RENDERED: JULY 23, 2021; 10:00 A.M.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
Commonwealth of Kentucky
Court of Appeals
NO. 2021-CA-0076-WC
JAMES STINES APPELLANT
PETITION FOR REVIEW OF A DECISION
v. OF THE WORKERS’ COMPENSATION BOARD
ACTION NO. WC-19-85911
CTA ACOUSTICS; HONORABLE
JOHN B. COLEMAN,
ADMINISTRATIVE LAW JUDGE;
KENTUCKY WORKERS’
COMPENSATION BOARD; AND
STRATEGIC COMP/ GREAT APPELLEES
AMERICAN ALLIANCE
INSURANCE
OPINION
AFFIRMING
** ** ** ** **
BEFORE: JONES, MAZE, AND L. THOMPSON, JUDGES.
MAZE, JUDGE: James Stines petitions for review of a decision of the Workers’
Compensation Board (the Board) which affirmed the decision of an administrative
law judge (ALJ) denying Stines’ claim for permanent partial disability benefits.
Because the ALJ’s decision is supported by substantial evidence, we affirm.
Stines began working for CTA Acoustics (CTA) in 2000, with his
most recent position being in the maintenance department. On March 19, 2019,
Stines was on all fours cleaning up an oil spill when he felt a burning sensation in
his back. Stines was able to work only a few hours the next day and sought
medical treatment. He has never returned to work. Pursuant to company policy,
he was terminated by CTA after being off work for three months.
In an April 1, 2019, letter, Dr. William Lester stated he had reviewed
an MRI and concluded Stines had “degenerative disc disease at multiple levels
with developmental component of central stenosis[1] which in my opinion is
preexisting.” Record (R.) at 153. Dr. Lester also opined that Stines’ “mechanism
of injury does not support the signs and symptoms he is currently exhibiting.” Id.
Stines saw Dr. Robert Hoskins in August 2019, who diagnosed a disc herniation,
lumbar spondylosis, congenital lumbar central canal stenosis, and left lumbar
radiculopathy.2
1
Stenosis means “a narrowing or constriction of the diameter of a bodily passage or orifice[.]”
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/stenosis#medicalDictionary (last visited June 30,
2021).
2
Spondylosis means “any of various degenerative diseases of the spine[.]” https://www.merriam-
webster.com/medical/spondylosis (last visited June 30, 2021). Radiculopathy means “irritation
of or injury to a nerve root (as from being compressed) that typically causes pain, numbness, or
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Dr. Hoskins also opined that:
Working for a prolonged period of time in a
stooped/twisted posture subjected Mr. Stines’
lumbrosacral spine to mechanical forces that exceeded
the threshold for safe loading and caused injury. Mr.
Stines did have underlying congenital lumbar central
canal stenosis, but this condition was dormant and non-
disabling at the time of the events at work on 03-19-19.
At a bare minimum, the events at work on 03-19-19
aroused Mr. Stines’ condition into an active state and
transformed it into a disabling reality.
R. at 10. Dr. Hoskins assigned Stines a 13% impairment rating and checked a box
denoting that Stines did not have a preexisting active impairment.
Stines filed an application for workers’ compensation benefits in
December 2019, listing a March 19, 2019, date of injury caused by “strain or injury
by repetitive motion[.]” R. at 3 (capitalization omitted). On the attached medical
history, Stines noted he had been seen by Grace Health in February 2019 for flu
and high blood pressure.3
Grace Health’s records of its treatment of Stines were later
introduced. Those records note that Stines went to Grace Health on February 12,
2019, for kidney pain and back and neck pain. Crucially, the notes for that visit
weakness in the part of the body which is supplied with nerves from that root[.]”
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/radiculopathy (last visited June 30, 2021).
3
Though Stines signed the accompanying medical history and employment history forms, he did
not sign the application for benefits. No party has raised that omission as an issue, so we decline
to address it further.
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state that Stines had an onset of back pain “2 months ago[,]” which was an “ache”
which “occurs rarely” and is in his “middle back and bilateral” without “radiation
of pain.” R. at 178. Stines had a follow-up appointment at Grace Health later in
February 2019. The report of that visit does not mention kidney pain. Instead, it
states that Stines had an onset of back pain “4 months ago. The problem is stable.
