United States v. Cosme

17-1759-cr(L)
United States v. Cosme

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

SUMMARY ORDER
Rulings by summary order do not have precedential effect. Citation to a summary order filed
on or after January 1, 2007, is permitted and is governed by Federal Rule of Appellate
Procedure 32.1 and this Court’s Local Rule 32.1.1. When citing a summary order in a
document filed with this Court, a party must cite either the Federal Appendix or an
electronic database (with the notation “summary order”). A party citing a summary order
must serve a copy of it on any party not represented by counsel.

At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at
the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York,
on the 15th day of July, two thousand twenty-one.

PRESENT: PIERRE N. LEVAL,
JOSÉ A. CABRANES,
WILLIAM J. NARDINI,
Circuit Judges.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Appellee, 17-1759-cr(L)
v. 17-1785-cr(Con)
17-1910-cr(Con)
17-2321-cr(Con)
WILLIAM R. COSME, AKA WILLIAM R. COSMO, AKA
SEALED DEFENDANT 1,

Defendant-Appellant.

FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLANT: William R. Cosme, Pro Se, Minersville, PA
Harry Sandick and George B. Fleming,

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 Patterson Belknap Webb & Tyler LLP,
New York, NY, on the brief.

FOR APPELLEE: Noah Solowiejczyk, Martin S. Bell, and
Won S. Shin, Assistant United States
Attorneys, for Audrey Strauss, United
States Attorney, Southern District of New
York, New York, NY.

Appeal from a judgment entered July 17, 2017 by the United States District Court for the
Southern District of New York (Loretta A. Preska, Judge).

UPON DUE CONSIDERATION WHEREOF, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED,
ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the judgment of the District Court be and hereby is
AFFIRMED in part and REMANDED in part.

In 2012 Defendant-Appellant William Cosme was arrested at his home, during which the
Government seized money and property. In a superseding indictment filed in February 2017, Cosme
was charged with wire fraud and aggravated identity theft. He proceeded to trial. After a jury
returned a verdict of guilty as to both counts, the District Court sentenced Cosme principally to a
term of 111 months of imprisonment. Before the trial began, the District Court determined that
Cosme had forfeited the right to represent himself and appointed counsel pursuant to the Criminal
Justice Act (“CJA”). Throughout the proceedings below, as well as on this appeal, Cosme has been
represented by more than fourteen different attorneys. 1 On appeal, Cosme challenges his conviction,
sentence, and the seizure of his assets. We assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts
and prior record of proceedings, to which we refer only as necessary to explain our decision.

I. Aggravated Identity Theft

Cosme first challenges the aggravated identity theft count, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1028A
(“Section 1028A”), on the basis that the superseding indictment was untimely. We review a district

1 After Cosme’s counsel filed a merits brief in this appeal, they filed a motion to withdraw as CJA
counsel, Doc. 208 (17-1759-cr(L)), which was granted, Doc. 214 (17-1759-cr(L)); despite the subsequent
appointment of two additional CJA counsel—both of whom also moved to be relieved of service—Cosme
now proceeds pro se.

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court’s denial of a motion to dismiss an indictment de novo. 2 We also review a district court's
application of a statute of limitations de novo. 3

The Government urges that Cosme forfeited, or even waived, this argument. Our review of
the record shows that, at the final pretrial conference in February 2017, Cosme, proceeding pro se,
moved orally to dismiss the aggravated identity theft count (Count Two) as untimely. The District
Court denied Cosme’s motion. Accordingly, to the extent Cosme challenges the pretrial dismissal of
Count Two based on the statute of limitations, looking at the face of the superseding indictment, his
claim is preserved. It is well established that “[s]tatutes of limitations normally begin to run when the
crime is complete.” 4 The time at which a crime is “complete” depends largely on the nature of the
crime. 5 A person commits aggravated identity theft when he, “during and in relation to any felony
violation . . . [,] knowingly transfers, possesses, or uses, without lawful authority, a means of
identification of another person[.]” 6 Here, as the basis for the aggravated identity theft count (Count
Two), the superseding indictment charged Cosme with using the names of real persons without
lawful authority during and in relation to wire fraud (Count One) from at least 2010 through at least
December 2012. 7 Because the superseding indictment charged Cosme with conduct continuing
through at least December 2012, and because the superseding indictment was returned in February
2017, the aggravated identity theft count was not time-barred. 8 We thus conclude that the District

2 United States v. Canori, 737 F.3d 181, 182 (2d Cir. 2013).
3 See, e.g., United States v. Sampson, 898 F.3d 270, 278 (2d Cir. 2018)
4 Toussie v. United States, 397 U.S. 112, 115 (1970) (internal quotation marks and alterations omitted).

