People v. Schreiner

2021 IL App (1st) 190191
Third Division
April 21, 2021
No. 1-19-0191
______________________________________________________________________________

IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
FIRST DISTRICT
______________________________________________________________________________

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the
) Circuit Court of
Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Cook County.
)
v. ) No. 17 CR 40274
)
PAUL SCHREINER, ) Honorable
) Roman Ocasio, III,
Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge, presiding.

JUSTICE ELLIS delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Presiding Justice Howse and Justice McBride concurred in the judgment and opinion.

OPINION

¶1 Following a stipulated bench trial, defendant Paul Schreiner was found guilty of

aggravated driving under the influence of alcohol and sentenced to four years’ imprisonment.

Before trial, defendant moved to suppress all evidence obtained within his home, as the police

conducted a warrantless search. Defendant sought to exclude incriminating statements made by

his wife and by defendant at home and following his arrest, results of sobriety and blood-alcohol

tests conducted at his home and at the police station post-arrest, and evidence of the damaged

vehicle inside his locked garage. The trial court denied the motion, agreeing with the State that

defendant’s wife voluntarily consented to the entry of the police officers, thus satisfying the

fourth amendment.
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¶2 We hold that the State failed to carry its burden of proving voluntary consent and, in fact,

failed to offer any proof whatsoever of voluntary consent. The warrantless entry constituted an

unreasonable search under the fourth amendment. We thus vacate defendant’s conviction and

remand this cause for further proceedings consistent with our directions.

¶3 BACKGROUND

¶4 The State charged defendant by information with aggravated driving under the influence

(DUI). See 625 ILCS 5/11-501(a)(1), (d)(1)(A), (d)(2)(D) (West 2016). Before trial, defendant

moved to suppress “all evidence acquired as a result of an unlawful entry onto [defendant’s]

property and an unlawful entry into [defendant’s] residence which resulted in an unlawful arrest

of the [defendant] and the acquisition of evidence thereafter.” That evidence included statements

made at his home to police, sobriety and blood-alcohol tests conducted on defendant within his

home, and evidence of his damaged automobile in his garage.

¶5 The trial court held a hearing on defendant’s motion. For context, we provide some basic

facts before diving into the specifics of the testimony: On October 19, 2017, a few minutes past

11 pm, defendant’s car crashed into a parked car near the intersection of Grand Avenue and Oak

Street in Franklin Park, Illinois. Defendant left the scene of the collision and drove home, only a

block or two away. Police officers from Franklin Park and River Grove responded to the report

of a hit-and-run and obtained information on the general direction of the fleeing car. Within

minutes, the officers were able to follow a trail of fluids, pieces of the car, and scrape marks all

the way to the garage of defendant’s home.

¶6 With that, we take up the testimony of the witnesses called by the defense at the

suppression hearing. There were two—defendant’s wife, Julie Schreiner, and defendant himself.

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¶7 Mrs. Schreiner testified that she and defendant lived on North Elm Street in River Grove.

On the evening of October 19, 2017, she was in her bedroom sleeping. Defendant was also home

and was sleeping in “the back bedroom.” Around 11:10 p.m., Mrs. Schreiner was startled awake

by the doorbell, which she testified began ringing “at minimum three times.” She also saw a light

flash into the house, which caused her to “jump up.” She then heard “at least a minimum of three

banging poundings on [her] door.” Mrs. Schreiner put on a robe, turned on the light, and went to

the front door.

¶8 When Mrs. Schreiner got to the front door, she looked through the blinds next to the door

and saw three police officers on the front porch. One officer had the glass storm door open, and

the other two officers were behind him. Even though no one had said anything yet, Mrs.

Schreiner opened the front door. Mrs. Schreiner explained that she opened the door unprompted

because she saw three police officers and she was “afraid that they were going to break the door

down.” She did not believe she had any choice but to open the door.

¶9 When Mrs. Schreiner opened the door, one of the officers asked her if she owned a blue

Mazda. The officer explained that a blue Mazda had been involved in an accident, and a trail of

liquid led from the scene of the accident to her garage door. The officer further indicated that the

police needed access to the garage.

¶ 10 A different officer then asked Mrs. Schreiner if she knew anything about the accident.

She told the officers that she was involved in the accident and left the scene because she

“panicked.” The officer told Mrs. Schreiner to get her driver’s license. So she went to her

bedroom to retrieve her license. When she returned with it, the officers were standing inside her

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house. She testified that she was never shown a warrant (that much is undisputed), nor did the

officers ever ask for her consent to enter her home or her garage:

“Q: Did any officer ask your permission or consent prior to entering to enter the

house—

A: No.

Q: —your house?

A: No.

***

Q: Did you consent to them going into your garage?

A: No.

Q: Did Paul Schreiner, your husband, consent in your presence—

A: No.

Q: —to them going in your garage?

A: No.”

¶ 11 At that point, when Mrs. Schreiner had returned to the front door with her driver’s license

and found the officers inside her home, one of the officers asked her, “Were you really driving

the car?” Mrs. Schreiner began crying. She admitted that she lied and stated that her husband,

defendant, had been driving the blue Mazda.

