In the Supreme Court of Georgia
Decided: April 19, 2021
S21A0086. SMITH v. THE STATE.
BOGGS, Justice.
Appellant Nakotah Javez Smith challenges his 2019
convictions for malice murder and other crimes in connection with
the shooting death of his girlfriend, Crystal Vega.1 Appellant does
1 The shooting occurred on June 15, 2018. On September 14, 2018, a
Floyd County grand jury indicted Appellant for malice murder, felony murder,
family violence aggravated battery, two counts of family violence aggravated
assault, two counts of cruelty to children in the third degree, possession of a
firearm during the commission of a crime, and possession of a firearm by a
convicted felon. At a trial from September 30 to October 2, 2019, the jury found
Appellant guilty of all charges. On October 25, 2019, the trial court sentenced
Appellant to serve life in prison for malice murder, consecutive terms of five
years each for the two firearm possession convictions, and consecutive terms
of 12 months each for the two cruelty to children convictions. The trial court
correctly treated the felony murder verdict as surplusage, see Malcolm v. State,
263 Ga. 369, 372 (434 SE2d 479) (1993), and the court merged the remaining
guilty verdicts. On October 28, 2019, Appellant filed a motion for new trial,
which he amended with new counsel on March 13, 2020. The trial court held a
hearing on May 27, 2020, and denied the motion on June 29, 2020. Appellant
filed a timely notice of appeal, and the case was docketed in this Court for the
term beginning in December 2020 and submitted for decision on the briefs.
not dispute that the evidence presented at trial was legally sufficient
to support his convictions. 2 Instead, he claims that the trial court
erred by admitting hearsay evidence under the residual exception,
OCGA § 24-8-807, without first explicitly making the
determinations required by OCGA § 24-8-807 (1) to (3), and that the
court improperly relied on cases decided under the old Evidence
Code.3 Although the better practice is for trial courts to state on the
record that each requirement of OCGA § 24-8-807 has been met and
2 This Court no longer routinely reviews sua sponte the sufficiency of the
evidence in direct appeals in non-death penalty murder cases. See Davenport
v. State, 309 Ga. 385, 399 (846 SE2d 83) (2020).
3 OCGA § 24-8-807 provides in full:
A statement not specifically covered by any law but having
equivalent circumstantial guarantees of trustworthiness shall not
be excluded by the hearsay rule, if the court determines that:
(1) The statement is offered as evidence of a material fact;
(2) The statement is more probative on the point for which it is
offered than any other evidence which the proponent can
procure through reasonable efforts; and
(3) The general purposes of the rules of evidence and the
interests of justice will best be served by admission of the
statement into evidence.
However, a statement may not be admitted under this Code section
unless the proponent of it makes known to the adverse party,
sufficiently in advance of the trial or hearing to provide the adverse
party with a fair opportunity to prepare to meet it, the proponent’s
intention to offer the statement and the particulars of it, including
the name and address of the declarant.
2
why, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in
failing to do so here. See Davenport v. State, 309 Ga. 385, 390 (846
SE2d 83) (2020) (holding that a trial court’s decision to admit
hearsay under the residual exception is reviewed only for abuse of
discretion). And the record does not show that the trial court
improperly relied on cases interpreting the old Evidence Code in
admitting the challenged hearsay evidence. Accordingly, we affirm.
At the time of the shooting, Appellant and Vega were alone in
their apartment with Vega’s son, J.S., who was two years old, and
Vega and Appellant’s son, D.S., who was not yet one year old.
Appellant asked two neighbors for help getting Vega into his car,
telling them that Vega shot herself. One of the neighbors drove Vega
to the hospital, and although there was room in the car for
Appellant, he did not go. Instead, he went back into his and Vega’s
apartment, grabbed some bags, and walked up the street, telling the
other neighbor to take care of J.S. and D.S. Vega died the next day.
In the hours after the shooting, J.S. repeated over and over to
several witnesses that “Daddy” (meaning Appellant) shot his mother
3
(Vega). According to the medical examiner, Vega, who was right-
handed, died from a single gunshot wound to the left side of her head
that “essentially shattered” the left side of her brain, and the
manner of death was homicide, not suicide.
Before trial, the State filed a Notice of Intent to Introduce
Evidence Pursuant to OCGA § 24-8-807 of, among other things,
statements by Vega to her sisters and a close friend that Appellant
had committed prior acts of domestic violence against her. The State
asserted in its Notice that it was offering Vega’s statements as
evidence of a material fact, specifically, the relationship between
Appellant and Vega; that the statements were more probative on
that point than any other evidence that the State could procure
through reasonable efforts; and that the general purposes of the
rules of evidence and the interests of justice would be best served by
admitting the statements. See OCGA § 24-8-807 (1) - (3). The State
requested a hearing to determine whether the statements were
admissible. Two weeks later, Appellant filed a Motion in Limine to
exclude, among other things, Vega’s statements about “prior alleged
4
instances of domestic violence” made in conversations with her
sisters and a close friend, as well as in text messages to the friend,
on the ground that the statements were inadmissible hearsay.
At a pretrial hearing, Appellant argued that in order to admit
a hearsay statement under the residual exception (which he
erroneously referred to as the “necessity exception”), the State had
to show that the statement was “more probative” on an issue “than
any other evidence.” The State responded that it did not have “any
other ways of proving that information,” that is, the information
contained in the hearsay statement. Later, referencing Vega’s
statements to her sisters and close friend about Appellant’s prior
abuse, the court said, “[T]he new [E]vidence [C]ode . . . I think allows
these things.” The State argued:
[T]he necessity exception was replaced with residual
hearsay. And I think under residual hearsay these
statements do come in. It’s kind of what I was saying
earlier. It goes to prove a material fact . . . and the State
doesn’t have any other opportunity. Obviously, if [Vega]
were alive, it would be prior difficulties between the
parties and certainly relevant in this case.
