Filed 5/18/21
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION THREE
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent, A159055
v.
CARL LEE HOULE, JR., (Sonoma County
Defendant and Appellant. Super. Ct. No. SCR724212-1)
Defendant was sentenced to a stipulated six-year prison term after
entering into a plea deal to resolve three cases including this one, wherein he
pleaded no contest to one count of unlawfully possessing a concealed dirk or
dagger pursuant to Penal Code section 21310;1 admitted having a prior strike
within the meaning of section 667, subdivisions (d) and (e) and section
1170.12, subdivisions (b) and (c); and serving two prior prison terms within
the meaning of section 667.5, subdivision (b). At the time of defendant’s
sentencing, section 667.5, subdivision (b) required a one-year enhancement
for each prior prison term served for “any felony,” with an exception not
applicable here. (Stats. 2018, ch. 423, § 65.)
After the judgment was entered, Senate Bill No. 136 (2019–2020 Reg.
Sess.) (SB 136) amended section 667.5, subdivision (b), effective January 1,
2020, to narrow the category of cases in which the prior prison term
1 Unless otherwise stated herein, all statutory citations are to the Penal
Code.
1
enhancement applies to those based on sexually violent offenses.2 Defendant
appeals, arguing this amendatory statute applies retroactively and requires
the court to strike the two one-year enhancements he received based on his
admission of two prior prison terms while leaving the rest of his stipulated
sentence intact.3
The People agree the amended version of section 667.5, subdivision (b)
applies in this case but contend the proper remedy is to strike the
enhancements and remand to the trial court to exercise its discretion “to
achieve a new sentence as near as possible to the six-year stipulated term.”
We hold that remand is appropriate in order for the trial court to strike
the section 667.5, subdivision (b) enhancements. We further hold that
SB 136 has rendered the parties’ plea bargain unenforceable, such that on
remand the trial court must restore the parties to the status quo ante.
(People v. Stamps (2020) 9 Cal.5th 685, 706–707 (Stamps).) The parties may
enter into a new plea agreement, but, if they do, the trial court may not
impose a longer sentence than defendant’s original six-year term. (People v.
Collins (1978) 21 Cal.3d 208, 216–217 (Collins).)
2As amended, Penal Code section 667.5, subdivision (b) provides, in
relevant part, “[W]here the new offense is any felony for which a prison
sentence . . . is imposed . . . , in addition and consecutive to any other
sentence therefor, the court shall impose a one-year term for each prior
separate prison term for a sexually violent offense as defined in
subdivision (b) of Section 6600 of the Welfare and Institutions Code . . . .”
3 As explained post, defendant requested in his opening brief that we
strike his enhancements and leave the rest of his sentence intact. In his
reply brief, defendant asked that we remand the matter to the trial court to
strike the enhancements, permit the parties to negotiate a new plea bargain
with a sentence capped at six years, and permit the court to accept or reject
the new plea bargain. However, in a letter to the court on January 13, 2021,
defendant returned to his original position.
2
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
On April 26, 2019, an information was filed charging defendant with
one count of unlawfully carrying a concealed dirk or dagger (§ 21310). The
information also alleged defendant had a prior strike conviction (§§ 667,
subds. (d), (e), 1170.12, subds. (b), (c)) and served two prior prison terms
(§ 667.5, subd. (b)).
On July 23, 2019, defendant pleaded no contest to the charged offense
and admitted the prior strike and prior prison term allegations. In exchange,
defendant received a stipulated six-year prison term in this case, the
reduction of a felony to a misdemeanor charge for intimidation of a witness in
a second case (§ 136.1), and the dismissal of a third case involving an
unspecified charge(s). Accordingly, on September 26, 2019, the trial court
imposed the stipulated six-year sentence, consisting of a four-year term for
unlawfully carrying a concealed dirk or dagger and two one-year
enhancements for the two prior prison terms.
As mentioned, effective January 1, 2020, section 667.5, subdivision (b)
was amended to eliminate the enhancement for all prior prison terms except
those based on sexually violent offenses. Based on this amendment,
defendant filed a timely notice of appeal on November 25, 2019, requesting
and receiving a certificate of probable cause.
DISCUSSION
The parties agree that newly amended section 667.5, subdivision (b),
which is remedial in nature in that it eliminates punishment for a broad
category of individuals, should apply retroactively to all eligible persons with
nonfinal judgments, including defendant. We also agree. (See People v.
