IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF IDAHO
Docket No. 47699
STATE OF IDAHO, )
) Filed: July 8, 2021
Plaintiff-Respondent, )
) Melanie Gagnepain, Clerk
v. )
)
SAMUEL JUAREZ, )
)
Defendant-Appellant. )
)
Appeal from the District Court of the Fifth Judicial District, State of Idaho, Twin
Falls County. Hon. Benjamin J. Cluff, District Judge.
Judgment of conviction for aggravated battery and being a persistent violator,
affirmed.
Eric D. Fredericksen, State Appellate Public Defender; Andrea W. Reynolds,
Deputy Appellate Public Defender, Boise, for appellant.
Hon. Lawrence G. Wasden, Attorney General; Kacey L. Jones, Deputy Attorney
General, Boise, for respondent.
________________________________________________
LORELLO, Judge
Samuel Juarez appeals from his judgment of conviction for aggravated battery and being a
persistent violator. We affirm.
I.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
A brutal beating left the victim with cuts on his face, nasal bone fractures, a broken rib,
and a lacerated spleen. Based on the victim and his girlfriend’s claim that Juarez was one of the
assailants, the State charged Juarez with aggravated battery, I.C. § 18-907(1)(a), and with being a
persistent violator, I.C. § 19-2514.
In response to the State’s discovery request, Juarez filed a notice of alibi listing three
witnesses, all with the same address. The State filed an objection to this notice, in part contending
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the notice was deficient because the notice did not give Juarez’s alleged location at the time of the
battery. At a hearing on the State’s objection, the district court struck Juarez’s notice of alibi and
excluded testimony from the three witnesses to the extent their testimony would support an alibi
defense.
At trial, Juarez indicated he would call two witnesses, one of whom had been listed in the
notice of alibi. According to Juarez, these witnesses would rebut testimony offered by the State.
The State objected, contending that Juarez had not properly disclosed the two witnesses during
discovery. The district court sustained the State’s objection and excluded the two witnesses. A
jury found Juarez guilty of aggravated battery, after which he admitted to being a persistent
violator. Juarez appeals.
II.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review a trial court’s discovery sanctions for an abuse of discretion. State v. Albert,
138 Idaho 284, 287, 62 P.3d 208, 211 (Ct. App. 2002). When a trial court’s discretionary decision
is reviewed on appeal, the appellate court conducts a multi-tiered inquiry to determine whether the
lower court: (1) correctly perceived the issue as one of discretion; (2) acted within the boundaries
of such discretion; (3) acted consistently with any legal standards applicable to the specific choices
before it; and (4) reached its decision by an exercise of reason. State v. Herrera, 164 Idaho 261,
270, 429 P.3d 149, 158 (2018).
III.
ANALYSIS
Juarez contends the district court abused its discretion by excluding testimony regarding
his alibi defense and excluding two of his witnesses as a sanction for his discovery violations.
Juarez also asserts these errors were not harmless. The State responds that the district court did
not abuse its discretion and that, even if it did, the errors were harmless. We affirm.
A. Discovery Sanctions
The Compulsory Process Clause of the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution
affords a defendant the right to call witnesses in his or her defense. Taylor v. Illinois, 484 U.S.
400, 410 (1988); State v. Harris, 132 Idaho 843, 846, 979 P.2d 1201, 1204 (1999). However, this
right is not unfettered. For example, a defendant does not have the “right to offer testimony that
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is incompetent, privileged, or otherwise inadmissible under standard rules of evidence.” Taylor,
484 U.S. at 410. Moreover, the State has a legitimate interest in obtaining timely and complete
discovery responses from a defendant. Id. at 412; Albert, 138 Idaho at 287, 62 P.3d at 211. “The
very nature of the right [to compulsory process] requires that its effective use be preceded by
deliberate planning and affirmative conduct.” Taylor, 484 U.S. at 410.
When determining whether to exclude evidence due to late disclosure or nondisclosure, the
trial court must weigh the prejudice to the State against the defendant’s right to a fair trial. Albert,
138 Idaho at 287, 62 P.3d at 211. It is error for a trial court to exclude a witness based solely on
late disclosure without analyzing whether the State would suffer prejudice from the late disclosure.