5 United States v. Eppolito, 543 F.3d 25, 46–47 (2d Cir. 2008).

6 18 U.S.C. § 1028A(a)(1).

7 In connection with Count One (wire fraud), the superseding indictment charged Cosme with

engaging in a scheme or artifice to defraud the victim school from at least 2010 through at least December
2012. As part of the scheme, Cosme “represented and agreed that [he] would invest for the benefit of the
[victim school] the entirety of the Equity Deposit provided to [him]” but instead, Cosme “misappropriated
substantial portions of these funds to make purchases for his own personal benefit.” App’x 418.
8 The Government and then-counsel for Cosme appear to make no argument as to why the standard

five-year statute of limitations under 28 U.S.C. § 3282 should not apply to Section 1028A. But the
Government and then-counsel for Cosme appear to suggest—relying on cases involving other statutory
contexts and as well as cases involving venue—that the timeliness of a Section 1028A count is determined by
looking at the predicate offense, a question that has not yet been definitively addressed by this Court. Cf.
United States v. Magassouba, 619 F.3d 202, 203 (2d Cir. 2010) (in a case involving venue and Section 1028A,
holding “where (as here) venue is appropriate for the predicate felony offense, so too is venue appropriate for
a prosecution of the separate crime of knowingly transferring, possessing, or using a means of identification
of another person ‘during and in relation to’ that offense.”); United States v. Payne, 591 F.3d 46, 69 (2d Cir.
2010) (in another statutory context, but for purposes of statute of limitations, holding that “[w]hen a
defendant is convicted of violating § 924(c)(1)(A) for using or carrying a firearm during and in relation to a
crime that is a continuing offense, the § 924(c)(1) crime itself is a continuing offense.”); see also United States v.
Wilson, 2011 WL 5121098, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. 2011) (determining that because “the [District] Court is aware of
no case that addresses the limitations period for aggravated identity theft,” the law does not “‘expressly

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Court did not err in denying Cosme’s pretrial motion to dismiss the Section 1028A count, based on
the face of the superseding indictment.

By contrast, Cosme failed to raise any limitations-based challenge to his conviction for
aggravated identity theft after the conclusion of evidence, for example, through a motion for
judgment of acquittal pursuant to Fed. R. Crim. P. 29. 9 To the extent Cosme makes this argument
on appeal, his claim that the evidence did not support a conclusion that he committed the offense
within the limitations period is reviewable only for plain error. 10 Again, we have not yet definitively
addressed whether the timeliness of a Section 1028A count is determined by looking at the predicate
offense. 11 The absence of any governing authority from the Supreme Court or this Court on this
question dictates that any error (if there was error) could not be “plain” within the meaning of Fed.
R. Crim. P. 52(b). 12 That alone would defeat any challenge raised by Cosme to his Section 1028A
conviction on this basis on appeal. 13

Next, Cosme challenges the sufficiency of the superseding indictment as to the charge of
aggravated identity theft. We review challenges to the sufficiency of the indictment de novo. 14

provide[ ]’ for a limitations period beyond that set forth in Section 3282(a), and that the applicable limitations
period for a violation of Section 1028A is five years”), aff’d on other grounds, 512 F. App’x 75 (2d Cir. 2013)
(non-published summary order).
In the circumstances of Cosme’s timeliness challenge to the Section 1028A count in the superseding
indictment, however, this distinction has no effect on the outcome. Here, because the conduct underlying the
charges of aggravated identity theft and wire fraud—which is, in turn, the predicate offense for Section
1028A—covers the same time period, a scheme to defraud in which Cosme was engaged from at least 2010
to at least December 2012. Accordingly, the aggravated identity theft count with which Cosme was charged in
the superseding indictment fell within the five-year statute of limitations.
9 United States v. Pizzonia, 577 F.3d 455, 462 (2d Cir. 2009) (reviewing de novo sufficiency of evidence

that offense occurred within limitations period).
10 United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 732 (1993).