¶ 12 Mrs. Schreiner then went to get dressed. When she returned to the front room, one of the

officers asked her if there was anybody else in the house. Mrs. Schreiner said that defendant was

in the back bedroom. An officer instructed her to get defendant and then followed her, first to the

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back room and then to the bedroom. The officer told defendant to “get up and get dressed.” After

defendant put clothes on, the officer led Mrs. Schreiner and defendant back to the front room.

¶ 13 At that point, a different officer gave Mrs. Schreiner a piece of paper and told her that

defendant “had to fill [it] out for insurance or whatever.” The officers then said that they needed

to get into the garage and asked if it was locked. Mrs. Schreiner said that the garage was locked,

and an officer instructed her to “go get the keys.” After Mrs. Schreiner returned with keys, one of

the officers walked outside with her and defendant to the backyard where the garage was located.

The officer then told Mrs. Schreiner to open the garage door. Another officer directed defendant

to leave the garage and go into the alley. Defendant was eventually arrested for DUI.

¶ 14 Mrs. Schreiner stated that none of the officers presented a search warrant or requested her

permission to enter the home. Nor did the police present a warrant authorizing a search of the

garage. Mrs. Schreiner said that neither she nor defendant ever gave the police consent to enter

the garage.

¶ 15 Defendant testified that on the evening of October 19, 2017, he was sleeping in the back

bedroom of his house. At approximately 11:15 p.m., defendant was awakened by Mrs. Schreiner,

who was accompanied by a police officer. The officer told defendant to get dressed and then

escorted defendant and Mrs. Schreiner to the living room. Once there, the officer said he needed

to “go to the garage” and told Mrs. Schreiner to get her keys for the garage. Mrs. Schreiner got

the keys, and they walked to the garage. The officer directed Mrs. Schreiner to open the side

door to the garage, which she did, and then they went in the garage and opened the overhead

door. Defendant stated that there were “three squad cars on this side and three squad cars on this

side with all their lights flashing.” Defendant was never shown an arrest or search warrant. After

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entering the garage the police took defendant to an alley and administered a field sobriety test.

Defendant was then arrested.

¶ 16 On cross-examination, defendant testified he arrived home around 10 p.m., and Mrs.

Schreiner was awake at the time. Before going to bed, defendant spoke with his wife and told her

he had been in an accident and left the scene. He did not tell Mrs. Schreiner to tell the police she

was driving if the police showed up. When confronted by the fact the police had received a call

relating to the accident at 11:12 p.m., defendant admitted he could have struck the vehicle closer

to 11 p.m.

¶ 17 Defendant did not know what time the police arrived at his house. He had no knowledge

of the conversation between Mrs. Schreiner and the police prior to being awakened. He did not

believe Mrs. Schreiner came into the room at any time prior to when he was awakened by her.

Despite the fact that Mrs. Schreiner was scared and startled by the police knocking on her door,

she did not come to wake him up before answering the door.

¶ 18 While speaking with police by his garage, defendant admitted he had been driving a blue

Mazda, was involved in a car accident, and had been drinking alcohol. He originally told officers

he had drunk three beers. He did not recall that a preliminary breath test revealed his blood

alcohol content (BAC) was 0.218.

¶ 19 The defense rested, and the State called two witnesses.

¶ 20 Franklin Park Police Sergeant Michael Jones testified that on the evening of October 19,

2017, he received a dispatch at 11:12 p.m. stating that a blue vehicle had struck a parked car at

Grand Avenue and Oak Street in River Grove, Illinois, and was fleeing southbound on Oak

Street. Sergeant Jones responded to the scene and observed debris, including a headlight, “all

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over the street.” Sergeant Jones “started to follow *** pieces of the vehicle, fluids from the

vehicle, and some sort of scrape mark of something coming off the vehicle that was leaving a

trail southbound on Oak Street from the accident scene.” As Sergeant Jones followed the trail, he

heard over the radio that other officers had already followed the trail of debris to a home at 2434

Elm Street in River Grove.

¶ 21 When Sergeant Jones arrived, Franklin Park police officer Iagulli, Franklin Park tactical

officer Velazquez, and River Grove police officer Conway (no first names in the record) were

already on site. Sergeant Jones walked to the front of defendant’s home. Officers Iagulli and

Velazquez then approached the front door and knocked; Sergeant Jones stood back on the

sidewalk, approximately 40 to 50 feet from the door.

¶ 22 The entrance to the Schreiner home had a screen door and a main door. Julie Schreiner

“answered the door” and, while holding a “glass screen door” open, “put her hands in the air and

said, I’m sorry. I was the one driving. I did it.” Sergeant Jones stated that Mrs. Schreiner then

became “weepy.” Sergeant Jones testified that, prior to Mrs. Schreiner making those statements,

he did not hear any conversation between Mrs. Schreiner and Officers Iagulli and Velazquez.

Sergeant Jones stated that Mrs. Schreiner held the storm door open the entire time she spoke with

Officers Iagulli and Velazquez.

¶ 23 According to Sergeant Jones, Officer Velazquez walked over to him and stated that Mrs.