Matthews (2020) 47 Cal.App.5th 857, 865 [SB 136 applies retroactively to the
enhancement component of a defendant’s stipulated sentence under a plea
3
bargain, following In re Estrada (1965) 63 Cal.2d 740].) It is well established
that an amendatory statute like section 667.5, subdivision (b) that eliminates
or lessens punishment is presumed to apply in all cases not yet reduced to
final judgment as of the statute’s effective date, unless the enacting body
“clearly signals its intent to make the amendment prospective, by the
inclusion of either an express saving clause or its equivalent.” (People v.
Nasalga (1996) 12 Cal.4th 784, 793; see In re Estrada, at p. 747.) Nothing in
the text of amended section 667.5, subdivision (b) suggests a contrary
legislative intent. Accordingly, because the trial court enhanced defendant’s
stipulated sentence under section 667.5, subdivision (b) based on prior
offenses that were not sexually violent, the amendment applies retroactively
to him.
The parties disagree, however, on the appropriate remedy. Defendant,
in his opening brief, asked this court to strike his two one-year enhancements
and leave the remainder of his plea bargain intact—actions not requiring
remand to the trial court. In his reply brief, defendant took a new position,
asking this court to remand to the trial court with instructions to strike the
enhancements and to permit (1) defendant to agree to the original six-year
term, (2) the trial court to reject the plea bargain, and (3) the prosecutor to
agree to a new term or to withdraw from the plea bargain and reinstate all
charges in all three of his cases while limiting his exposure in the three cases
to no more than six years. Then, in a letter to the court dated January 13,
2021, defendant returned to his initial position, asking this court to strike the
enhancements while leaving the rest of his stipulated sentence intact, citing
a new First District case (People v. France (2020) 58 Cal.App.5th 714, review
granted Feb. 24, 2021, S266771).
4
The People, in turn, contend the proper remedy is to remand the matter
to the trial court to strike the two one-year enhancements and to exercise its
sentencing discretion “to achieve a sentence as near as possible to the six-
year stipulated term,” citing People v. Navarro (2007) 40 Cal.4th 668, 681.
The People reason that defendant “already received the benefit of the
bargain—namely, avoiding trial, the reduction of the felony intimidation of a
witness charge to a misdemeanor in another case, and the outright dismissal
of a third case”—and “nothing in amended section 667.5, subdivision (b)
suggests it was intended to permit defendants to avoid stipulated sentences
that could otherwise be reached by resentencing.”
During the briefing of this appeal, the California Supreme Court issued
a new decision (Stamps, supra, 9 Cal.5th 685) that, we conclude, forecloses
defendant’s initial argument that the enhancements should be stricken but
the remainder of the plea bargain left intact. In Stamps, the defendant
received a stipulated nine-year sentence under a plea bargain that included a
five-year prior serious felony conviction enhancement. (Id. at pp. 692–693.)
Before the judgment was final, Senate Bill No. 1393 (2017–2018 Reg. Sess.)
(SB 1393) was enacted, affording the trial court new discretion to strike a
serious felony enhancement in furtherance of justice. (Stamps, at pp. 692–
693, 700.) The court held that the matter should be remanded to permit the
defendant to ask the trial court to exercise its newly granted discretion to
strike the enhancement, but made clear the trial court did not have
discretion on remand to strike the enhancement but to otherwise maintain
the plea bargain: “If defendant stood convicted of a crime with an enhancing
prior as a result of trial or an open plea of guilty as charged, his case could be
remanded for the court to reconsider its sentence in light of its newly
conferred authority to strike the enhancement. This case is procedurally
5
different because both parties entered a plea agreement for a specific prison
term.” (Stamps, 9 Cal.5th at p. 700.) “Section 1192.5 allows a plea to ‘specify
the punishment’ and ‘the exercise by the court thereafter of other powers
legally available to it,’ and ‘[w]here the plea is accepted by the prosecuting
attorney in open court and is approved by the court, the defendant, except as
otherwise provided in this section, cannot be sentenced on the plea to a
punishment more severe than that specified in the plea and the court may not
proceed as to the plea other than as specified in the plea.’ (Italics added.)”
(Stamps, at p. 700.) Thus, “to justify a remand for the court to consider
striking his serious felony enhancement while maintaining the remainder of
his bargain, defendant must establish not only that Senate Bill 1393 applies
retroactively, but that, in enacting that provision, the Legislature intended to
overturn long-standing law that a court cannot unilaterally modify an
agreed-upon term by striking portions of it under section 1385.” (Id. at p.
701.)
