Grable Grimshaw Mora, PLLC and Brandon J. Grable v. Christopher J. Weber, LLC

Fourth Court of Appeals
San Antonio, Texas
MEMORANDUM OPINION

No. 04-21-00064-CV

GRABLE GRIMSHAW MORA, PLLC and Brandon J. Grable,
Appellants

v.

CHRISTOPHER J. WEBER, LLC,
Appellee

From the 225th Judicial District Court, Bexar County, Texas
Trial Court No. 2020CI16984
Honorable Angelica Jimenez, Judge Presiding

Opinion by: Patricia O. Alvarez, Justice

Sitting: Patricia O. Alvarez, Justice
Luz Elena D. Chapa, Justice
Lori I. Valenzuela, Justice

Delivered and Filed: July 21, 2021

AFFIRMED

In the underlying suit, Christopher J. Weber, LLC sued Brandon J. Grable and Grable

Grimshaw Mora, PLLC (Appellants) for a single cause of action: tortious interference with

contract. Appellants moved to dismiss under the TCPA, but the trial court denied the motion.

Because the commercial-speech exemption removes this suit from the TCPA’s protections,

we affirm the trial court’s order.
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BACKGROUND

A. Homeowner v. HOA Suit

In July 2014, Linda Ryan Nealon and Christopher J. Weber, LLC executed an Engagement

Agreement for Weber to represent Nealon in a dispute with her homeowner’s association.

According to Weber, in representing Nealon, he 1 accrued about $80,000 in attorney’s fees. In

September 2018, before Nealon’s suit was resolved and before Weber’s attorney’s fees were paid,

Brandon J. Grable, an attorney with Grable Grimshaw Mora, PLLC (the Firm), substituted for

Weber as counsel for Nealon. Grable settled Nealon’s suit against the HOA. 2

B. Weber v. Grable Suit

In September 2020, Weber sued Grable and the Firm for tortious interference with contract.

Grable and the Firm (Appellants) moved to dismiss the suit under the TCPA, but the trial court

denied the motion, and Appellants appealed.

Before we address the merits, we briefly recite the standard of review and applicable law.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

“The TCPA provides an expedited procedure for the early dismissal of groundless legal

actions that impinge on First Amendment rights.” Greer v. Abraham, 489 S.W.3d 440, 442 (Tex.

2016) (citing TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §§ 27.001–.011). The expedited procedure

allows an interlocutory appeal of an order on a motion to dismiss under section 27.003. TEX. CIV.

PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §§ 27.008(b), 51.014(a)(12); In re Lipsky, 460 S.W.3d 579, 585 n.2

(Tex. 2015).

1
Christopher J. Weber, LLC is the appellee, but for readability, we refer to the LLC as Weber and use he and his as
pronouns for the entity.
2
In January 2019, Nealon sued Weber for malpractice, but she dismissed the suit a few months later. Nealon also
filed a grievance against Weber with the State Bar of Texas, but the State Bar dismissed her complaint.

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“We review a trial court’s denial of a TCPA motion to dismiss de novo.” Segundo Navarro

Drilling, Ltd. v. San Roman Ranch Mineral Partners, Ltd., 612 S.W.3d 489, 492 (Tex. App.—San

Antonio 2020, pet. denied); accord S & S Emergency Training Sols., Inc. v. Elliott, 564 S.W.3d

843, 847 (Tex. 2018) (“Appellate review of issues regarding interpretation of the TCPA is de

novo.”). “In making this determination, the court views the pleadings and evidence in a light most

favorable to the plaintiff non-movant.” Gaskamp v. WSP USA, Inc., 596 S.W.3d 457, 470 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2020, pet. dism’d); accord Segundo Navarro Drilling, 612 S.W.3d at

492; cf. Dallas Morning News, Inc. v. Hall, 579 S.W.3d 370, 377 (Tex. 2019) (“We review de

novo the court of appeals’ determinations that the parties met or failed to meet their burdens of

proof under section 27.005.”); Hieber v. Percheron Holdings, LLC, 591 S.W.3d 208, 211 (Tex.

App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2019, pet. denied) (citing Dallas Morning News, 579 S.W.3d at 377).

APPLICABLE LAW

To prevail on its motion to dismiss under the TCPA, the defendant-movant must first prove

the TCPA applies. Hersh v. Tatum, 526 S.W.3d 462, 467–68 (Tex. 2017) (citing TEX. CIV. PRAC.