Schreiner had admitted to driving the car. In response, Sergeant Jones told Officer Velazquez

there was “no way she got in the car accident.” Sergeant Jones then walked toward the house. At

that point, Mrs. Schreiner and Officer Iagulli were inside. Sergeant Jones explained, “I just saw

Officer Iagulli and Mrs. Schreiner enter the house.” Mrs. Schreiner did not close the door before

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Iagulli walked in; rather, the main door stayed open “the whole time from the time she opened

it.” Jones never heard Mrs. Schreiner tell the officers to get or stay out of the house. Neither

Iagulli nor Velazquez raised their voice to get into the house, and neither drew a weapon.

¶ 24 Sergeant Jones approached the open the storm door, stepped inside, and asked Mrs.

Schreiner who else was in the house. Mrs. Schreiner told him defendant was inside. Sergeant

Jones then told Mrs. Schreiner, “You and I both know you weren’t driving the car.” According to

Sergeant Jones, Mrs. Schreiner “broke down crying,” “threw her hands in the air,” and “started

screaming, I’m sick of this s---.” Mrs. Schreiner also told Sergeant Jones that she “didn’t want to

get [defendant] in trouble.”

¶ 25 Thereafter, Sergeant Jones asked Mrs. Schreiner to get defendant from the bedroom. She

walked to the bedroom. A minute later, she returned and told Sergeant Jones that she could not

wake up defendant. In response, Sergeant Jones asked Mrs. Schreiner if he could try to wake up

defendant. She said yes, so Sergeant Jones walked to the bedroom and, while standing in the

doorway, called out to defendant. After Sergeant Jones called out a second time, defendant

opened his eyes. Defendant’s cheeks were flushed red, and he had a cut on his cheek. Sergeant

Jones asked defendant if he had been in an accident. Defendant responded “yeah.” Sergeant

Jones then asked defendant if he needed an ambulance. Defendant said he was “fine.”

¶ 26 Sergeant Jones then asked defendant if the officers could see the car. Defendant and Mrs.

Schreiner then led the officers out of the house to the garage. Mrs. Schreiner unlocked the

garage. Defendant and Mrs. Schreiner then stepped inside, and Sergeant Jones followed. Once

inside the garage, Sergeant Jones asked defendant for his insurance card. After searching for the

card in the car, Sergeant Jones asked defendant if the card was in his wallet, which he was

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holding. It was. Sergeant Jones testified that, when he was speaking to defendant in the garage,

he could smell alcohol on defendant’s breath. In addition, Sergeant Jones could see damage on

the vehicle in the garage. Thereafter, defendant submitted to field sobriety tests, a preliminary

breath test, and a Breathalyzer.

¶ 27 Afterwards, the officers arrested defendant. Sergeant Jones explained that the officers’

decision to arrest defendant was based on (1) the fact there was a trail of debris, fluid, and scrape

marks leading from the scene of the hit-and-run accident to defendant’s garage; (2) defendant’s

slurred speech; (3) defendant’s difficulty getting dressed; (4) defendant’s difficulty locating his

insurance card until Sergeant Jones prompted defendant to look in his wallet, which he was

holding in his hand the entire time he was looking; (5) defendant’s inability to perform the field

sobriety tests satisfactorily; and (6) the preliminary breath test, which revealed a BAC in excess

of the legal limit.

¶ 28 Finally, Franklin Park police officer Vega (no first name in the record) testified that he

administered the field sobriety tests to defendant in the alley behind defendant’s garage.

Defendant failed the tests. In addition, Officer Vega administered a preliminary breath test,

which revealed defendant’s BAC exceeded the legal limit. According to Officer Vega, defendant

admitted that he was involved in a car accident near Grand Avenue and Maple Street. Defendant

told Officer Vega that, before the accident, he consumed two tall glasses of beer prior to the

accident. Defendant denied drinking alcohol after the accident.

¶ 29 The State introduced a certified copy of defendant’s DUI conviction in case No. 12 C4

40335 for the purpose of impeaching his credibility, which the trial court admitted over

defendant’s objection. The State then rested.

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¶ 30 In closing argument, defendant argued that the State conducted a warrantless entry into

defendant’s home and did not show either exigent circumstances or voluntary consent by the

homeowner to enter the dwelling. The defense stated that though there was no proof of consent,

any possible consent Mrs. Schreiner may have given would have been due to the stress caused by

the overbearing nature of the police conduct. The State acknowledged the warrantless entry but

argued that the police “can enter someone’s house if there is consent, which is what we have in

this case.”

¶ 31 The circuit court denied defendant’s motion. The court summarized the officers’ response

to the hit-and-run occurrence and how the officers followed a trail of debris, fluids, and scrape

marks to defendant’s garage. The court then stated:

“They knock on the door so they can further investigate what’s happening. The

officer testified that initially [Mrs. Schreiner] tells them—she testified that she was so

afraid that I didn’t believe I had a choice about whether or not I should let the officers in.

I believe the reason she was afraid is because she had just learned that her

husband was under the influence, had been involved in an accident, and was trying to

avoid any responsibility for the actions he took. I believe he communicated those actions

to [Mrs. Schreiner] and basically went to the room to sleep.

The wife was in distress, as any—I believe any wife would be. I think that she

wanted to protect her husband. She was under stress, whether [defendant] contributed to

her [sic] wife’s stress purposely by giving her directions, I do not know. I am not

positive. But I believe that she wanted to be a good person and wanted to protect

[defendant], but I believe she also wanted to comply with law enforcement officers.