State v. Lamphere, 130 Idaho 630, 634, 945 P.2d 1, 5 (1997). In addition to weighing the
competing interests at stake, the trial court should consider whether less severe remedies would be
sufficient for the untimely disclosure or nondisclosure, such as a short continuance, a mistrial, or
sanctions against defense counsel, before excluding a defense witness. State v. Thomas, 133 Idaho
800, 803, 992 P.2d 795, 798 (Ct. App. 1999). The trial court has an obligation to “fashion a
sanction which will impress counsel with the importance of responding to discovery requests, and
yet will not prejudice the defense of the case.” State v. Stradley, 127 Idaho 203, 211, 899 P.2d
416, 424 (1995). However, when the defendant’s discovery violation was willful and designed to
facilitate the presentation of fabricated testimony or to impede the State’s ability to conduct
effective cross-examination or to present rebuttal evidence, exclusion may be a proper remedy
notwithstanding the availability of other sanctions that would prevent prejudice to the State.
Taylor, 484 U.S. at 414-15; Albert, 138 Idaho at 287, 62 P.3d at 211.
1. Exclusion of alibi witnesses
Juarez contends the district court abused its discretion in excluding testimony regarding his
alibi defense. The State responds that, based on the deficiency of the notice and Juarez’s
subsequent failure to supplement the notice at any time prior to trial, the district court properly
excluded evidence of Juarez’s unspecified alibi. We hold that Juarez has failed to show the district
court abused its discretion in excluding his purported alibi witnesses.
If requested by the State during discovery, a defendant intending to offer an alibi must file
a notice listing where the defendant claims to have been at the time of the alleged offense and the
names and addresses of the witnesses whose testimony will support the defendant’s alibi.
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I.C. § 19-519(1); I.C.R. 12.1. Juarez does not dispute that the State requested a notice of alibi or
that his notice of alibi was untimely. Nor does Juarez dispute that the substance of his notice was
inadequate given that it was limited to identifying the names of three witnesses with a shared
address. The record also reflects that, although the State filed a written objection the same day
Juarez filed his notice, he never supplemented the notice with the required information. Juarez
also did not supply any additional information regarding his alibi during the hearing on the State’s
objection, which occurred six months after the notice was filed. Instead, counsel for Juarez argued
that, although the notice was “sparse,” it was sufficient to put the State on “notice.” Defense
counsel explained that he filed the notice based on a prior attorney’s notes, which indicated that
the three witnesses lived at the listed address “where the alleged incident occurred.” 1 Defense
counsel further argued that “the detriment to the defendant not being able to present a full and fair
defense outweighs the prejudice to the State” and the “claim of alibi should be allowed to stand
subject to revision, subject to clarification.” But defense counsel also indicated that the witnesses
listed in the alibi notice may no longer be available:
Perhaps these witnesses are gone. And if they are gone, that portion of his
defense is gone. I mean, we can’t make--we can’t create a defense where none
exists. This was ripe back when the motion was filed in December of 2018. Again,
these may very well not be available. And if they’re not, that defense certainly
can’t go forward. It assumes they’re going to be available and testify.
During the same hearing, the prosecutor articulated the prejudice to the State from the
notice:
This was a--three names and an address, that was it. That’s all we got. So we have
no idea how this is an alibi. We don’t know where Samuel Juarez--if he was with
these people. We have sent an officer out to try to find these people. Quite frankly,
we can find nothing.
Tex Ybarra, the last person [on the list], we can’t find anything about him,
that he even exists. I think we found out these other two people do exist, but
tracking them down, trying to get this information has been extremely difficult for
the detectives. . . . We are unable to comply with Idaho Criminal Rule 12.1 and
1
Defense counsel twice referred to the address as where the crime allegedly occurred. It is
unclear if this was a misstatement since the address where the crime occurred would not be an alibi
as contemplated by I.C. § 19-519(1). Moreover, the record reflects that the crime occurred at a
different address than the one listed in the notice of alibi.
4
Idaho Code Section 19-519.[ 2] Based upon the lack of information here, we don’t
know how this is an alibi at all.