& REM. CODE ANN. § 27.005(b)) (recognizing the movant’s initial burden to prove the TCPA

applies); ExxonMobil Pipeline Co. v. Coleman, 512 S.W.3d 895, 898 (Tex. 2017) (same). If the

defendant-movant’s statement or conduct would normally fall under the TCPA, “the nonmovant

can avoid its burden of demonstrating a prima facie case entirely by showing that one of the

TCPA’s several exemptions applies, such as the commercial-speech exemption.” RigUp, Inc. v.

Sierra Hamilton, LLC, 613 S.W.3d 177, 182 (Tex. App.—Austin 2020, no pet.); accord Round

Table Physicians Grp., PLLC v. Kilgore, 607 S.W.3d 878, 884 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]

2020, pet. denied); Hieber, 591 S.W.3d at 210–11 (“Regardless of any such defenses, a nonmovant

can avoid a dismissal altogether by establishing that its legal action is exempt from the TCPA

under a specific statutory exemption.”).

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A. Commercial-Speech Exemption

Even if “the [plaintiff’s] claim is based on the defendant’s exercise of the right of free

speech, association, or to petition,” Castleman v. Internet Money Ltd., 546 S.W.3d 684, 688 (Tex.

2018) (per curiam), the TCPA exempts from its applicability

a legal action brought against a person primarily engaged in the business of selling
or leasing goods or services, if the statement or conduct arises out of the sale or
lease of goods, services, or an insurance product, insurance services, or a
commercial transaction in which the intended audience is an actual or potential
buyer or customer.

TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 27.010(b); accord Castleman, 546 S.W.3d at 686.

B. Commercial-Speech Exemption Elements

Courts have interpreted the commercial-speech exemption to include four elements:

(1) the defendant was primarily engaged in the business of selling or leasing goods,
(2) the defendant made the statement or engaged in the conduct on which the claim
is based in the defendant’s capacity as a seller or lessor of those goods or services,
(3) the statement or conduct at issue arose out of a commercial transaction involving
the kind of goods or services the defendant provides, and
(4) the intended audience of the statement or conduct were actual or potential
customers of the defendant for the kind of goods or services the defendant provides.

Castleman, 546 S.W.3d at 688; accord Grant v. Pivot Tech. Sols., Ltd., 556 S.W.3d 865, 887 (Tex.

App.—Austin 2018, pet. denied); see also Kostura v. Judge, No. 07-20-00310-CV, 2021 WL

2325336, at *4 (Tex. App.—Amarillo June 7, 2021, no pet. h.).

C. Establishing the Exemption

“The burden of establishing the commercial-speech exemption is on the nonmovant, the

party relying on the exemption.” RigUp, 613 S.W.3d at 187; accord Hieber, 591 S.W.3d at 210–

11. “[T]o determine whether a party has met its burden on the commercial-speech exemption’s

elements,” Hawkins v. Fox Corp. Hous., LLC, 606 S.W.3d 41, 46 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]

2020, no pet.), judgment vacated pursuant to settlement, opinion not withdrawn, No. 01-19-00394-

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CV, 2020 WL 2026369, at *1 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Apr. 28, 2020, no pet.) (mem. op.),

“we examine the ‘evidence,’ which in this case consists of the plaintiff[’s] pleadings,” Grant, 556

S.W.3d at 889. “We may rely on the factual allegations in a plaintiff’s petition, alone, to meet the

elements.” Hawkins, 606 S.W.3d at 46; accord Grant, 556 S.W.3d at 889.

DOES THE TCPA APPLY?

A. Parties’ Arguments

Grable and the Firm argue the trial court erred by denying their motion to dismiss under

the TCPA because they showed by a preponderance of the evidence (1) that the TCPA applies and

(2) each essential element of their affirmative defense of attorney immunity, and Weber provided

no evidence of his tortious interference with contract claim. 3

Weber concedes he provided no evidence for each essential element of his claim, but he

insists his claim lies outside the TCPA’s protections because of the commercial-speech exemption.