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And I believe that she did acquiesce in, did consent of letting the officers in.

Eventually, when confronted by—with follow-up questions, she did make an admission

that [she] was not involved in the accident; that she believed [defendant] was involved;

and, in fact, I believe that she actually knew because [defendant] said she [sic] told Julie

*** that he was involved in an accident.”

¶ 32 Defendant filed a motion to reconsider the denial, which the trial court denied. The matter

proceeded to a stipulated bench trial, at the conclusion of which the court found defendant guilty

of aggravated DUI and sentenced him to four years’ imprisonment. This appeal followed.

¶ 33 ANALYSIS

¶ 34 I

¶ 35 On appeal, defendant claims the trial court erred by denying his motion to suppress

evidence. On review of a suppression ruling, we conduct a two-step process. First, we defer to

the trial court’s factual findings and will reverse them only if they are against the manifest

weight of the evidence. People v. Luedemann, 222 Ill. 2d 530, 542 (2006). But second, this court

on appeal “remains free to undertake its own assessment of the facts in relation to the issues and

may draw its own conclusions when deciding what relief should be granted.” Id. Thus, “we

review de novo the trial court’s ultimate legal ruling as to whether suppression is warranted.” Id.

¶ 36 When a defendant files a motion to suppress evidence, he bears the burden of making out

a prima facie case that the evidence obtained was the product of an unreasonable search. People

v. Brooks, 2017 IL 121413, ¶ 22. If he does so, the burden shifts to the State to present evidence

that the search was constitutionally valid. Id. The ultimate burden of proof, however, rests with

defendant. Id.

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¶ 37 Here, there can be no question (nor does the State question) that defendant established a

prima facie case of an unreasonable search. That is, it is undisputed that the police entered

defendant’s home without a warrant. The Supreme Court has long held, as “a ‘basic principle of

Fourth Amendment law[,]’ that searches and seizures inside a home without a warrant are

presumptively unreasonable.” Welsh v. Wisconsin, 466 U.S. 740, 749 (1984) (quoting Payton v.

New York, 445 U.S. 573, 586 (1980)). As has our supreme court. See People v. Bull, 185 Ill. 2d

179, 196-97 (1998) (“The fourth amendment prohibits the warrantless search of a person’s home

as per se unreasonable.”). Indeed, “the ‘physical entry of the home is the chief evil against which

the wording of the Fourth Amendment is directed.’ ” Welsh, 466 U.S. at 748 (quoting United

States v. United States District Court, 407 U.S. 297, 313 (1972)).

¶ 38 With the prima facie case easily established, the burden shifted to the State to

demonstrate the constitutionality of the search. Brooks, 2017 IL 121413, ¶ 22. It can carry that

burden by proving the existence of “a few specifically established and well-delineated exceptions

to the warrant requirement.” Bull, 185 Ill. 2d at 197.

¶ 39 One exception is when exigent circumstances (hot pursuit, destruction of evidence, public

safety, etc.) demand the officers’ warrantless entry. Payton, 445 U.S. at 583; People v. McNeal,

175 Ill. 2d 335, 345 (1997) (exigent circumstances may justify warrantless search); People v.

Foskey, 136 Ill. 2d 66, 74 (1990) (“The fourth amendment does not prohibit officers from

entering a home without a warrant if exigent or compelling circumstances justify the entry.”).

But the State has never claimed an exigency, either below or on appeal, nor did the State develop

any factual record that an exigency existed. So we put exigent circumstances aside.

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¶ 40 That leaves the other exception to the warrant requirement—the homeowner’s voluntary

consent to the police officers’ entry. Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218, 222 (1973) (“a

search authorized by consent is wholly valid” even absent warrant); Katz v. United States, 389

U.S. 347, 358 n.22 (1967) (“A search to which an individual consents meets Fourth Amendment

requirements ***.”); Bull, 185 Ill. 2d at 197 (“One such exception [to warrant requirement] is a

search conducted pursuant to consent.”); People v. Anthony, 198 Ill. 2d 194, 202 (2001) (“a

search conducted with a defendant’s voluntary consent but without a warrant does not violate the

fourth amendment”).

¶ 41 As with the exigent-circumstances exception, in establishing the consent exception for

the warrantless search, “the State bears the burden of proving the consent was truly voluntary.”

Anthony, 198 Ill. 2d at 202; see Bustamonte, 412 U.S. at 222 (“ ‘[w]hen a prosecutor seeks to

rely upon consent to justify the lawfulness of a search, he has the burden of proving that the

consent was, in fact, freely and voluntarily given’ ” (quoting Bumper v. North Carolina, 391

U.S. 543, 548 (1968)); People v. Hayes, 2018 IL App (5th) 140223, ¶ 28.

¶ 42 That is where the battle is joined on appeal—whether the trial court properly found that

the State carried its burden of establishing that the officers received voluntary consent from the

homeowner to enter defendant’s house. We can quickly dispense with the fact that it was

defendant’s wife, not defendant himself, who allegedly consented to the entry. The consent is

valid as long as it is given, if not by the defendant, then by someone who possesses common

authority over the premises. Illinois v. Rodriguez, 497 U.S. 177, 181 (1990); Bull, 185 Ill. 2d at

197. Defendant does not deny that Mrs. Schreiner had authority to consent, so we need not

consider that further.

