FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST'S HAWAI#I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER
Electronically Filed
Intermediate Court of Appeals
CAAP-XX-XXXXXXX
28-JUL-2021
07:57 AM
Dkt. 39 OP
IN THE INTERMEDIATE COURT OF APPEALS
OF THE STATE OF HAWAI#I
---o0o---
STATE OF HAWAI#I, Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
YOONJUNG PARK, aka Suji, Defendant-Appellee,
and
MEI YING ZHANG, aka Lulu, and TOK SIM KWON, aka Mama Tina,
Defendants
NO. CAAP-XX-XXXXXXX
APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE FIRST CIRCUIT
(CRIMINAL NO. 1CPC-XX-XXXXXXX)
JULY 28, 2021
LEONARD, PRESIDING JUDGE, HIRAOKA AND WADSWORTH, JJ.
OPINION OF THE COURT BY HIRAOKA, J.
Defendant-Appellee Yoonjung Park was indicted by a
grand jury for violation of the Organized Crime law, Hawaii
Revised Statutes (HRS) Chapter 842.1 Park moved to dismiss the
1
The Organized Crime law is Hawaii's version of the federal
Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) statute, 18 U.S.C.
§§ 1961-1968.
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indictment. The Circuit Court of the First Circuit2 granted
Park's motion. The circuit court concluded that Plaintiff-
Appellant State of Hawai#i "failed to produce evidence of an
enterprise[,]" citing State v. Ontai, 84 Hawai#i 56, 929 P.2d 69
(1996). The State appealed. We distinguish Ontai, which
involved an alleged associated-in-fact enterprise; we hold that a
limited liability company qualifies as a legal-entity
"enterprise" as defined by HRS § 842-1. We also hold, however,
that the State failed to present evidence that Park "conduct[ed]
or participate[d] in the conduct of the affairs of the
enterprise" within the meaning of HRS § 842-2. Accordingly, we
affirm the circuit court's dismissal of the indictment as to
Park, but for a different reason than that given by the circuit
court.
PROCEDURAL HISTORY
On October 30, 2018, the O#ahu grand jury heard
testimony from three witnesses. The first witness (Jason)
testified pursuant to a plea agreement. He described going to a
place called "Roses" — located in a building on Young Street —
three times in 2018. His first time was in February. He was
taken to a room by a woman called a "mama-san." He paid the
mama-san a $50 house fee. The mama-san brought a woman to the
room. The woman showered with Jason. Jason paid the woman $150.
Jason and the woman then had sexual intercourse.
2
The Honorable Catherine H. Remigio presided.
2
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Jason went back to Roses in March. He paid the mama-
san the $50 house fee and was taken to a room. The mama-san
brought a woman to the room. The mama-san said the woman's name
was "Suji." Jason and Suji showered. Jason paid Suji $150.
They then had sexual intercourse.
Jason next went to Roses in June. He called Roses and
made an appointment to see Suji. He drove to Roses. He paid the
mama-san the $50 house fee. He was taken to a room. Suji came
to the room. They had sexual intercourse. Jason then paid Suji
$150. Jason was later shown a photographic lineup and identified
Park as the woman he knew as Suji.
The next witness was a woman named Okku, who also
testified pursuant to a plea agreement. Okku started working at
Roses in January 2018. Roses was owned by Mama Sami. There was
also a Mama Tina, who worked at night. The mama-sans did the
cleaning and cooking, answered the phones, collected the house
fees, and sent customers to the women's rooms. Okku worked at
Roses with three other women, one of whom was known as Suji.
They all engaged in sex for money. Suji lived at Roses, worked 7
days a week, and had regular customers. Another woman was called
"Lulu." Lulu worked at Roses every day and had five customers
per day.