The Stamps court then reviewed the legislative history of SB 1393 and
concluded that, while the Legislature gave the court the same discretion to
strike a serious felony enhancement that it retains to strike any other
sentence enhancing provision when enacting that bill, the Legislature did not
change the well-settled law that “a court lacks discretion to modify a plea
agreement unless the parties agree to the modification.” (Stamps, supra, 9
Cal.5th at p. 702.) Accordingly, the Stamps court held that if on remand “the
court indicates an inclination to exercise its discretion . . . , the prosecution
may . . . agree to modify the bargain to reflect the downward departure in the
sentence such exercise would entail. Barring such a modification agreement,
‘the prosecutor is entitled to the same remedy as the defendant—withdrawal
of assent to the plea agreement . . . .’ ” (Id. at p. 707.)
6
Several appellate courts, including those in the First District, have
applied the holding of Stamps to cases such as ours addressing the scope of
the trial court’s authority on remand when striking an enhancement under
newly amended section 667.5, subdivision (b). Following the analysis of
Stamps, these courts considered the legislative history of SB 136 and
concluded that it evidences no legislative intent to empower a court to
unilaterally modify a plea bargain upon striking a section 667.5,
subdivision (b) enhancement. (E.g., People v. Griffin (2020) 57 Cal.App.5th
1088, 1097, review granted Feb. 17, 2021, S266521 (Griffin); People v.
Hernandez (2020) 55 Cal.App.5th 942, 958 (Hernandez) [“Senate Bill 136 is
silent regarding pleas and provides no express mechanism for relief, and thus
refutes any suggestion the Legislation intended to create special rules for the
court to unilaterally modify the plea agreement once the enhancements are
stricken”], review granted, Jan. 27, 2021, S265739; People v. Joaquin (2020)
58 Cal.App.5th 173, 179, review granted Feb. 24, 2021, S266594 (Joaquin);
but see People v. France, supra, 58 Cal.App.5th at p. 729, rev.gr. [the majority
distinguished Stamps because “unlike Senate Bill 1393, there is nothing in
Senate Bill 136’s text or legislative history that runs contrary to the view
that Senate Bill 136 requires a court to strike the one-year enhancements
while leaving the remainder of the plea bargain intact”].)4
4 Similar to this court, Presiding Justice Pollak concurred with the
majority’s opinion that SB 136 applied retroactively to the defendant because
his judgment was not yet final but dissented as to the majority’s treatment of
Stamps, concluding “[SB] 136 does not empower a court to unilaterally alter
the plea bargain struck between the prosecution and the defendant for
imposition of a four-year sentence by reducing the sentence to three years
without the People’s consent.” (People v. France, supra, 58 Cal.App.5th at p.
731 (conc. & dis. opn. of Pollak, P. J.), rev.gr.)
7
In Griffin, our First District colleagues went a step beyond the Stamps
analysis in order to address the disputed issue of whether the defendant
could receive a longer sentence on remand than he received under the
original plea agreement. Our colleagues concluded the defendant could not
receive a longer sentence, reasoning that “such a result plainly would be
inconsistent with the legislative intent underlying Senate Bill 136,” the
purpose of which “was to decrease the length of sentences imposed on repeat
felons by substantially narrowing the scope of application of the prior prison
term enhancement.” (Griffin, supra, 57 Cal.App.5th at p. 1097, rev.gr.) In so
reasoning, the Griffin court relied on an earlier California Supreme Court
case (Collins, supra, 21 Cal.3d 208). (Griffin, supra, 57 Cal.App.5th at pp.
1097–1098, rev.gr.)
Collins concerned a defendant who pleaded guilty to a sex crime, oral
copulation, that was decriminalized as to “consenting, nonprisoner adults”
prior to his sentencing. In exchange for his plea, numerous other charges
against the defendant were dismissed. (Collins, supra, 21 Cal.3d at p. 211.)
In holding that the defendant’s sentence as to the former sex crime was no
longer authorized and had to be stricken, the California Supreme Court
recognized that if the rest of the parties’ plea bargain remained intact, the
prosecution would lose the benefit of its bargain. To avoid this result, the
court held that on remand the prosecution could “revive one or more of the
dismissed counts . . . .” (Id. at pp. 215, 216.) However, if the prosecution
chose to revive one or more counts, the court further held that the trial court
could not impose a greater sentence on the defendant than he received under
the original plea bargain lest the defendant lose the benefit of his bargain.
(Id. at pp. 216–217.) The court explained: “This is not a case in which the
defendant has repudiated the bargain by attacking his guilty plea; he attacks
8
only the judgment, and does so on the basis of external events—the repeal
and reenactment of section 288a—that have rendered the judgment
insupportable.” (Collins, at p. 216, fn. omitted.) As such, the defendant
“should not be penalized for properly invoking [precedent] to overturn his
erroneous conviction and sentence by being rendered vulnerable to
punishment more severe than under his plea bargain.” (Id. at p. 217.)