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¶ 43 The parties spend a fair amount of energy on appeal debating the reasonableness of the

police action here. Defendant says the officers were trespassing, and that their knock-and-talk

was unreasonably coercive, given the lateness of the hour and the fact that they shined flashlights

into the home, pounded excessively on the door, asked accusatory questions, and did so with an

imposing number of officers present. The State argues that, under the circumstances, the officers’

conduct was reasonable in trailing evidence to the house and attempting to locate the driver of

the hit-and-run vehicle.

¶ 44 But the question, first and foremost, is not the reasonableness of the officers’ warrantless

entry but whether they had voluntary consent from the homeowner to enter the home, the only

exception to the warrant requirement the State offers here. See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Rogers,

827 N.E.2d 669, 677 (Mass. 2005) (“Only if voluntary consent is in fact given can we say that

the police were ‘reasonable’ in entering the home. Absent voluntary consent, we do not rely on

our own notions of ‘reasonableness’ to justify the entry.”). The fourth amendment’s warrant

requirement has two exceptions: exigent circumstances (of which there are many) and voluntary

consent. There is no third category for the overall reasonableness of the officers’ conduct. Quite

the contrary: absent one of those two exceptions, a warrantless search is “per se unreasonable.”

Bull, 185 Ill. 2d at 197; see also Welsh, 466 U.S. at 749 (“ ‘searches and seizures inside a home

without a warrant are presumptively unreasonable,’ ” requiring governmental justification based

on recognized exception to warrant requirement (quoting Payton, 445 U.S. at 586)).

¶ 45 Said differently, a warrantless entry is never reasonable unless it fits within one of the

exceptions to the warrant requirement, which by definition would make the entry reasonable. So

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the critical question is whether the State carried its burden of showing that Mrs. Schreiner

consented to the officers’ entry into her home.

¶ 46 The clearest and cleanest example of consent, obviously, would be express consent,

either verbally or in writing. The officers here did not ask Mrs. Schreiner to sign a consent-to-

search form. And there was no testimony from any witness that she verbally consented. That,

itself, is worth considering for a moment. There were three people who were part of the

encounter at the front door—two officers who knocked on the door, Officers Iagulli and

Velazquez, and then, of course, Mrs. Schreiner.

¶ 47 Mrs. Schreiner specifically denied giving consent to the officers’ entry, verbally or

otherwise. She testified that, after she falsely admitted her guilt, an officer asked her to retrieve

her driver’s license and she did so; when she returned to the front door, the officers were

standing inside the house. True, the trial court might not have believed her testimony. But even if

the trial court discounted her testimony entirely, the State offered nothing to affirmatively show

that Mrs. Schreiner did expressly consent to the officers’ entry.

¶ 48 That is surprising, given that two officers—Iagulli and Velazquez—approached the front

door, knocked, and spoke with Mrs. Schreiner when she answered the door. But the State called

neither witness at the suppression hearing. Nor, for that matter, and again to our surprise, did the

State cross-examine Mrs. Schreiner—not a single question. The State knew that the officers’

entry was warrantless and knew it had the burden of proving voluntary consent at the

suppression hearing, yet it called neither of the two officers who could testify with personal

knowledge to that issue. Nor did the State ask for a continuance to secure their appearance (if for

some reason they were unable to attend, as sometimes happens with officers on duty). The State

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went forward without either of its two governmental participants to the three-person interaction

and without asking a single question of the third participant, Mrs. Schreiner.

¶ 49 Only one of the two testifying officers even saw the initial interaction at the front door

between Iagulli, Velazquez, and Mrs. Schreiner—Sergeant Jones, who testified that he could not

hear what was said from his position on the sidewalk, some 40 or 50 feet away. The one

exception is that he did hear Mrs. Schreiner (falsely) admit her guilt—presumably those words

were spoken more loudly—but nothing else. Nothing, he specifically testified, about whether the

officers did or did not have permission to enter the home.

¶ 50 So whatever may have actually occurred, the State offered no proof whatsoever that Mrs.

Schreiner expressly consented to the officers’ entry into the home.

¶ 51 Still, consent can be nonverbal. Anthony, 198 Ill. 2d at 202. We must be cautious, first of

all, about confusing consent with mere submission to government authority. While consent to

search may be conveyed by “nonverbal conduct,” a person’s “ ‘mere acquiescence to apparent

authority is not necessarily consent.’ ” Id. at 202-03 (quoting People v. Kelly, 76 Ill. App. 3d 80,

87 (1979)); see Bumper, 391 U.S. at 548-49 (explaining that government cannot sustain its

burden of proving voluntary consent “by showing no more than acquiescence to a claim of

lawful authority”).

¶ 52 Our supreme court has also cautioned against reading too much into nonverbal cues of a

homeowner: “In the case of nonverbal conduct, where dueling inferences so easily arise from a

single ambiguous gesture, the defendant’s intention to surrender this valuable constitutional right

should be unmistakably clear.” (Emphasis added.) Anthony, 198 Ill. 2d at 203.