The third witness was an investigator from the Honolulu
Prosecutor's Office. The investigator testified that Roses'
legal name was "Belabration and Roses Spa LLC." It was a Hawai#i
limited liability company in 2017 and 2018. The investigator
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participated in executing a search warrant at Roses. He found
Park there. In Park's room he "found condoms, U.S. currency,
three cell phones, and vaginal insert lubes." The investigator
showed a photographic lineup to Jason, who identified Park as the
person he knew as Suji. The investigator showed a photographic
lineup to Okku, who identified Park as the person she knew as
Suji. The investigator also testified about a website that
advertised prostitution. Roses had several ads on this website
featuring Suji/Park.
The grand jury indicted Park and two others for
Unlawful Ownership or Operation of Business in violation of HRS
§ 842-2(3) (Count 1).3 Park was charged with conducting or
participating in conducting the affairs of Belabration and Roses
Spa LLC through Prostitution in violation of HRS § 712-12004
and/or Promoting Prostitution in violation of HRS § 712-1203.5
On January 22, 2019, Park moved to dismiss Count 1 of
the indictment. The motion was heard on June 8, 2020. The
3
One of the other defendants was also charged with Promoting
Prostitution (Count 2), but Park was only charged in Count 1.
4
HRS § 712-1200 (Supp. 2017) provides, in relevant part:
§ 712-1200 Prostitution. (1) A person commits the offense
of prostitution if the person:
(a) Engages in, or agrees or offers to engage in,
sexual conduct with another person in return for
a fee; or
(b) Pays, agrees to pay, or offers to pay a fee to
another to engage in sexual conduct.
5
HRS § 712-1203 (Supp. 2017) provides, in relevant part:
§ 712-1203 Promoting prostitution. (1) A person commits
the offense of promoting prostitution if the person knowingly
advances or profits from prostitution.
4
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circuit court's "Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law and Order
Granting Motion to Dismiss Count 1 of the Indictment" was entered
on August 10, 2020. This appeal followed.
POINTS OF ERROR
The State challenges finding of fact no. 9, which is
actually a mixed finding of fact and conclusion of law. It
states:
9. In short, the evidence against Yoonjung Park
amounted to three acts of prostitution with [Jason]. There
was absolutely no evidence presented that Yoonjung Park
"conduct[ed] or participate[d] in the conduct of the affairs
of the enterprise through racketeering activity." Yoonjung
Park was not the owner of Roses. She did not clean Roses or
cook for the employees of Roses. She did not answer the
telephone for Roses. Nor did she collect the "house fees"
or bring customers to the "girl's" room [sic].
(Citations to grand jury transcript omitted.)
The State also challenges conclusions of law nos. 16
and 17 and the circuit court's order. They state:
16. However, and most importantly, other than a
valid Hawaii [Department of Commerce and Consumer Affairs
(DCCA)] business registration as a limited liability
company, there was absolutely no evidence of an
"ascertainable structure distinct from the racketeering
activity." Clearly, the evidence presented to the grand
jury suggested the sole purpose of the alleged association
was a house of prostitution. All evidence provided to the
grand jury indicated that individuals that frequented Roses
received sexual favors for a fee. The court noted in Ontai:
An ascertainable structure distinct from the
racketeering activity is shown by applying a simple
test developed by the Eighth Circuit: Set aside
evidence of the predicate acts of racketeering; if
there is still evidence of other legal or illegal acts
that show an ongoing organization, there is a distinct
structure. [United States v. ]Lemm, 680 F.2d [1193,]
1201 [(8th Cir. 1982)].
17. The purpose of [Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt
Organizations (RICO)] is to eradicate organized crime,
rather than to subject ordinary criminals, such as sex
workers, to the statute's heightened punishment. Ontai, 84
5
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Hawai#i at 63. Accordingly, if you eliminate the
"racketeering activity" i.e. the prostitution, there would
be no ascertainable structure left. Therefore:
If no evidence is produced as to a material element of
the offense, a person of ordinary caution and prudence
could not have a "strong suspicion" that the defendant
is guilty of the crime. Furthermore, because the
enterprise element is the crucial element that
distinguishes H.R.S. § 842-2 from the other offenses
it is especially important that at least some evidence
of an enterprise, as defined in this opinion, be
presented to the grand jury.
State v. Ontai, 84 Hawai#i at 64, 929 P.2d at 77 (1996).