11 See Note 8, supra.

12 Olano, 507 U.S. at 734 (“At a minimum, [a] court of appeals cannot correct an error pursuant to

Rule 52(b) unless the error is clear under current law.”).
13 To the extent that Cosme challenges his Section 1028A conviction on the basis that the evidence

presented at trial did not show that he committed the offense within the applicable limitations period,
whether the limitations period for Section 1028A is determined by looking at the predicate offense would
again have no effect on the outcome in Cosme’s case. Here, the conduct underlying the aggravated identity
theft conviction (that is, the use of the another’s name) and the wire fraud conviction (which is, in turn, the
predicate offense for the Section 1028A count) covers the same time period: a scheme to defraud in which
Cosme was engaged until at least December 2012. Accordingly, the evidence presented at trial showed that
Cosme committed the conduct underlying the aggravated identity theft count within the five-year statute of
limitations.
14 United States v. Agrawal, 726 F.3d 235, 242 (2d Cir. 2013).

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 We have held that “[t]ypically, to state an offense, an indictment need only track the
language of the statute and, if necessary to apprise the defendant of the nature of the accusation
against him, state time and place in approximate terms.” 15 Here, the superseding indictment tracked
the language of the statute, identified the predicate felony, and gave Cosme notice of the allegations
against him. 16 Accordingly, we conclude the superseding indictment sufficiently alleged the elements
of aggravated identity theft.

II. Seizure of Assets

Cosme contends that his assets were erroneously seized by the Government. 17 We review
the district court’s determination of probable cause de novo. 18

Cosme first takes the position that the Government lacked probable cause for seizure
because the loan agreement between Cosme and the victim school permitted him to do anything he
wished with the deposited money. Thus, in Cosme’s view, he committed no crime that could taint
the assets seized by the Government. But Cosme’s challenge on this basis is unavailing. Indeed, this
argument goes to whether there was probable cause to support the indictment for wire fraud. And
the Supreme Court has made clear that “[a] defendant has no right to judicial review of a grand
jury’s determination of probable cause to think a defendant committed a crime.” 19

15 United States v, Frias, 521 F.3d 229, 235 (2d Cir. 2008) (internal quotation marks omitted).
16 The superseding indictment charged that Cosme “knowingly did transfer, possess, and use, without

lawful authority, a means of identification of another person, during and in relation to a felony . . . to wit, in
causing [the victim, an international school located in South Korea,] to be provided with false information
about the officers of [Cosmo Dabi International Trading Group, Cosme’s company], without lawful
authority, [Cosme] used, and aided and abetted the use of, the names of real persons during and in relation to
the felony violation changed in Count One of this indictment [wire fraud].” ROA 309 at 9.
17 Cosme argues first that the Government failed to comply with the statutory 90-day deadline to

commence civil forfeiture proceedings. See 18 U.S.C. § 983(a)(3)(A)-(B) (the Government must commence
civil forfeiture proceedings within 90 days or “obtain a criminal indictment containing an allegation that the
property is subject to forfeiture” within the 90-day period and “take the steps necessary to preserve its right
to maintain custody of the property as provided in the applicable criminal forfeiture statute”). Although the
Government originally sought civil forfeiture of Cosme’s assets, the Government subsequently elected to
proceed under the criminal forfeiture statutes in order to restrain the assets before trial. United States v. Cosme,
796 F.3d 226, 233–36 (2d Cir. 2015) (“Cosme I”). In Cosme I, we concluded that the Government was
permitted to switch from pursuing civil forfeiture to criminal forfeiture, but we remanded for the District
Court to determine whether the Government had probable cause to seize the assets based on criminal
activity. Id. at 233–36. Accordingly, that the Government did not meet the 90-day civil forfeiture deadline
does not affect the validity of its proceeding under the criminal forfeiture statutes.
18 Cosme I, 796 F.3d at 233.