When the district court asked defense counsel to explain why no further clarification of the
alibi defense had been provided, he stated he could not. Defense counsel also indicated the case
got “lost in the shuffle” as a result of transfers between conflict counsel and the public defender’s
office and between attorneys within the public defender’s office. In ruling on the request to
exclude the alibi witnesses, the district court noted the lack of required information in the notice,
concern for the integrity of the judicial process, and the State’s due diligence in trying to discover
information regarding the alleged alibi by contacting the listed witnesses. The district court
subsequently issued a written order excluding the witnesses, again noting the deficiency of the
notice.
Juarez argues that the district court’s exclusion of his purported alibi witnesses was an
abuse of discretion for three reasons: (1) the deficiencies in the notice were the “fault” of defense
counsel; (2) the district court did not find prejudice to the State; and (3) the district court did not
consider lesser sanctions. The core defect in all of Juarez’s arguments is that he never actually
identified an alibi. For that reason, and others, we are unpersuaded by all of Juarez’s arguments
and will address each in turn.
First, the United States Supreme Court has rejected the proposition that a defendant should
not suffer the consequences of an attorney’s discovery violation. In Taylor, the defendant argued
that “it is unfair to visit the sins of the lawyer upon his client.” Taylor, 484 U.S. at 416. The
Supreme Court concluded this argument lacked merit, reasoning:
The argument that the client should not be held responsible for his lawyer’s
misconduct strikes at the heart of the attorney-client relationship. . . . [G]iven the
protections afforded by the attorney-client privilege and the fact that extreme cases
may involve unscrupulous conduct by both the client and the lawyer, it would be
highly impracticable to require an investigation into their relative responsibilities
before applying the sanction of preclusion. In responding to discovery, the client
has a duty to be candid and forthcoming with the lawyer, and when the lawyer
responds, he or she speaks for the client. Putting to one side the exceptional cases
in which counsel is ineffective, the client must accept the consequences of the
2
Idaho Code Section 19-519 also places a burden on the State in responding to a notice of
alibi. See I.C. § 19-519(2) (requiring State to identify witnesses to rebut testimony of any of
defendant’s alibi witnesses).
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lawyer’s decision to forgo cross-examination, to decide not to put certain witnesses
on the stand, or to decide not to disclose the identity of certain witnesses in advance
of trial.
Id. at 418. This rationale from Taylor applies here, particularly given the absence of any evidence
in the record that the inadequacies of the notice were the “fault” of defense counsel without any
attribution to Juarez who would necessarily play a central role in providing information regarding
an alibi.
Second, although the district court did not use the word “prejudice” in its oral or written
rulings, Juarez argued the requirement that a trial court weigh prejudice and a finding of prejudice
was central to the district court’s decision. The district court noted Juarez’s failure to articulate
what his alibi was and noted the State’s unsuccessful efforts to ascertain information related to the
alibi despite the lack of information. These findings relate to prejudice. Juarez appears to
disregard or minimize this prejudice by suggesting that the deficiencies in his notice “could have
been corrected well before trial” because the trial “did not commence until three months after the
objection hearing.” Juarez also argues that the “fact the prosecutor had to conduct a further (and
perhaps lengthier) investigation into the facts of the case and the people present at the scene of the
crime does not constitute prejudice.” What “could have” happened does not demonstrate a lack of
prejudice to the State as a result of what did happen. Moreover, Juarez does not explain how
further investigation into his deficient notice would have been more fruitful, nor does he explain
how more effort by the State to investigate “the people present at the scene” eliminates the
prejudice articulated in the record as to where Juarez was if not “at the scene.” Juarez’s claims
regarding prejudice do not demonstrate an abuse of discretion by the district court.
Third, Juarez is correct that the district court did not expressly weigh alternatives to
exclusion. However, the record reveals that, on the facts of this case, there were no alternatives to
weigh due to the lack of information and the speculative nature of the availability of Juarez’s
purported alibi witnesses. Our opinion in Thomas is instructive. Thomas, 133 Idaho 800, 992 P.2d
795. In Thomas, the defendant argued that the trial court abused its discretion in excluding
testimony of a witness who the defense indicated would not testify at trial. Id. at 802, 992 P.2d at
797. This Court rejected this claim of error because the defendant “made no showing that the
excluded testimony would have been relevant or helpful to the defense in any significant way.”