ORDER
The court concludes that the prosecution failed to
produce evidence of an enterprise.
Accordingly, Count 1 of the indictment is dismissed.
(Emphasis added) (footnote omitted).
STANDARDS OF REVIEW
Sufficiency of Evidence to Support Indictment
We review the circuit court's determination of
sufficiency of the evidence to support an indictment de novo
using the right/wrong standard. State v. Taylor, 126 Hawai#i
205, 215, 269 P.3d 740, 750 (2011) (citing Ontai, 84 Hawai#i at
64, 929 P.2d at 77).
A grand jury indictment:
must be based on probable cause. Probable cause is
established by a state of facts as would lead a person of
ordinary caution or prudence to believe and conscientiously
entertain a strong suspicion of the guilt of the accused.
The evidence to support an indictment need not be sufficient
to support a conviction. In reviewing the sufficiency of
the evidence to establish probable cause before the grand
jury, every legitimate inference that may be drawn from the
evidence must be drawn in favor of the indictment and
neither the trial court nor the appellate court on review
may substitute its judgment as to the weight of the evidence
for that of the Grand Jury.
Ontai, 84 Hawai#i at 63, 929 P.2d at 76 (cleaned up).
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Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law
Findings of fact are reviewed under the clearly
erroneous standard. Estate of Klink ex rel. Klink v. State, 113
Hawai#i 332, 351, 152 P.3d 504, 523 (2007) (citing cases). A
finding of fact is clearly erroneous when the record lacks
substantial evidence to support the finding or, despite
substantial evidence in support of the finding, we are
nonetheless left with a definite and firm conviction that a
mistake has been made. Id. Substantial evidence is credible
evidence which is of sufficient quality and probative value to
enable a person of reasonable caution to support a conclusion.
Id.
A conclusion of law is reviewed de novo, under the
right/wrong standard. Klink, 113 Hawai#i at 351, 152 P.3d at
523. A conclusion of law that is supported by the trial court's
findings of fact and that reflects an application of the correct
rule of law will not be overturned. Id. However, a conclusion
of law that presents mixed questions of fact and law is reviewed
under the "clearly erroneous" standard because the conclusion is
dependent upon the facts and circumstances of the case. Id.
Statutory Interpretation
Statutory interpretation is a question of law
reviewable de novo. Yoshimura v. Kaneshiro, 149 Hawai#i 21, 33,
481 P.3d 28, 40 (2021).
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DISCUSSION
HRS § 842-2 (2014) provides, in relevant part:
§ 842–2 Ownership or operation of business by certain
persons prohibited. It shall be unlawful:
. . . .
(3) For any person employed by or associated with
any enterprise to conduct or participate in the
conduct of the affairs of the enterprise through
racketeering activity or collection of an
unlawful debt.
To indict a defendant for violating HRS § 842-2(3), a grand jury
must find probable cause to believe and conscientiously entertain
a strong suspicion of the existence of the following elements:
(1) an "enterprise"; (2) the defendant was "employed by" or
"associated with" the enterprise; (3) the defendant "conduct[ed]
or participate[d] in the conduct of the affairs of the
enterprise"; (4) through "racketeering activity" or collection of
an "unlawful debt"; and (5) the defendant did so "intentionally,
knowingly or recklessly." See State v. Bates, 84 Hawai#i 211,
220, 933 P.2d 48, 57 (1997) (listing elements of the offense).
With this background, we discuss the State's points of error in
reverse order.
1. The circuit court's ultimate conclusion
that "the prosecution failed to produce
evidence of an enterprise" was wrong.
HRS § 842-1 (2014) provides, in relevant part:
"Enterprise" includes any sole proprietorship,
partnership, corporation, association, and any union or
group of individuals associated for a particular purpose
although not a legal entity.
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The circuit court's conclusion of law no. 16 stated:
"other than a valid Hawaii DCCA business registration as a
limited liability company, there was absolutely no evidence of an
'ascertainable structure distinct from the racketeering
activity.'" Then, citing Ontai, the circuit court ultimately
concluded "that the prosecution failed to produce evidence of an
enterprise." These conclusions were wrong; a limited liability
company is an "enterprise" within the meaning of HRS § 842-1.