19 Kaley v. United States, 571 U.S. 320, 333 (2014). Further, that Cosme has now been found guilty of

both charges contained in the superseding indictment cures any asserted error in the grand jury’s decision to
charge him with wire fraud. See United States v. Mechanik, 475 U.S. 66, 73 (1986) (“[T]he petit jury’s verdict

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 Cosme next argues that the Government erroneously seized two vehicles—a Cadillac
Escalade and a Lamborghini—because the funds used to purchase the cars were not traceable to any
illicit proceeds. We do not agree. “To satisfy the probable cause requirement, the Government must
have reasonable grounds to believe that certain property is subject to forfeiture,” and those grounds
“must rise above the level of mere suspicion but need not amount to what has been termed prima
facie proof.” 20 We have explained that “[w]hen some funds in a seized bank account are traceable to
criminal activity and some are not,” a court has several “‘accounting choices’ at [its] disposal to
determine what amount of commingled funds are traceable to criminal activity,” 21 such as “the
‘drugs-in, last-out’” approach or the “‘drugs-in, first-out’” approach. 22

Here, the District Court did not erroneously conclude that the Government established
probable cause to seize the two vehicles. The Government filed an affidavit by Federal Bureau of
Investigation Agent Redel, in which Agent Redel indicated that $5.1 million (of the $5.5 million that
the victim school transferred to Cosmo Dabi International Trading Group) had been transferred to
a second Cosmo Dabi account, which had a prior balance of approximately $371,600, in February
2011. From that second account, Cosme wrote checks to purchase a Cadillac Escalade and a
Lamborghini for approximately $47,000 and $314,000 respectively. Under the “drugs-in, first-out”
accounting method, when an account has commingled funds, any withdrawal up to the amount of
the illicit proceeds deposited in that account—in this case, $5.1 million— is considered traceable to
those illicit proceeds. 23 Therefore, the funds Cosme withdrew from the account with commingled
funds to purchase the vehicles were traceable to the original $5.5 million Cosme received from the
victim school.

In sum, we conclude that the seizure of Cosme’s assets was supported by probable cause.

III. Sixth Amendment

Cosme next asserts that his Sixth Amendment right to represent himself was violated. Where
a litigant has voluntarily and intelligently waived his right to counsel and elects to proceed pro se, we

rendered harmless any conceivable error in the charging decision that might have flowed from the violation
[in the grand jury proceedings.]”).
20 United States v. Banco Cafetero Panama, 797 F.2d 1154, 1160 (2d Cir. 1986) (internal quotation marks

omitted).
21 United States v. Walsh, 712 F.3d 119, 124 (2d Cir. 2013).

22 Banco Cafetero Panama, 797 F.2d at 1159. Under the first approach, “[i]f $100 from a drug sale is

deposited into an active account,” the contents of the account are considered “to be ‘traceable proceeds’ to
the extent of $100 as long as the account balance never falls below that sum.” Id. Under the second approach,
the “traceable proceeds” are considered “to be any one withdrawal, or any asset purchased with such
withdrawal, to the extent of $100.” Id.
23 Banco Cafetero Panama, 797 F.2d at 1159–60.

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review a district court’s decision to grant or deny a pro se litigant’s request for counsel for abuse of
discretion. 24

It is well established that a criminal defendant has a Sixth Amendment right to forgo counsel
and represent himself under the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution. 25 However, we
have held that a defendant’s right to represent himself in the first place is not absolute. 26 Further,
“[a] defendant has no right to engag[e] in serious and obstructionist misconduct, and a court may
deny a defendant’s request to proceed pro se if it finds that the request is manipulative or abusive in
some other way.” 27

Cosme asserts the District Court denied him a full opportunity in the proceedings below to
consider whether he wished to represent himself. We do not agree. “[W]here, as here, the court has
already replaced counsel more than once, and the case approaches trial, it is reasonable for the court
to require an intractable defendant either to proceed with the current appointed lawyer, or to
proceed pro se.” 28 The district court should make the defendant “aware of the dangers and
disadvantages of self-representation” and “establish that the defendant underst[ands] he ha[s] a
choice between proceeding pro se [or] with assigned counsel”; “underst[ands] the advantages of
having one trained in the law to represent him”; and “ha[s] the capacity to make an intelligent
choice.” 29

Here, the District Court gave Cosme a full opportunity to consider whether he wished to
proceed pro se. In the proceedings below, Cosme was represented by more than eight attorneys.
Beginning as early as 2014, the District Court informed Cosme of the risks of proceeding pro se and
the advantages of having counsel, including at several pretrial conferences. 30 We conclude that the

24 United States v. Kerr, 752 F.3d 206, 221 (2d Cir. 2014).
25 See Faretta v. California, 422 U.S. 806, 819 (1975).
26 Kerr, 752 F.3d at 220; United States v. Barnes, 693 F.3d 261, 271 (2d Cir. 2012). For example, we have

recognized that “when a defendant who elected to proceed pro se later demands an attorney, there is broad
consensus that, once waived, the right to counsel is no longer unqualified.” Kerr, 752 F.2d at 220.
27 Barnes, 693 F.3d at 271 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).