Id. at 803, 992 P.2d at 798. The same is true here. Because Juarez never actually articulated his
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alibi, or made any offer of proof regarding the alibi, there were no alternatives for the district court
to consider. Indeed, a continuance would have been meaningless absent information regarding the
alibi for the State to investigate further, and the district court could not declare a mistrial as a
sanction because trial had not started. Juarez has failed to show the district court abused its
discretion in excluding evidence of his unarticulated alibi.
2. Exclusion of late-disclosed witnesses
Juarez asserts the district court abused its discretion in excluding two witnesses from
testifying in his case-in-chief “without any showing that the State was prejudiced by the late
disclosure.” The State responds that the prejudice to the State is “apparent” and that “Juarez’s
right to a fair trial was not impacted by exclusion of these witnesses.” We hold there was no abuse
of discretion in the district court’s exclusion of Juarez’s late-disclosed witnesses.
Within fourteen days of a written request by the State, a defendant must provide the State
with the names and addresses of witnesses the defendant intends to call at trial. I.C.R. 16(c)(3)
and (f)(1). Absent a showing of good cause or excusable neglect, a failure to respond can warrant
sanctions. I.C.R. 16(f)(2). The State submitted a written discovery request to Juarez on
November 14, 2018, making Juarez’s response due November 28, 2018. In addition, the district
court’s scheduling order required Juarez to submit a witness list by September 6, 2019. Juarez
admitted to the district court that he did not provide a written response to the State regarding the
two witnesses he wished to call at trial. 3 Instead, Juarez informed the State of his intent to call the
two witnesses on the day before trial, September 10, 2019. Thus, Juarez’s disclosure was late
under both I.C.R. 16 and the district court’s scheduling order. The remaining question is whether
the district court erred in sanctioning Juarez by excluding the two witnesses.
In addressing the State’s objection to the two witnesses, defense counsel noted he was
“given these names at a late date,” and represented that one of the witnesses (Rathemsen) was
“going to talk about knowledge of the house,” but not about the charged offense because she was
3
One of the witnesses had been previously listed on Juarez’s notice of alibi. However, the
district court struck this notice of alibi and there is no other indication in the record that Juarez
listed the witness in other discovery responses. Further, we note that the name of the witness listed
on the notice of alibi (Hayden Rassmussen) was different than the witness Juarez intended to call
at trial (Hayden Rathemsen), although there appears to be no dispute that it is the same individual.
7
not there when it occurred. Similarly, defense counsel represented that the other witness (Rios)
had also “been to the location” and would “rebut the testimony that [someone] could see in the
house from where” the cars were parked from which other witnesses viewed the house. Juarez
argued that, if the court concluded noncompliance with the discovery rules and the court’s
scheduling order prejudiced the State such that the witnesses could not be “called under that,” he
would call the witnesses as “rebuttal witnesses.” According to Juarez, because he did not have to
disclose rebuttal witnesses, he could avoid being sanctioned for the discovery violation by
classifying the witnesses as rebuttal since they would be rebutting testimony from the State’s
case-in-chief. The district court found a discovery violation unsupported by good cause and
rejected Juarez’s attempt to classify his witnesses as rebuttal as well as his claim that rebuttal
witnesses did not have to be disclosed. The district court, therefore, excluded the witnesses.
Juarez’s only challenge on appeal to the exclusion of two of his trial witnesses is that the
district court abused its discretion by failing to find or weigh prejudice to the State. We first note
that Juarez never argued a lack of prejudice in the trial court. Appellate court review is limited to
the evidence, theories, and arguments that were presented below. State v. Garcia-Rodriguez, 162
Idaho 271, 275, 396 P.3d 700, 704 (2017). Rather, Juarez seemed to acknowledge prejudice by
arguing to the district court that, even if the late disclosure prejudiced the State, the district court
could still admit the testimony as rebuttal evidence. Moreover, Juarez’s acknowledgment of
potential prejudice was consistent with the State’s arguments on that same point. As to Rathemsen,
the prosecutor explained that witness was the one misidentified in the notice of alibi, who the State
was not able to locate and whose connection to the case was unknown. As to Rios, the prosecutor
noted that she did not “know that person at all.” Juarez never disputed the lack of information
made available to the State (much less timely information), nor did he suggest that alternative
sanctions would be appropriate given the timing and content of the disclosures. On these facts, we
find no abuse of discretion by the district court.