Ontai is distinguishable on its facts. That case
involved an alleged associated-in-fact enterprise (a crap game in
a house in Waipahu) consisting of Ontai and Nagata; it did not
involve a partnership, corporation, association, or other legal
entity. It was in that context that the supreme court stated:
In light of federal case law, we hold the following
regarding the enterprise element of HRS § 842–2(3). We
adopt the requirement in [United States v. ]Turkette[, 452
U.S. 576 (1981)] that an enterprise must be an ongoing
organization with continuity of personnel. We further adopt
the majority view on the question of structure; an
enterprise must have a structure above and beyond the
racketeering activity in which it engages.
The Eighth Circuit has developed a coherent and
comprehensive definition which includes all the
characteristics that we deem relevant to an "enterprise"
under HRS § 842–2(3). Therefore, we adopt this definition.
According to the Eighth Circuit, there are three
characteristics of a RICO enterprise:
First, there must be a common or shared purpose that
animates the individuals associated with it. Second,
it must be an "ongoing organization" whose members
"function as a continuing unit," Turkette, 452 U.S. at
583, 101 S.Ct. at 2528; in other words, there must be
some continuity of structure and of personnel. Third,
there must be an ascertainable structure distinct from
that inherent in the conduct of . . . racketeering
activity.
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Ontai, 84 Hawai#i at 62, 929 P.2d at 75 (quoting United States v.
Kragness, 830 F.2d 842, 855 (8th Cir. 1987) (citing United States
v. Bledsoe, 674 F.2d 647, 664–65 (8th Cir. 1982), abrogated on
other grounds by United States v. Lane, 474 U.S. 438, 440 n.1,
444-49 (1986))).
Kragness, the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals case
quoted in Ontai for the three-part definition of "enterprise,"6
involved five defendants who were a "group of individuals
associated in fact although not a legal entity." Kragness, 830
F.2d at 854. The cases cited by Kragness also involved
individual defendants allegedly associated in fact to commit
crimes. Id. at 854-55 (first citing Turkette, 452 U.S. at 578
(indictment described enterprise as "a group of individuals
associated in fact for the purpose of illegally trafficking in
narcotics" and committing other crimes); then citing United
States v. Lemm, 680 F.2d 1193, 1198 (8th Cir. 1982) (framing
issue on appeal as "whether the government proved an 'association
in fact' of various individuals[.]"); and then citing Bledsoe,
674 F.2d at 651 (indictment described enterprise as "a group of
individuals associated in fact to fraudulently sell
securities[.])); see also State v. Martin, 103 Hawai#i 68, 75-76,
79 P.3d 686, 693-94 (App. 2003) (alleging associated-in-fact
enterprise for purposes of extortion).
6
18 U.S.C. § 1961(4), part of the federal RICO statute, defines
"enterprise" to include "any individual, partnership, corporation,
association, or other legal entity, and any union or group of individuals
associated in fact although not a legal entity." See Turkette, 452 U.S. at
580.
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By contrast, the indictment in this case alleged that
the "enterprise" was Belabration and Roses Spa LLC. The supreme
court in Ontai acknowledged that "[t]he extensive federal case
law defining 'enterprise' is based on dicta found in [Turkette.]"
Ontai, 84 Hawai#i at 61, 929 P.2d at 74. In Turkette, the United
States Supreme Court stated:
[18 U.S.C.] Section 1961(4) describes two categories
of associations that come within the purview of the
"enterprise" definition. The first encompasses
organizations such as corporations and partnerships, and
other "legal entities." The second covers "any union or
group of individuals associated in fact although not a legal
entity." . . . Each category describes a separate type of
enterprise to be covered by the statute — those that are
recognized as legal entities and those that are not.