B. Evaluating the Evidence

In this case, the evidence consists of Weber’s pleadings, and we may rely on Weber’s

pleadings alone to determine whether the commercial-speech exemption applies. See Hawkins,

606 S.W.3d at 46; Grant, 556 S.W.3d at 889.

C. Primarily Engaged in Business of Selling Legal Services

Assuming arguendo that the TCPA applies to Weber’s tortious interference with contract

claim, cf. McDonald Oilfield Operations, LLC v. 3B Inspection, LLC, 582 S.W.3d 732, 746–47

3
At oral argument, Appellants asserted for the first time that Weber waived his commercial-speech exemption
argument because he did not expressly argue it to the trial court. In the hearing on Appellants’ motion to dismiss,
Weber challenged the TCPA’s applicability generally, and on appeal, he argued the exemption. Further, Appellants
addressed the merits of Weber’s exemption argument in their reply brief, but they said nothing about waiver. Like
our sister courts, “[w]e will not consider a wholly new challenge that [Appellants] raised during oral argument when
that argument was not raised anywhere in their appellate briefing.” See Poland v. Willerson, No. 01-07-00198-CV,
2008 WL 660334, at *5 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Mar. 13, 2008, pet. denied) (mem. op.) (“Oral argument
should emphasize and clarify the written arguments in the briefs.” (quoting TEX. R. APP. P. 39.2)).

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(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2019, no pet.) (concluding that statements relating to a tortious

interference with contract claim were within the scope of the TCPA’s protections); Serafine v.

Blunt, 466 S.W.3d 352, 360 (Tex. App.—Austin 2015, no pet.) (same), the first commercial-

speech exemption element Weber must prove is that Grable and the Firm are “primarily engaged

in the business of selling or leasing goods or services.” See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN.

§ 27.010(a)(2); Castleman, 546 S.W.3d at 688; Kostura, 2021 WL 2325336, at *4. Weber’s

pleadings show that Grable is an attorney that sells legal services, and the Firm is a law firm that

sells legal services. Weber’s pleadings establish the first element. See Kostura, 2021 WL

2325336, at *4 (citing Winstead PC v. USA Lending Grp., Inc., No. 12-20-00172-CV, 2021 WL

1047208, at *4 (Tex. App.—Tyler Mar. 18, 2021, no pet. h.) (mem. op.)).

D. Engaged in Conduct as Seller of Legal Services

The second element Weber must prove is that Grable and the Firm “engaged in the conduct

on which [Weber’s] claim is based in [their capacities] as a seller or lessor of those goods or

services.” See Castleman, 546 S.W.3d at 688; Kostura, 2021 WL 2325336, at *4. Weber’s

pleadings show that Grable was a lawyer engaged in selling legal services, and the Firm was a

company also engaged in selling legal services. Weber’s pleadings establish the second element.

See Kostura, 2021 WL 2325336, at *4 (citing Winstead PC, 2021 WL 1047208, at *4).

E. Engaged in Conduct on Which Claim is Based

To satisfy the third element, Weber’s pleadings must show “the statement or conduct at

issue [arose] out of a commercial transaction involving the kind of goods or services [Grable and

the Firm] provide[].” See Castleman, 546 S.W.3d at 689; cf. Kostura, 2021 WL 2325336, at *6.

Weber’s original petition alleges Grable committed tortious interference with Weber’s contract

with Nealon, and the Firm is liable under respondeat superior. Grable acknowledges he substituted

for Weber in representing Nealon and that he works for the Firm. Grable’s and the Firm’s alleged

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wrongful conduct arose from Grable and the Firm providing legal services to Nealon—which is

inarguably a commercial transaction involving legal services which Grable and the Firm provide.

Cf. Kostura, 2021 WL 2325336, at *6. Weber’s pleadings establish the third element.

F. Conduct Arose from Contract for Legal Services

For the fourth element, Weber’s pleadings must show “the intended audience of the

statement or conduct were actual or potential customers of the defendant for the kind of goods or

services the defendant provides.” See Castleman, 546 S.W.3d at 688; Hawkins, 606 S.W.3d at 48.

In this case, Nealon was the intended audience for Grable’s and the Firm’s conduct.

Appellants acknowledge that Nealon was a potential client who became an actual client for the

legal services Grable and the Firm provide. Cf. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 27.010(b);

Kostura, 2021 WL 2325336, at *7. Weber’s pleadings establish the fourth element.

G. Commercial-Speech Exemption Applies

Weber’s pleadings satisfy each essential element of the commercial-speech exemption.

Thus, the commercial-speech exemption was met, the TCPA does not apply, and the trial court did

not err in denying Grable’s and the Firm’s motion to dismiss under the TCPA.

CONCLUSION

Assuming arguendo that Appellants met their burden to show the TCPA applied to their

alleged conduct in Weber’s tortious interference with contract claim, we nevertheless conclude

that Weber’s pleadings established each essential element of the commercial-speech exemption,

and the exemption removed Weber’s claim from the TCPA’s protections. Thus, the trial court did

not err in denying Appellants’ motion to dismiss under the TCPA.

We affirm the trial court’s order.

Patricia O. Alvarez, Justice

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