The Griffin court followed Collins in fashioning a remedy based on the
change of law under SB 136. (Griffin, supra, 57 Cal.App.5th at p. 1098,
rev.gr.) Our colleagues reasoned: “Appellant, like the defendant in Collins,
did not repudiate his plea; ‘he attacks only the judgment, and does so on the
basis of external events . . . that have rendered the judgment insupportable.’
(Collins, supra, 21 Cal.3d at p. 216.) Rejection of Appellant’s request to leave
the remainder of the plea bargain intact ensures he will not receive a ‘bounty
in excess of that to which he is entitled.’ (Id. at p. 215.) But it would be
contrary to legislative intent and deprive Appellant of the benefit of his
bargain were the trial court on remand to impose a longer sentence following
Appellant’s entry of a guilty plea pursuant to a new agreement. ‘ “The
process of plea bargaining . . . contemplates an agreement negotiated by the
People and the defendant and approved by the court.” ’ (Stamps, supra, 9
Cal.5th at p. 705.) ‘ “In exercising their discretion to approve or reject
proposed plea bargains, trial courts are charged with the protection and
promotion of the public’s interest in vigorous prosecution of the accused,
imposition of appropriate punishment, and protection of victims of crimes.
[Citation.] For that reason, a trial court’s approval of a proposed plea bargain
must represent an informed decision in furtherance of the interests of
society . . . .” ’ (Id. at p. 706.) We conclude that imposing a longer sentence
would constitute an abuse of discretion.” (Griffin, supra, 57 Cal.App.5th at
9
pp. 1098–1099, rev.gr.; accord, Joaquin, supra, 58 Cal.App.5th at p. 179,
rev.gr. [following Griffin].)
As Griffin notes, in Hernandez, supra, 55 Cal.App.5th 942, our Fifth
District colleagues declined to follow Collins to the extent it permitted the
prosecution to refile the previously dismissed charges as long as the
defendant was not resentenced to a greater term than he or she originally
received. Hernandez reasoned that “Stamps did not extend Collins to permit
such a resolution, and instead held the People could completely withdraw
from the plea agreement if the prior serious felony enhancement was
dismissed.” (Hernandez, supra, at p. 959, rev.gr.) Griffin correctly pointed
out, however, that (1) Stamps never addressed whether the trial court could
impose a longer sentence on remand, much less overrule the language in
Collins capping the sentence that could be imposed (Stamps, supra, 9 Cal.5th
at pp. 703–704); and (2) unlike the legislative enactment at issue in Stamps
(SB 1393), here and in Collins the relevant changes in law were “external
events” that rendered the defendants’ plea agreements unenforceable by
operation of law without regard to whether the defendants sought relief from
the trial court. (Griffin, supra, 57 Cal.App.5th at p. 1099, rev.gr.) We agree
with Griffin that after Stamps, the holding in Collins capping the length of
the sentence based on the sentence imposed under the original plea bargain
remains binding precedent that applies in this case. (See Griffin, supra, 57
Cal.App.5th at pp. 1105–1106 (conc. opn. of Reardon, J.), rev.gr.)
Accordingly, for the reasons stated we herein adopt the approach of our
Griffin colleagues.5 Neither party has successfully distinguished Collins on
5 We respectfully disagree with the majority’s reading and application
of Stamps in both People v. France, supra, 58 Cal.App.5th at pages 727–730,
rev.gr., and People v. Andahl (2021) 62 Cal.App.5th 203, 214–215.
10
factual grounds, which, as stated, remains binding authority. Moreover, at
oral argument, the People conceded that holding the trial court to a six-year
cap on defendant’s sentence would cause the prosecution no undue prejudice.
We therefore reverse the judgment and direct the trial court to strike the
section 667.5, subdivision (b) enhancements and to give the parties an
opportunity to negotiate a new plea agreement consistent with this decision.
DISPOSITION
The judgment is reversed, and the matter is remanded to the trial court
for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
11
_________________________
Jackson, J.
WE CONCUR:
_________________________
Fujisaki, Acting P. J.
_________________________
Wiseman, J.*
A159055/People v. Carl Lee Houle, Jr.
*Retired Associate Justice of the Court of Appeal, Fifth Appellate
District, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to article VI, section 6 of the
California Constitution.
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A159055/People v. Carl Lee Houle, Jr.
Trial Court: Superior Court of the County of Sonoma
Trial Judge: Peter Ottenweller, J.
Counsel: Maria T. Rogers, under appointment by the Court of Appeal,
for Defendant and Appellant.
Xavier Becerra, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters and
Jeffrey M. Laurence, Assistant Attorneys General,
Roni Dina Pomerantz and Victoria Ratnikova, Deputy
Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
13