452 U.S. at 581-82 (emphasis added); see also Lemm, 680 F.2d at
1198 ("[R]equisite characteristics of an enterprise may, of
course, be found in both a legal entity and an associational
enterprise, as defined by RICO."); Bledsoe, 674 F.2d at 660 ("[A]
co-op, as a legal entity, could clearly qualify as an enterprise
under RICO[.]").
In Ontai, the Hawai#i Supreme Court recognized the
distinction between the two types of enterprises when it
explained, "The portion of the statutory definition relevant to
this case is: '[A]ny . . . group of individuals associated for a
particular purpose although not a legal entity.'" 84 Hawai#i at
60, 929 P.2d at 73 (underscoring added). In this case the
circuit court found that Roses had "a valid Hawaii DCCA business
registration as a limited liability company[.]" Under HRS § 428-
201 (2004), "[a] limited liability company is a legal entity[.]"
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Thus, the portion of the statutory definition of "enterprise"
relevant to this case is not the one discussed in Ontai. Under
the reasoning of Turkette, the State did present evidence to the
grand jury that Roses — a legal entity — was an "enterprise"
within the meaning of HRS § 842-1. The circuit court's
conclusions to the contrary were error.
The circuit court's conclusion of law no. 17 stated:
"if you eliminate the 'racketeering activity' i.e. the
prostitution, there would be no ascertainable structure left."
That conclusion was wrong. The circuit court correctly concluded
that prostitution was "racketeering activity." See HRS § 842-1
("'Racketeering activity' means any act . . . involving but not
limited to . . . prostitution[.]"). However, the "ascertainable
structure" in this case was the limited liability company, Roses.
A legal entity constitutes a RICO "enterprise" even when the
entity's sole purpose is unlawful activity. Turkette, 452 U.S.
at 580-81 ("[T]he definition [of enterprise in 18 U.S.C.
§ 1961(4)] appears to include both legitimate and illegitimate
enterprises within its scope; it no more excludes criminal
enterprises than it does legitimate ones."); United States v.
Rogers, 89 F.3d 1326, 1337 (7th Cir. 1996) ("We know from
Turkette that 'enterprise' includes illegal organizations, or
illegal associations-in-fact, that have an exclusively criminal
purpose."); Webster v. Omnitrition Int'l., Inc., 79 F.3d 776, 787
(9th Cir. 1996) ("Wholly unlawful enterprises fall within RICO's
provisions."), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 865 (1996); United States
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v. Tille, 729 F.2d 615, 620 (9th Cir. 1984) ("RICO applies to
wholly unlawful enterprises."), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 848
(1984); cf. Boyle v. United States, 556 U.S. 938, 948 (2009)
("[An associated-in-fact] group that does nothing but engage in
extortion through old-fashioned, unsophisticated, and brutal
means may fall squarely within the [RICO] statute's reach.");
Kragness, 830 F.2d at 855 ("The [associated-in-fact] enterprise
is an entity separate and apart from the pattern of racketeering
activity in which it engages, although the proof of these
separate elements may in particular cases coalesce.") (cleaned
up) (underscoring added).
Ontai does not require a different result. Again,
Ontai involved two people (Ontai and Nagata) who had allegedly
formed an associated-in-fact enterprise to conduct a crap game,
which is a racketeering activity (gambling) under HRS § 842-1.
It was under those facts that the supreme court stated:
In the present case, no evidence was produced as to the
continuity of the alleged enterprise. There was no evidence
that the crap game of June 15, 1991 was operating on a
continuing basis rather than on an ad hoc basis. There was
no evidence that the personnel involved, Ontai and Nagata,
were part of a continuing staff rather than independent
actors.
An ascertainable structure distinct from the
racketeering activity is shown by applying a simple test
developed by the Eighth Circuit: Set aside evidence of the
predicate acts of racketeering; if there is still evidence
of other legal or illegal acts that show an ongoing
organization, there is a distinct structure. Lemm, 680 F.2d
at 1201. In the present case, if we set aside the evidence
of the crap game on June 15, 1991, no evidence is left.
Therefore, there was no evidence of a structure distinct
from the predicate act of promoting gambling.
