationship is not a proper one; and (9) any excuse for the acts or omissions
of the parent. Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 371-72.
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In this case, the evidence strongly favors the trial court’s finding that termination is
in the best interest of the children. The record shows each of the following to support an
inference of adverse effect on the children: (1) A.T.’s positive test for methamphetamine
at removal; (2) A.T.’s continued drug use during the pending termination proceedings;
(3) A.T.’s inability to provide a healthy, safe home environment for the children; (4) her
failure to attend parenting classes, individual counseling, and psychological or
drug/alcohol assessments; (5) her failure to complete any of the services in her court-
ordered plan, (6) her failure to appear for required drug tests; and (7) A.T.’s decision to
discontinue visitations with her children.
After their removal, the evidence shows the children lived with their foster parents
for more than a year in a stable home that is drug-free. The children have bonded with
their foster parents and call them “mother” and “father.” With the assistance of regular
therapy sessions, the foster parents have been able to ameliorate B.J.B.’s behavioral
problems and address the children’s physical issues/malnutrition that existed at removal.
The children’s caseworker describes them as thriving in their foster placement; their foster
parents have expressed a desire for permanent placement of either or both boys.
Having reviewed the record and considered the evidence in the appropriate light
for each standard of review, we conclude the trial court could have formed a firm belief or
conviction that termination of A.T.’s parental rights was in the children’s best interests.
See In re S.B., 207 S.W.3d 877, 887-88 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2006, no pet.)
(considering the parent’s drug use, inability to provide a stable home, and failure to
comply with a family service plan in holding the evidence supported the best-interest
finding).
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Conclusion
We affirm the trial court’s order terminating A.T.’s parental rights.
Lawrence M. Doss
Justice
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