07/27/2021
DA 20-0258
Case Number: DA 20-0258
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA
2021 MT 189N
STATE OF MONTANA,
Plaintiff and Appellee,
FILD
v.
JUL 27 2021
ROBERT EDWARD RUX, Bowe n Greenwood
Clerk of Suprerne Court
State of Montana
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL FROM: District Court ofthe Eighteenth Judicial District,
In and For the County of Gallatin, Cause No. DC-19-79C
Honorable John C. Brown, Presiding Judge
COUNSEL OF RECORD:
For Appellant:
Russ Hart, Netzer Law Office, PC, Billings, Montana
For Appellee:
Austin Knudsen, Montana Attorney General, Roy Brown, Assistant
Attorney General, Helena, Montana
Marty Lambert, Gallatin County Attorney, Jaydan Johnson, Deputy County
Attorney, Bozeman, Montana
Submitted on Briefs: May 19, 2021
Decided: July 27,2021
Filed:
Chief Justice Mike McGrath delivered the Opinion of the Court.
Pursuant to Section I, Paragraph 3(c), Montana Supreme Court Internal Operating
Rules, this case is decided by memorandum opinion and shall not be cited and does not
serve as precedent. Its case title, cause nurnber, and disposition shall be included in this
Court's quarterly list of noncitable cases published in the Pacific Reporter and Montana
Reports.
¶2 Robert Edward Rux appeals from a January 11, 2020 Eighteenth Judicial District
Court order denying his motions to suppress and dismiss. We affirm.
¶3 On April 26, 2018, Montana Highway Patrol Trooper Erick Fetterhoff(Fetterhoff)
observed a passenger vehicle approach him from behind and pass his patrol vehicle.
Fetterhoff noticed that the vehicle did not have a license plate affixed to the front of the
vehicle and he initiated a traffic stop. Fetterhoff contacted Robert Edward Rux (Rux)
through the passenger side window and informed him ofthe missing front plate. The traffic
stop eventually led to a citation for driving under the influence after Fetterhoff spotted a
visible open container in the vehicle and noted Rux's slurred speech. Rux moved to
suppress and dismiss, arguing that Fetterhoff did not have particularized suspicion that Rux
was violating the relevant traffic statute, which allows drivers to apply for a waiver of the
front license plate requirement in certain circumstances.
¶4 In considering a ruling on a motion to suppress, we determine whether the district
court's findings offact are clearly erroneous and whether its application and interpretation
of law were correct. State v. Morrisey, 2009 MT 201, ¶ 14, 351 Mont. 144, 214 P.3d 708.
2
Determinations of particularized suspicion are factual questions reviewed for clear error.
City ofHelena v. Brown,2017 MT 248,¶ 7, 389 Mont.63,403 P.3d 341. Clear error exists
where a factual determination is not supported by substantial evidence, the lower court
misapprehended the effect of the evidence, or this Court's review of the record creates a
definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made. Brown, ¶ 7. Cases originating
in a justice court and appealed to a district court are reviewed by this Court as if they had
been appealed directly to this Court, which conducts an independent review of the record.
State v. Kebble, 2015 MT 195, ¶ 14, 380 Mont. 69, 353 P.3d 1175.
¶5 Unreasonable searches and seizures are prohibited by the Fourth Ainendinent ofthe
United State Constitution and Article II, Section 11, of the Montana Constitution. An
officer inay temporarily detain a person ifthe officer has a particularized suspicion that the
person has committed, is committing, or is about to commit an offense. Section
46-5-401(1), MCA. Particularized suspicion consists of objective data from which an
experienced officer is able to make inferences and reach a resulting suspicion that the
individual is or has been engaged in wrongdoing. State v. Wilson, 2018 MT 268,¶ 28, 393
Mont. 238, 430 P.3d 77. A statutory violation alone is sufficient to establish the
particularized suspicion needed to justify a traffic stop. State v. Zimmerman,2018 MT 94,
¶ 15, 391 Mont. 210,417 P.3d 289. However,an officer need not be certain that a violation
has occurred and instead may rely on the "totality ofthe circumstances," dealing not "with
hard certainties but with probabilities." See City of Missoula v. Sharp, 2015 MT 289,
In 8-10, 381 Mont. 225, 358 P.3d 204 (internal quotations oinitted) (finding officer's
3
observation of vehicle's rapid acceleration sufficient for particularized suspicion of
speeding, even though officer did not have radar confirmation).
¶6 Section 61-3-301(1)(b)(i), MCA, provides that "all motor vehicles must have one
license plate displayed on the front and one license plate displayed on the rear ofthe motor
vehicle." However, § 61-3-301(1)(b)(iv), MCA,allows drivers to apply for a waiver ofthe
front license plate requirement for vehicles for which the body construction does not allow
a front license plate to be affixed. Rux argues that Fetterhoff could have no reasonable
suspicion of a violation of § 61-3-301(1)(b), MCA, without first determining whether
Rux's vehicle was of a body construction that did not allow a front license plate to be
affixed.
¶7 However, Fetterhoff was not required to be certain that Rux was violating the law
to justify the traffic stop; he was only required to have a particularized suspicion. "An
officer in the field need not consider every possible innocent explanation or legal exception
before concluding that particularized suspicion exists." State v. Flynn, 2011 MT 48, ¶ 11,
359 Mont. 376,251 P.3d 143. Fetterhoff observed Rux driving a passenger vehicle without
a front license plate; this was sufficient to form a particularized suspicion of a statutory
violation. Fetterhoff was not required to conduct an analysis of the body construction of
the vehicle as it passed him in order to have a reasonable suspicion that Rux was violating
the license plate requirements of § 61-3-301(1)(b), MCA. The District Court's decision
denying Rux's suppression motion was supported by substantial evidence and is not
erroneous.
4
¶8 We have deterrnined to decide this case pursuant to Section I, Paragraph 3(c) of our
Internal Operating Rules, which provides for memorandum opinions. In the opinion ofthe
Court, the case presents a question controlled by settled law or by the clear application of
applicable standards of review.
¶9 Affirmed.
Chief Justice
We Concur:
eSli in .414...
Justices
5