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Ontai, 84 Hawai#i at 64, 929 P.2d at 77 (emphasis added). Ontai
is inapposite. In this case, even if evidence of Park's
prostitution is set aside, there is still evidence that four
other persons (Okku, Lulu, Mama Sami, and Mama Tina) were
allegedly "employed by or associated with" the enterprise on an
ongoing basis for purposes of prostitution; the mama-sans on
three occasions collected a $50 house fee from Jason in
furtherance of the business of Roses; and the mama-sans also did
the cleaning and cooking, answered the phones, and sent the
enterprise's customers to the women's rooms at Roses. The
evidence established probable cause that the mama-sans directed
the affairs of Roses within the meaning of HRS § 842-2.
For these reasons, we hold that the evidence presented
to the grand jury was sufficient to establish probable cause that
Belabration and Roses Spa LLC, a Hawai#i limited liability
company, was an "enterprise" as defined by HRS § 842-1.
Conclusions of Law nos. 16 and 17, and the circuit court's
ultimate conclusion that "the prosecution failed to produce
evidence of an enterprise[,]" were wrong.
2. Finding of fact no. 9 was supported by
substantial evidence and correctly
applied the law to those facts.
The circuit court's finding no. 9 (which is actually a
combined finding of fact and conclusion of law) states:
9. In short, the evidence against Yoonjung Park
amounted to three acts of prostitution with [Jason]. There
was absolutely no evidence presented that Yoonjung Park
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"conduct[ed] or participate[d] in the conduct of the affairs
of the enterprise through racketeering activity." Yoonjung
Park was not the owner of Roses. She did not clean Roses or
cook for the employees of Roses. She did not answer the
telephone for Roses. Nor did she collect the "house fees"
or bring customers to the "girl's" room [sic].
(Citations to grand jury transcript omitted.) The circuit court
was right. The evidence that Park committed three acts of
prostitution at Roses (with Jason) was not sufficient to
establish that Park "conduct[ed] or participate[d] in the conduct
of the affairs of the enterprise" within the meaning of HRS
§ 842-2.
Our analysis begins with Bates. The defendant in that
case argued that the term "associated with any enterprise" in HRS
§ 842-2(3) was unconstitutionally vague. Bates, 84 Hawai#i at
219, 933 P.2d at 56. The Hawai#i Supreme Court disagreed,
noting:
Other courts, although not in the context of a
constitutional "void for vagueness" challenge to the RICO
statute, have liberally defined the terms "associated with"
to include any relationship of the defendant with the
business of the enterprise. See Reves v. Ernst & Young, 507
U.S. 170, 185, 113 S.Ct. 1163, 1173, 122 L.Ed.2d 525 (1993)
("'[O]utsiders' may be liable under § 1962(c) if they are
'associated with' an enterprise and participate in the
conduct of its affairs — that is, participate in the
operation or management of the enterprise itself[.]").
Id. at 223, 933 P.2d at 60 (emphasis added). In Reves, the issue
before the United States Supreme Court was the meaning of the
phrase "to conduct or participate . . . in the conduct of such
enterprise's affairs" as used in 18 U.S.C. § 1962(c). 507 U.S.
at 177. The Supreme Court held:
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As a verb, "conduct" means to lead, run, manage, or direct.
Webster's Third New International Dictionary 474 (1976).
Petitioners urge us to read "conduct" as "carry on," . . .
so that almost any involvement in the affairs of an
enterprise would satisfy the "conduct or participate"
requirement. But context is important, and in the context
of the phrase "to conduct . . . [an] enterprise's affairs,"
the word indicates some degree of direction.
. . . [U]nless one reads "conduct" to include an
element of direction when used as a noun in this phrase, the
word becomes superfluous. Congress could easily have
written "participate, directly or indirectly, in [an]
enterprise's affairs," but it chose to repeat the word
"conduct." We conclude, therefore, that as both a noun and
a verb in this subsection "conduct" requires an element of
direction.