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¶ 53 It is not hard to imagine nonverbal gestures that would be “unmistakably clear” (id.) in

conveying consent. Opening the door and stepping aside so the person outside may pass inside,

for example, typically would tell visitors they are welcome to enter, as would a wave of the hand

or a nod of the head. See, e.g., United States v. Rodriguez, 931 F. Supp. 907, 918 (D. Mass.

1996) (“An objective manifestation of consent to a warrantless search may include a gesture such

as stepping away after opening a door.”); State v. Shurter, 468 N.W.2d 628, 632 (Neb. 1991)

(“When one manifests consent by making an inviting or pointing gesture, such as waving a law

enforcement officer into the premises or opening the door wider and stepping backward, it would

be unwise to invalidate such a consent for the reason that the officer failed to engage in the

empty formality of first seeking permission to enter.”).

¶ 54 This court found voluntary consent when a defendant began a conversation with police as

they stood outside his apartment, but then the defendant walked away from the still-open front

door, moved into his kitchen, and sat down at the table, while he continued to converse with

police, nonverbally indicating that the officers were free to enter the house to continue the

conversation. People v. Gross, 166 Ill. App. 3d 413, 424 (1988). (We should add that a badly

wounded individual had been found just outside the apartment building, the police were actively

seeking the armed, violent assailant and believed him to be inside that apartment based on

eyewitness accounts, and thus we found exigent circumstances, too. See id.)

¶ 55 Here, we have precious little testimony about nonverbal gestures indicating the officers

were free to enter the dwelling. Mrs. Schreiner did leave the main front door open when she

walked away from it, but there remained an outer glass storm door. And she did not walk away

from the front door, as in Gross, to continue the conversation; she did it because the police asked

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for her driver’s license, and she went to retrieve it in her bedroom. (Recall she was in her

pajamas when she answered the door.) And whatever credibility we may or may not place on

Mrs. Schreiner’s testimony, that part was corroborated by Sergeant Jones, who said that, when

he walked from the sidewalk up to the house and entered the home, Mrs. Schreiner was handing

Iagulli her driver’s license.

¶ 56 The State, as noted, did not follow up or challenge Mrs. Schreiner’s testimony at all. Its

evidence? Sergeant Jones had little in terms of specifics. As noted, he was initially on the

sidewalk, watching Iagulli and Velazquez talking with Mrs. Schreiner at the front door, 40 or 50

feet away. Afterward, Velazquez walked toward Jones and told him that Mrs. Schreiner had

confessed to the hit-and-run, and Jones expressed to Velazquez his skepticism that she was the

driver. At that point, he testified, Iagulli and Mrs. Schreiner were inside the home. The State then

asked more pointed questions:

“A. *** I walked up to the sidewalk. Officer Iagulli and Mrs. Schreiner were

already in the house, maybe 6 to 8 feet between the two of them.

Q. Did you ever see—when your fellow officers entered the house, can you

describe that, how that happened?

A. After she talked about she was the one driving, I’m sorry, I was scared, and

started crying or whatever, I just saw Officer Iagulli and her enter the house. ***

Q. Did you see at that point any officers—did you see her close the door and then

an officer open the door?

A. No. The main door stayed open the whole time from the time she opened it. It

was just a glass screen door. She held it open as she talked to them. And then Officer

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Iagulli and her walked into the house. And then Officer Velazquez walked away towards

me.

Q. At any point, did you see her tell the officers to get out or stay out of the house,

anything of that nature?

A. No.

Q. Did you see any of the officers or hear any of the officers raise their voice to

get into that house?

A. No.

Q. Any guns drawn?

A. No.”

¶ 57 The record does not show that Mrs. Schreiner did anything to indicate that the officers

were welcomed into her home. We know that Mrs. Schreiner held the glass storm door open

while she conversed with the officers. But we don’t know how it was that Officer Iagulli then

walked in. Did Mrs. Schreiner hold the glass storm door open (or open it wider) for Officer

Iagulli, a nonverbal indication that he could enter? Nod her head or gesture in a welcoming way?

Did Iagulli catch the screen door and let himself in as she walked away, without first seeking

permission to enter? Did Iagulli just presumptively follow Mrs. Schreiner in without asking and

without her having indicated her consent in any way? If Mrs. Schreiner did, in fact, tell or

nonverbally indicate to Iagulli that he could enter, what had the officers said to her before that

moment to gain such consent? Did they tell her they had the right to come in or that she had no

choice? Were any words to that effect, either way, spoken by either the officers or Mrs.

Schreiner? Or did Mrs. Schreiner walk away to retrieve her driver’s license on the presumption

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that she was about to be arrested for a hit-and-run, planning to step outside to meet the officers

so they could take her to the station, as opposed to allowing the officers inside (which, after all,

would be consistent with her initial plan to keep the police away from her guilty husband)?

¶ 58 No single fact is dispositive, but these are the kinds of questions we ask in determining

whether Mrs. Schreiner manifested express consent, nonverbal consent, or mere acquiescence to

police authority—and if it was nonverbal consent as opposed to mere acquiescence, whether it

was “unmistakably clear” nonverbal consent. Anthony, 198 Ill. 2d at 203. And these facts are

altogether absent. These questions would have been incredibly easy to answer with the right

witnesses. It may well be the case that the officers here followed the letter and the spirit of the

law, but the State has the burden of putting that proof on the record. For whatever reason, the

State did not call the relevant witnesses with personal knowledge of these facts.