It occurs intermittently. Location of pain is middle back and R & L
thoracic/lumbar area. There is no radiation of pain. The patient describes the pain
as an ache. Context: no injury. Symptoms are aggravated by lifting, pushing,
standing and walking.” R. at 174.
Dr. Timir Banerjee, a neurosurgeon, reviewed Stines’ medical records
and performed an independent medical examination of Stines on February 14,
2020. Dr. Banerjee posited that Dr. Hoskins must not have known about Stines’
visits to Grace Health for back pain before assigning him a 13% impairment rating.
Dr. Banerjee did not believe Stines “had sustained any harmful change to the
human organism from the episode of 3/19/19. However, he did have complaint of
back pain possibly from strain of Erector Spinae muscle . . . .”4 R. at 197. Dr.
Banerjee then stated the following opinions:
4
Erector spinae is defined simply as “sacrospinalis[.]” https://www.merriam-
webster.com/medical/erector%20spinae (last visited June 30, 2021). Sacrospinalis is defined as
“a muscle that extends the length of the back and neck, that arises from the iliac crest, the
sacrum, and the lumbar and two lower thoracic vertebrae, and that splits in the upper lumbar
region into three divisions of which the lateral is made up of the three iliocostalis muscles, the
intermediate is made up of the three longissimus muscles, and the medial is made up of the three
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B. He has preexisting active impairment of the back
from at least three to four weeks prior to the work
episode in question. It could be longer[,] 2-4 months[,]
depending on as to [sic] which history is considered to be
accurate . . . . This would give him 5-8% active
impairment . . . .
C. He does not need any surgery (discectomy or fusion)
related to the L5-S1 findings—annular tear is not a
traumatic event—it is part of degeneration in
evolutions—disc being like layers of onion and
progressive rotting from outside causing bulging from
loss of water from genetic and inflammatory
damage . . . . The disc protrusion is degeneration[5] in
evolution. He has no motor, sensory or reflex change
and there are several non-anatomical findings suggesting
pain behavior . . . .
D. I do not agree with 13% impairment . . . .
E. He has reached MMI [maximum medical
improvement] . . . . I think as of [sic] April 1, 2019
should be considered MMI for the episode in question
and the subsequent discomfort is related to active
impairment.
F. He has no cervical injury. He had complained of
cervical pain in February. He has zero percent
impairment for lumbar injury related to the “oil spill
cleaning” . . . .
H. He does not need any medical, surgical or
chiropractic treatment for the issue in question.
spinalis muscles[.]” https://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/sacrospinalis (last visited June
30, 2021).
5
Degeneration in this context means “deterioration of a tissue or an organ in which its vitality is
diminished or its structure impaired[.]” https://www.merriam-
webster.com/dictionary/degeneration#medicalDictionary (last visited June 30, 2021).
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R. at 197-98 (emphasis omitted). In April 2020, Dr. Banerjee prepared a
supplemental report, essentially reiterating his conclusions.
Stines was deposed in February 2020 and answered “not that I can
recall” when asked if he had experienced lower back problems prior to the March
2019 work incident. R. at 234. When counsel mentioned the Grace Health
records, Stines disjointedly stated “where I had—I was thinking I had a kidney
infection or a UTI or something. It was—it was my spine back. It was like right
here (Indicating). My kidneys, maybe.” R. at 234. But when asked what
treatment he received for his kidneys, Stines said “I don’t really remember”
because “it’s been so long ago . . . .” R. at 235. Finally, Stines gave an incohesive
response when asked if he had been experiencing back pain at the time he visited
Grace Health: “No, not—no, not that I can recall. I mean, it says back pain, but
I—you know, I think from here (Indicating) back to the back, you know . . . .” R.
at 237. When asked by his own counsel the location of his current back pain,
Stines answered “[w]ell, it’s way down lower and in the center, like, spine area.
And that’s way different.” R. at 250.
CTA introduced a March 3, 2020, letter from Dr. Richard Suss, a
neuroradiologist. Dr. Suss opined that imaging performed in March 2019 which he
reviewed did not show “evidence of acute or traumatic pathology or aggravation or
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of anything that can be attributed in reasonable medical probability to events on a
particular date such as March 19, 2019.” R. at 328-29.
In April 2020, Dr. Hoskins was deposed and he reiterated his
conclusion that “[a]t a bare minimum, the events at work on 3/19/19 aroused Mr.