The more difficult question is what to make of the
word "participate." . . . We may mark the limits of what the
term might mean by looking again at what Congress did not
say. On the one hand, "to participate . . . in the conduct
of . . . affairs" must be broader than "to conduct affairs"
or the "participate" phrase would be superfluous. On the
other hand, as we already have noted, "to participate . . .
in the conduct of . . . affairs" must be narrower than "to
participate in affairs" or Congress' repetition of the word
"conduct" would serve no purpose. It seems that Congress
chose a middle ground, consistent with a common
understanding of the word "participate" — "to take part in."
Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1646 (1976).
Once we understand the word "conduct" to require some
degree of direction and the word "participate" to require
some part in that direction, the meaning of § 1962(c) comes
into focus. In order to "participate, directly or
indirectly, in the conduct of such enterprise's affairs,"
one must have some part in directing those affairs. Of
course, the word "participate" makes clear that RICO
liability is not limited to those with primary
responsibility for the enterprise's affairs, just as the
phrase "directly or indirectly" makes clear that RICO
liability is not limited to those with a formal position in
the enterprise, but some part in directing the enterprise's
affairs is required.
Id. at 177-79 (bold italics added) (footnotes omitted).
By contrast, courts in states that have not adopted the
participate "in the conduct" language of the federal RICO statute
do not require that the defendant play any part in "directing the
affairs" of the enterprise. See, e.g., Keesling v. Beegle, 880
N.E.2d 1202, 1206, 1208 (Ind. 2008) (concluding Indiana RICO
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statute, which imposed liability "both on persons who conduct the
activities of a racketeering enterprise and on those who
otherwise participate in the activities of a racketeering
enterprise[,]" was intended "to reach a racketeering enterprise's
'foot soldiers' as well as its 'generals,'" such that "the level
of participation necessary to implicate the Indiana Act need not
rise to the level of direction[.]"); Michigan v. Martin, 721
N.W.2d 815, 843-44 (Mich.Ct.App. 2006) (holding under Michigan's
RICO statute, which makes it unlawful to "'knowingly conduct or
participate in the affairs of the enterprise[,]' . . .
prosecution was not required to demonstrate that defendant held a
position of authority within the enterprise, but only that he
conducted or participated in its affairs through a pattern of
racketeering activity."); Ohio v. Siferd, 783 N.E.2d 591, 603
(Ohio Ct.App. 2002) (holding under Ohio RICO statute, which used
language "participate in, directly or indirectly, the affairs of
a criminal enterprise" and did not repeat the word "conduct,"
"participatory conduct or activities may be found in acts that
. . . do not exert control or direction over the affairs of the
enterprise.").
Like the federal RICO statute, HRS § 842-2 makes it
unlawful for a person to "conduct or participate in the conduct
of the affairs of the enterprise through racketeering
activity[.]" (Underscoring added.) Accordingly, we adopt the
reasoning of the United States Supreme Court in Reves. We hold
that to show a defendant participated "in the conduct of the
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FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST'S HAWAI#I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER
affairs of the enterprise[,]" the State must show that the
defendant had some part in directing those affairs.
In this case, there was no evidence presented to the
grand jury that Park played any part in directing the affairs of
Roses within the meaning of HRS § 842-2. The circuit court's
conclusion that the evidence before the grand jury did not show
that Park "conduct[ed] or participate[ed] in the conduct of the
affairs of" Roses was correct. For that reason, we hold that the
circuit court correctly dismissed the indictment as to Park.
CONCLUSION
Based upon the foregoing, the circuit court's "Findings
of Fact, Conclusions of Law and Order Granting Motion to Dismiss
Count 1 of the Indictment[,]" as to Park is affirmed.
On the briefs:
/s/ Katherine G. Leonard
Brian R. Vincent, Presiding Judge
Deputy Prosecuting Attorney,
City and County of Honolulu, /s/ Keith K. Hiraoka
for Plaintiff-Appellant Associate Judge
State of Hawai#i.
/s/ Clyde J. Wadsworth
William A. Harrison, Associate Judge
for Defendant-Appellee
Yoonjung Park.
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