¶ 59 To the extent we know anything at all about this interaction at the door from Officer

Jones, it is merely that Mrs. Schreiner held open the screen door while talking to the officers, she

never closed the “main” door, and in some fashion or another, Officer Iagulli entered the house.

Beyond that, any evidence came from Mrs. Schreiner, who testified that she never consented to

the officers’ entry and found them inside when she returned from her bedroom with the driver’s

license. At the risk of repeating ourselves, Mrs. Schreiner’s testimony might not be believable,

but the State offered nothing in response—nothing whatsoever to satisfy its burden.

¶ 60 The mere fact that Mrs. Schreiner did not close the main door in the officers’ face does

not mean that she consented to their entry. Indeed, given that she left the area by the front door to

retrieve her driver’s license and come back—in other words, that her interaction with the visiting

officers was obviously not completed—it would have been downright odd for her to shut the

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main door in their faces. Shutting the door is more likely to signal the end of an encounter than a

just-a-moment-I’ll-be-right-back situation. It might also be seen as a hostile act by the officers.

In any event, not closing the main door in their faces under those circumstances, at best, might be

considered an “ambiguous” gesture capable of “dueling inferences” but certainly not an

“unmistakably clear” one indicating voluntary consent to enter. Anthony, 198 Ill. 2d at 203.

¶ 61 The trial court appeared to not wholly believe Mrs. Schreiner’s testimony. If so, that

determination would be entitled to our considerable deference. But even if we gave the State all

of that—even if we discarded Mrs. Schreiner’s testimony entirely, even that which was

corroborated—the State still had the burden of proving voluntary consent, and it did not do so.

The fact that a defense witness, who claimed consent was not given, is not a credible witness is

no substitute for affirmative proof that consent was given.

¶ 62 At oral argument, the State argued that, by confessing (albeit falsely) to the crime, Mrs.

Schreiner was indicating to the officers her willingness to submit to law enforcement. It is true

that Mrs. Schreiner freely confessed and obediently retrieved her driver’s license when told to do

so. But being cooperative, even confessing guilt, are very different things from allowing entry

into the home. The fourth amendment does not contain an exception for people who admit their

guilt or are willing to provide information to law enforcement. Absent voluntary consent or

exigent circumstances, the police may not breach the entrance of the home without a warrant.

¶ 63 And even if Mrs. Schreiner’s would-be confession gave the police probable cause to

arrest her at that moment (which surely it did, though to their credit they did not), a warrantless

arrest, as much as a warrantless search, may not take place inside the individual’s home unless

accompanied by an exception to the warrant requirement—voluntary consent or exigent

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circumstances. See Welsh, 466 U.S. at 749 (“warrantless felony arrests in the home are

prohibited by the Fourth Amendment, absent probable cause and exigent circumstances”);

Payton, 445 U.S. at 583-90.

¶ 64 The State did not claim any exigent circumstance. It rested its burden of justifying this

warrantless search solely on the basis of voluntary consent and then presented no evidence on

that point, other than Mrs. Schreiner falsely confessing and not shutting the main door in the

faces of the officers while she retrieved her driver’s license, and other than the fact that the

police did not yell at Mrs. Schreiner or point guns in her face.

¶ 65 The long and short is this: We do not mean to criticize the officers involved in this

matter, because they may have acted entirely within legal and constitutional principles. But the

State had the burden of making that case and did not. The record supplies no basis to find

voluntary consent, and thus the trial court’s finding of voluntary consent was manifestly

erroneous. There is no basis to uphold the validity of this warrantless entry; it was thus an

unreasonable search. So unless the State established a basis for the admissibility of this evidence

despite the fact that it was the product of an unreasonable search, the motion to suppress should

have been granted.

¶ 66 II

¶ 67 Defendant argues for suppression of all evidence the officers obtained—Mrs. Schreiner’s

outburst that her husband was guilty; defendant’s inculpatory statements inside the bedroom, by

the garage, and at the police station; the results of the field-sobriety and blood-alcohol tests; and

the evidence of the damaged automobile. He says all evidence obtained was spawned from the

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illegal entry and thus was “fruit of the poisonous tree” that must be suppressed under the

exclusionary rule. See Wong Sun v. United States, 371 U.S. 471, 487-88 (1963).

¶ 68 The judicially created remedy of suppression or exclusion is a “ ‘bitter pill’ that is to be

used only as a ‘last resort.’ ” People v. Manzo, 2018 IL 122761, ¶ 69 (quoting Davis v. United

States, 564 U.S. 229, 237 (2011)). Yet it remains true that, “to make effective the fundamental

constitutional guarantees of sanctity of the home and inviolability of the person,” the Supreme

Court has long held that “evidence seized during an unlawful search could not constitute proof

against the victim of the search.” Wong Sun, 371 U.S. at 484. In one sense, the exclusionary rule

is broad in that it “extends as well to the indirect as the direct products of such invasions.” Id.