Stines’ condition into an active state and transformed it into a disabling reality.”
R. at 358. Later, the following colloquy occurred:
Q All right. Is this the type of job that can result in cumulative
trauma to the back?
A I believe it is.
Q Okay. Is there a relationship then between his work and the
degenerative disc disease that was going on in his back?
A Let me look back and see if we absolutely had that diagnosis
that—an MRI scan can be read from various—okay. He did—
it does say “multilevel degenerative disc disease” so I would
say within best medical probability, there is a relation between
his job and the moderate—I’m sorry, the multilevel
degenerative disc disease.
R. at 365.
The benefit review conference order notes that Stines claimed a
specific injury on March 19, 2019, and cumulative trauma. 6 R. at 440. The matter
progressed to a final hearing, at which Stines was asked:
6
Stines’ counsel stated that order was correct when asked by the ALJ at the final hearing if he
wanted to make any clarifications or changes. R. at 510. But in his petition for review, Stines
alleges the ALJ and Board “have misunderstood the gravamen” of his claims” by “portray[ing]
[his] arguments as being based upon alternative and divergent theories. Their rulings consider
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Q What were your problems when you went to Grace
Health in February of 2019?
A I think I went a couple of times. I’m not exactly sure,
but I went a couple of times. And once was—the first
time I went was just to establish care. And I went to—I
had a kidney infection. I thought it was a kidney
infection. I don’t know what it was, but yeah, it was
kidney related.
Q Okay. Can you compare the pain you were having
then with the pain you had in your work-related injury?
A Oh, there was no—a total difference. You know, the
kidney is on the outside. I used to fight and be a boxer.
You know, when you get a kidney shot, you know that’s
a kidney shot. But, you know, this is spine. I mean,
there’s way difference in the spine and the kidney. I
mean, anybody could tell.
Q Okay.
A Same area but, you know, it’s upper lumbar.
R. at 529.
In August 2020, the ALJ issued his decision. After describing the
evidence, the ALJ concluded that Stines was entitled to only temporary total
disability payments. The ALJ concluded he did not find Dr. Hoskins’ opinions
persuasive because he had not been aware of Stines’ visits to Grace Health. The
Mr. Stines’ injury as separate and distinct from the repetitive physical stress inherent to the work
history.” Petition for review, p. 1. Contrary to Stines’ newfound argument, the benefit review
conference order plainly supports the conclusion that Stines was pursuing both theories, and
counsel affirmed the correctness of that order at the final hearing before the ALJ.
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ALJ also found that Stines’ testimony about his Grace Health visits was “vague”
and his failure to mention complaining about back pain at Grace Health on his
medical history form “leaves the inference” that he “did not want to disclose a
prior history of back pain when seeking treatment or evaluation for the alleged
work injury.” R. at 558-59. The ALJ found that there was not “persuasive medical
evidence to support [Stines’] allegation of impairment as the result of cumulative
trauma.” R. at 560. After the ALJ denied Stines’ motion for reconsideration,
Stines appealed to the Board. After the Board affirmed the ALJ, Stines filed this
petition for review.
We begin by reiterating the familiar standards of our review in
workers’ compensation cases. “The ALJ has the sole discretion to determine the
quality, character, and substance of the evidence and may reject any testimony and
believe or disbelieve various parts of the evidence regardless of whether it comes
from the same witness or the same party’s proof.” GSI Commerce v. Thompson,
409 S.W.3d 361, 364 (Ky. App. 2012). Because Stines, who had the burden of
proving each of the essential elements of his claim and carried the risk of non-
persuasion, was unsuccessful before the ALJ the question is whether the evidence
compels a different result. Wolf Creek Collieries v. Crum, 673 S.W.2d 735, 736
(Ky. App. 1984). “In order to rise to the level of compelling evidence, and thereby
justify reversal of the ALJ under this circumstance, the evidence must be so
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overwhelming that no reasonable person could reach the same conclusion as did
the ALJ.” Groce v. VanMeter Contracting, Inc., 539 S.W.3d 677, 682 (Ky. 2018)
(citations omitted). In other words, the evidence does not compel a contrary result
if the ALJ’s decision “is supported by any evidence of substance . . . .” Id.