B. Harmless Error
Although Juarez has failed to show the district court abused its discretion in excluding his
witnesses, even assuming the district court erred in granting both discovery sanctions, the errors
were harmless. Error is not reversible unless it is prejudicial. State v. Stell, 162 Idaho 827, 830,
405 P.3d 612, 615 (Ct. App. 2017). With limited exceptions, even constitutional error is not
8
necessarily prejudicial error. Id. Where a criminal defendant shows a reversible error based on a
contemporaneously objected-to constitutional violation, the State then has the burden of
demonstrating to the appellate court beyond a reasonable doubt that the constitutional violation
did not contribute to the jury’s verdict. State v. Johnson, 163 Idaho 412, 421, 414 P.3d 234, 243
(2018). Thus, we examine whether the alleged error complained of in the present case was
harmless. See State v. Lopez, 141 Idaho 575, 578, 114 P.3d 133, 136 (Ct. App. 2005). This
standard requires weighing the probative force of the record as a whole while excluding the
erroneous evidence and at the same time comparing it against the probative force of the
error. State v. Garcia, 166 Idaho 661, 674, 462 P.3d 1125, 1138 (2020). The reviewing court
must take into account what effect the error had, or reasonably may have had, on the jury in the
context of the total setting and in relation to all else that happened, which necessarily includes the
evidence presented. Kotteakos v. United States, 328 U.S. 750, 764 (1946).
1. Alibi witnesses
We first address the exclusion of witnesses regarding Juarez’s purported alibi defense.
Juarez contends Albert indicates that the exclusion of alibi testimony can never be harmless error.
There, we held that because the exclusion of witnesses “precluded any presentation of [the] alibi
defense, the error cannot be viewed as harmless.” Albert, 138 Idaho at 289-90, 62 P.3d at 213-14.
However, in Albert, the record showed the alibi witnesses would have testified that the defendant
was at a certain location during the crime. As the State notes, we have previously held that a
district court’s erroneous exclusion of alibi testimony is harmless when a defendant fails to make
an offer of proof as to the substance of the expected testimony. See State v. Mata, 106 Idaho 184,
188, 677 P.2d 497, 501 (Ct. App. 1984). Synthesizing Albert with Mata leads to the conclusion
that, although usually not harmless, the exclusion of alibi testimony can be harmless if a defendant
fails to make an offer of proof regarding the testimony of the alibi witnesses. Although the State
on appeal bears the burden to show beyond a reasonable doubt that the constitutional violation did
not contribute to the jury’s verdict, this does not relieve a defendant of the obligation to make an
offer of proof regarding expected alibi testimony to factor into the analysis.
As noted, Juarez did not make an offer of proof regarding the expected testimony from his
alibi witnesses. As Juarez has conceded, the notice of alibi was deficient because he failed to
allege his location at the time of the crime. In addition, he did not give this information at a
9
subsequent hearing or at trial. In other words, the record reveals no alibi defense at all. Thus,
Juarez has not identified the evidence he would have presented at trial if he had been allowed to
present his alibi. Because of this failure, the probative value of the error is minimal or nonexistent.4
Given the nature of the purported error--the erroneous exclusion of unknown evidence as
opposed to the erroneous exclusion or admission of known evidence--the probative value of the
record absent the error carries the same probative force as the evidence actually presented to the
jury. Based on the evidence presented, the jury found beyond a reasonable doubt that Juarez was
guilty of the charged crimes. Because Juarez failed to show what his alibi defense would have
been, there is nothing to weigh against the probative value of the evidence presented to the jury.