¶ 69 For example, it may extend to confessions obtained in the home after an unreasonable

entry, as it did in Wong Sun itself. See id. at 487; see also Oregon v. Elstad, 470 U.S. 298, 306

(1985) (“The Wong Sun doctrine applies as well when the fruit of the Fourth Amendment

violation is a confession.”). It may extend as well to the discovery of information gleaned from

that at-home confession, even if that leads to the discovery of evidence in another location—as

also was true in Wong Sun, 371 U.S. at 487-88 (heroin found at other individual’s home

suppressed when police learned of drugs from earlier confession following illegal entry).

¶ 70 Still, the exclusionary rule has its limits. One of them is the attenuation doctrine. That is,

when the connection between the illegal entry and the evidence obtained has “ ‘become so

attenuated as to dissipate the taint’ ” of the initial entry, that evidence will not be suppressed. Id.

at 491 (quoting Nardone v. United States, 308 U.S. 338, 341 (1939)). This is the law in Illinois as

well: “The relevant inquiry is whether the [evidence] was obtained by exploitation of the

illegality of the arrest. [Citation.] Evidence obtained after an illegal entry need not be suppressed

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if such evidence was obtained ‘ “by means sufficiently distinguishable to be purged of the

primary taint” ’ of the illegality.” People v. Foskey, 136 Ill. 2d at 85 (quoting People v. White,

117 Ill. 2d 194, 222 (1987), quoting Wong Sun, 371 U.S. at 491). “The burden of showing

redeeming attenuation as to evidence obtained through an illegal arrest is on the prosecution.”

Foskey, 136 Ill. 2d at 86; see also Brown v. Illinois, 422 U.S. 590, 604 (1975) (burden of

showing attenuation “rests, of course, on the prosecution”).

¶ 71 Among the various items of evidentiary value obtained by the officers here following

their unlawful entry—incriminating statements at defendant’s home and at the station, failed

sobriety and blood-alcohol tests at home and at the station, evidence of the damaged vehicle

involved in the hit-and-run—there might be arguments that sufficient attenuation existed to

purge the taint of the unlawful entry and render some or all of that evidence admissible.

¶ 72 But the State never had the opportunity to shoulder that burden to establish attenuation as

to some or all of the evidence that resulted from the search. The matter never got that far, as the

trial court agreed with the State that defendant’s wife gave voluntary consent to the police entry.

¶ 73 The State should be given that opportunity. Thus, despite our holding that the warrantless

entry was not justified by voluntary consent and thus constituted a per se unreasonable search,

the proper course is not to order suppression of that evidence but to give the State the

opportunity to argue attenuation. See In re K.M., 2019 IL App (1st) 172322, ¶¶ 50-53; People v.

Ollie, 333 Ill. App. 3d 971, 993-94 (2002); People v. Wallace, 299 Ill. App. 3d 9, 21 (1998).

¶ 74 CONCLUSION

¶ 75 We thus vacate defendant’s conviction and remand this cause for an attenuation hearing,

with the following directions. If the court determines that all evidence that defendant seeks to

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suppress was attenuated from the taint of the warrantless entry and is thus admissible, then the

court is directed to reinstate its judgment of conviction. See Ollie, 333 Ill. App. 3d at 993-94;

Wallace, 299 Ill. App. 3d at 21.

¶ 76 If, on the other hand, the court determines that some of the evidence was attenuated from

the warrantless entry and some was not, the court should determine (1) whether sufficient

admissible evidence remained to support defendant’s conviction and, if so, (2) whether the

admission of that non-attenuated, inadmissible evidence deprived defendant of a fair trial. The

trial court would then proceed accordingly from those findings.

¶ 77 If the court determines that none of the evidence was attenuated from the warrantless

entry, and thus all of it should be suppressed, the court should enter a judgment of acquittal, as

this evidence consisted of the entirety of the State’s proof at trial. See People v. Williams, 2020

IL App (1st) 172992, ¶ 12 (when all of State’s evidence at trial is later determined to be subject

to suppression, proper remedy is outright reversal of conviction).

¶ 78 In so directing, we have reviewed the evidence (potentially subject to suppression though

it may be) and determined that it was sufficient to support defendant’s conviction, and thus

double jeopardy is no bar to a possible retrial. See People v. Lopez, 229 Ill. 2d 322, 367 (2008)

(in determining sufficiency of evidence for double-jeopardy purposes of retrial, reviewing court

may consider inadmissible as well as admissible evidence at original trial).

¶ 79 Defendant’s conviction is vacated. This cause is remanded for an attenuation hearing in

accordance with the directions given above.

¶ 80 Vacated and remanded with directions.

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No. 1-19-0191

Cite as: People v. Schreiner, 2021 IL App (1st) 190191

Decision Under Review: Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 17-CR-
40274; the Hon. Roman Ocasio III, Judge, presiding.

Attorneys Alexander Michael, of Michael D. Ettinger and Associates, of
for Palos Heights, for appellant.
Appellant:

Attorneys Kimberly M. Foxx, State’s Attorney, of Chicago (Alan J.
for Spellberg and Christine Cook, Assistant State’s Attorneys, of
Appellee: counsel, and Armando Mendia Jr., law school graduate), for the
People.

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