5
The court reserved ruling on the admissibility of the statements
under OCGA § 24-8-807, telling Appellant to “make your objection
at the time . . . if you believe that evidence is being offered that is
improper.”
At trial, Appellant raised hearsay objections when the State
asked Vega’s sisters and close friend about Vega’s statements to
them and when the State sought to introduce text messages between
Vega and the friend. The State responded that the evidence was
admissible under the residual exception to the rule against hearsay,
and the court overruled Appellant’s hearsay objections.
In his brief on appeal, Appellant does not dispute that the State
provided sufficient notice, that Vega’s statements about Appellant’s
prior acts of domestic violence carried sufficient circumstantial
guarantees of trustworthiness, or even that the statements would
have been admissible if the trial court had explicitly made the
determinations required by OCGA § 24-8-807 (1) to (3). He contends
only that the trial court failed to make those determinations on the
record before admitting the statements and improperly relied on
6
cases interpreting the necessity exception contained in the old
Evidence Code. See former OCGA § 24-3-1 (b). These claims lack
merit.
Appellant cites no authority for the proposition that a trial
court must explicitly determine on the record that each requirement
of OCGA § 24-8-807 has been met before admitting hearsay under
the residual exception. Nothing in the statute itself requires a trial
court to make on-the-record determinations, and the Advisory
Committee Notes to the Federal Rules of Evidence state only that
“[i]n order to establish a well-defined jurisprudence, the special facts
and circumstances which, in the court’s judgment, indicate[] that
the statement has a sufficiently high degree of trustworthiness and
necessity to justify its admission should be stated on the record.”
Fed. R. Evid. 803 (24) advisory comm. notes on 1974 enactment
(emphasis added). 4 The United States Supreme Court has not yet
4In 1997, the residual exceptions contained in Federal Rules of Evidence
803 (24) and 804 (b) (5) were consolidated as Rule 807. See Fed. R. Evid. 807
advisory comm. notes on 1997 amendments. The Advisory Committee Notes to
the Federal Rules of Evidence are highly persuasive in interpreting provisions
7
addressed this issue in interpreting the federal rules, but in 1985,
the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit held
that a trial court properly admitted hearsay evidence under what is
now Federal Rule of Evidence 807, even though the trial court did
not explain why the general purposes of the rules of evidence and
the interests of justice would best be served by admitting the
hearsay. See Branca ex rel. Branca v. Security Benefit Life Ins. Co.,
773 F2d 1158, 1161 (11th Cir. 1985), modified on other grounds by
789 F2d 1511 (11th Cir. 1986). 5 Thus, Appellant’s claim that the
trial court abused its discretion in admitting the hearsay evidence
based on the absence of explicit determinations lacks merit. See
Kemp v. State, 303 Ga. 385, 393 (810 SE2d 515) (2018) (affirming
trial court’s admission of hearsay statements under OCGA § 24-8-
of Georgia’s current Evidence Code such as OCGA § 24-8-807 that are
materially identical to provisions of the Federal Rules of Evidence that were in
effect when the current Evidence Code was adopted. See State v. Almanza, 304
Ga. 553, 556, 559 n.6 (820 SE2d 1) (2018).
5 See also 30B Jeffrey Bellin, Fed. Prac. & Proc. Evid. § 7068 (2020 ed.)
(Wright & Miller) (noting that “the requirement of findings did not make it into
the actual text of the residual exception” and that “[o]nly the Ninth Circuit
seems to specifically require findings,” but “[t]hat said, specific findings on
each of the rule’s criteria will strengthen a district court’s ruling against
appellate challenge”).
8
801 (d) (2) (E) even though “the trial court did not make any express
factual findings,” because “we can infer from its denial of the
[defendants’] motions [in limine to exclude the statements] that it
implicitly found that [they] were made in the course of and in
furtherance of a conspiracy”).
Moreover, Appellant’s claim that the trial court improperly
relied on cases decided under the old Evidence Code is unsupported
by the record. In his brief on appeal, Appellant asserts that at the
pretrial hearing, “the State presented as authority and [the trial
court’s] ruling was limited to Clark v. State, 271 Ga. 6 [(515 SE2d
155)] (1999), and McWilliams v. State, 271 Ga. 655 [(521 SE2d 824)]
(1999).” However, the transcript of the hearing shows that it was
Appellant, not the State, who repeatedly referred to the “necessity
exception” and brought up Clark and McWilliams. The court
responded, “How does the new [E]vidence Code affect those cases?
. . . [T]he new [E]vidence [C]ode . . . I think allows these things.” The
State then correctly said that “the necessity exception was replaced
with residual hearsay.” Contrary to Appellant’s claim, nothing in the
9
record here suggests that the trial court relied on cases decided
under the old Evidence Code in admitting Vega’s statements –
unlike State v. Holmes, 304 Ga. 524 (820 SE2d 26) (2018), where it
was “clear” that the trial court did not properly apply OCGA § 24-8-
807 in determining whether a hearsay statement was admissible,
because the court’s order on the defendant’s motion for new trial
relied primarily on cases decided under the old Evidence Code. Id.
at 530. Accordingly, we affirm.
Judgment affirmed. All the Justices concur.
10