28 United States v. Culbertson, 670 F.3d 183, 193 (2d Cir. 2012). The district court should “strive for a

full and calm discussion with the defendant in order to satisfy itself that he has the requisite capacity to
understand and sufficient knowledge to make a rational choice.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).
29 Id.

30 At pretrial conferences, the District Court urged Cosme to accept counsel because of the

complexity of the case and explained that it had appointed Mark DeMarco as standby counsel. In addition to
these conferences, the District Court gave Cosme multiple opportunities immediately before trial to choose
whether to proceed pro se and reiterated that Cosme could have Attorney DeMarco represent him if he so
chose.

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District Court more than adequately discharged its duty to ensure that Cosme was fully informed
about his representation choices. 31

Cosme further takes issue with the District Court’s stated reasons for denying him the right
to represent himself, including that Cosme refused to participate in proceedings as a pro se litigant
and that Cosme continued to behave inappropriately. But we agree with the District Court’s
assessment of the situation. It is true that Cosme did argue several points himself. But when the
District Court asked Cosme whether he wanted to proceed pro se before the jury or have standby
counsel Attorney DeMarco proceed, Cosme repeatedly refused to answer the District Court. 32
Cosme also raised at least one objection himself to Attorney DeMarco’s representation in front of
the jury, after which the District Court cautioned him not to disrupt the proceedings or risk being
removed from the proceedings. And Cosme acknowledges on appeal that he repeatedly raised the
same legal issues before the District Court, even though those issues had already been discussed and
ruled on.

In these circumstances, we cannot conclude that the District Court abused its discretion in
appointing counsel to represent Cosme.

IV. Sentence

Cosme urges a remand for resentencing on the basis that the District Court erred by
applying a sentencing enhancement that was not in effect at the time he committed his offense,
which yielded a higher advisory sentence under the United States Sentencing Guidelines (“U.S.S.G.”
or “Guidelines”) than what would have applied under the Guidelines in effect at the time of his
offense conduct. 33

“Although district courts ordinarily apply the Guidelines version in effect at the time of
sentencing, constitutional ex post facto concerns dictate making an exception to the ordinary
practice when the version in effect at sentencing gives rise to a higher sentence than does the version
in effect at the time of the offense.” 34 Under an amendment to the Guidelines that became effective
in November 2015, a two-level enhancement was created for offenses that “resulted in substantial

31 See Culbertson, 670 F.3d at 193.
32 Instead, Cosme continually insisted that he only wanted his “retained counsel,” an attorney from
Pryor Cashman, LLP, even though the District Court explained that no attorney from Pryor Cashman was
present or representing him in the proceedings and his only options were that DeMarco represent him or that
he represent himself.
33 See U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(2)(A)(iii).

34 United States v. Guerrero, 910 F.3d 72, 75 (2d Cir. 2018) (citing Peugh v. United States, 569 U.S. 530,

549 (2013)).

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financial hardship to one or more victims[.]” 35 The District Court concluded that this two-level
enhancement applied to Cosme. As a result, the Guidelines range applicable to Cosme increased,
from 70 to 87 months of imprisonment to 87 to 108 months of imprisonment. See U.S.S.G. § 5A.

Accordingly, and with the consent of the Government, we remand for resentencing.

CONCLUSION

We have reviewed all other arguments raised by Cosme on appeal and find them to be
without merit. For the foregoing reasons, Cosme’s motion to vacate his conviction and to release his
seized assets is DENIED, Doc. 401 (17-1759-cr(L)). The following other pending motions are also
DENIED: Doc. 210 (17-1785-cr(Con)); Doc. 219 (17-1785-cr(Con)); Doc. 305 (17-1785-cr(Con));
Doc. 207 (17-1910-cr(Con)); Doc. 216 (17-1910-cr(Con)); Doc. 302 (17-1910-cr(Con)); Doc. 209
(17-2321-cr(Con)); Doc. 295 (17-2321-cr(Con)). We REMAND for resentencing but we otherwise
AFFIRM the judgment of the District Court.

FOR THE COURT:
Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk

35 U.S.S.G. Supp. to App’x C, amend. 792.

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