Consequently, the jury’s verdict would have been the same absent any error, rendering the error
harmless.
In addition, we note Juarez presented evidence that he was not at the home when the victim
was attacked. Juarez testified that he did not arrive at the home until hours after the victim had
left. Another witness testified that she was present for the attack, that Juarez was not one of the
assailants, and that she did not recognize Juarez in the courtroom, indicating that he was not at the
home during the attack. Although not a true alibi defense, given that there was no evidence
presented of Juarez’s whereabouts at the time of the attack, his defense was akin to an alibi.
Therefore, the jury evidently considered a variation of Juarez’s alibi defense, but rejected it, further
confirming that the exclusion of his alibi defense was harmless.
2. Late-disclosed witnesses
We now turn to the exclusion of Juarez’s late-disclosed witnesses. To provide context for
these witnesses, we begin by discussing the evidence presented during the State’s case-in-chief.
The victim and his girlfriend testified that they arrived at the home of one of the assailants; parked
in the driveway near the home’s front door; and, because the door was open, could see into one of
the bedrooms in the home. The victim testified that Juarez was in that bedroom. Similarly, the
4
We note that Mata was decided prior to Garcia and, thus, Mata did not discuss harmless
error in terms of weighing the probative value of the error against the probative value of the record
absent the error. See Mata, 106 Idaho at 188, 677 P.2d at 501. However, we conclude that Mata’s
offer-of-proof requirement bears upon the probative value of the error.
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victim’s girlfriend testified that, from her vantage point in the parked vehicle, she saw Juarez come
out of that bedroom.
After the close of the State’s case-in-chief, Juarez explained the general content of the
expected testimony of his late-disclosed witnesses, which related to knowledge of the house at
which the battery occurred. However, Juarez did not describe what facts the witnesses would
testify about in their expected testimony. A vague assertion that a witness’s testimony will rebut
evidence, without a description of the facts to which the witness will testify, does not suffice. See
Thomas, 133 Idaho at 803, 992 P.2d at 798 (holding that defendant failed to show prejudice to
defendant’s right to a fair trial because “defense counsel merely described, in the vaguest terms,
the general subject matter that would be addressed by the testimony” but “the facts to which [the
defense witness] would testify were not described”). Because Juarez did not describe the facts
expected from his late-disclosed witnesses, the probative value of the error is minimal or
nonexistent. Again, the probative value of the record absent the error is the same as the evidence
presented to the jury, which was sufficient for a finding of guilt. Because Juarez failed to establish
what facts the rebuttal witnesses would provide, there is nothing to weigh against the probative
value of the evidence presented to the jury. Consequently, the jury’s verdict would have been the
same absent the error, rendering the error harmless.
In addition, as previously noted, Juarez testified in his own defense. Juarez testified that a
person could not see into the home from where the victim’s girlfriend was. However, Juarez later
testified that a person “can probably see a part of it,” referring to the inside of the home. While
Juarez did not testify whether a person could see into the bedroom of the home, his testimony
tended to contradict the girlfriend’s testimony that she saw Juarez come out of the bedroom
immediately prior to the attack. This contradiction, however, is resolved by video footage from
an officer’s on-body camera, taken during an investigation after the attack. The footage shows the
officer coming from the driveway, entering the home, and going into the bedroom where the
victim’s girlfriend testified Juarez was prior to the attack. Because the front door and the bedroom
were open when the officer approached, the footage shows that the victim’s girlfriend could have
seen into the bedroom from the driveway. Thus, even assuming any testimony from the
late-disclosed witnesses could have bolstered Juarez’s testimony, the footage would have
11
conclusively shown otherwise. Any error in excluding Juarez’s late-disclosed witnesses was,
therefore, harmless.
IV.
CONCLUSION
Juarez has failed to show the district court abused its discretion in excluding evidence of
his purported alibi and testimony from late-disclosed witnesses as a sanction for Juarez’s discovery
violations. Further, even if exclusion as a sanction was erroneous, any error was harmless.
Consequently, Juarez’s judgment of conviction for aggravated battery and being a persistent
violator is affirmed.
Chief Judge HUSKEY and Judge GRATTON, CONCUR.
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