Further, “[w]hen reviewing the Board’s decision, we reverse only where it has
overlooked or misconstrued controlling law or so flagrantly erred in evaluating the
evidence that it has caused gross injustice.” GSI Commerce, 409 S.W.3d at 364
(citing Western Baptist Hospital v. Kelly, 827 S.W.2d 685, 687-88 (Ky. 1992)).
With these stringent standards in mind, we turn to the issues raised by Stines.
It appears as if Stines has largely forsaken his acute injury claim, but
to the extent he has not, the ALJ’s decision must be affirmed. An “injury” is
statutorily defined at Kentucky Revised Statutes (KRS) 342.0011(1) as “any work-
related traumatic event or series of traumatic events, including cumulative trauma,
arising out of and in the course of employment which is the proximate cause
producing a harmful change in the human organism . . . .” Dr. Banerjee expressly
found that Stines had not sustained any harmful change to the human organism on
March 19, 2019 (i.e., had not suffered a work-related “injury”). Thus, there was
substantial evidence to support the ALJ’s denial of Stines’ acute injury claim.
Turning to the cumulative trauma claim, Stines stresses what he
deems to be the unrebutted opinion of Dr. Hoskins–especially Dr. Hoskins’
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opinion that Stines’ “underlying congenital lumbar central canal stenosis . . . was
dormant and non-disabling at the time of the events at work on 03-19-19” so “[a]t a
bare minimum, the events at work on 03-19-19 aroused Mr. Stines’ condition into
an active state and transformed it into a disabling reality.” R. at 10.
However, the ALJ was not required to accept Dr. Hoskins’
conclusion(s). First, Dr. Hoskins was unaware that Stines had complained of
preexisting back pain at Grace Health soon before the March 2019 incident at
work. Though Stines attempts to minimize it, Dr. Hoskins’ lack of knowledge of
Stines’ relevant medical history was significant. Our Supreme Court has quoted
with approval a decision of the Board which held in relevant part that:
where it is irrefutable that a physician’s history regarding
work-related causation is corrupt due to it being
substantially inaccurate or largely incomplete, any
opinion generated by that physician on the issue of
causation cannot constitute substantial evidence.
Medical opinion predicated upon such erroneous or
deficient information that is completely unsupported by
any other credible evidence can never, in our view, be
reasonably probable.
Cepero v. Fabricated Metals Corp., 132 S.W.3d 839, 842 (Ky. 2004). See also
GSI Commerce, 409 S.W.3d at 364 (“In Cepero, there was a complete omission of
a significant and clearly relevant past injury, misleading the medical expert to find
the claimant’s injury to be entirely work-related.”).
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The overarching issue here is, at its core, whether Stines sustained a
permanent, compensable injury to his back at work. Dr. Hoskins, upon whose
causation and concomitant impairment rating opinion Stines’ claim primarily rests,
did not know Stines’ complete medical history, including seeking medical
treatment for back pain about a month before the incident at work. Additionally,
Dr. Hoskins testified at his deposition that he had not reviewed a July 31, 2019,
note from Dr. William Brooks, a neurosurgeon, which stated that he did not see a
need for Stines to undergo surgery. Dr. Hoskins’ failure to review that note from
Dr. Brooks is important as a previous note from Dr. Brooks in which he indicated
Stines might need surgery was an important component of Dr. Hoskins’
impairment rating for Stines.7
Perhaps Dr. Hoskins would have found all that information relevant.
Perhaps not. But it is logically inescapable that Dr. Hoskins’ opinion was based
upon inaccurate, or at least incomplete, information. And Stines points to no other
7
Specifically, Dr. Brooks’ June 20, 2019, note states that Stines “may well require surgical
intervention.” R. at 14. But, after Stines had undergone additional testing/imaging, on July 31,
2019, Dr. Brooks wrote: “However I do not see a focal area that would require surgical
intervention . . . .” R. at 417. At his deposition, Dr. Hoskins testified that Stines’ impairment
rating was 10 to 13% but “[s]ince Dr. Brooks is contemplating and seems to suggest surgery, I
believe that puts him at a 13 percent.” R. at 359. When asked on cross-examination, Dr.
Hoskins was unsure if he had seen Dr. Brooks’ July 31, 2019, note but admitted there was a
discrepancy regarding a need for surgery between Dr. Brooks’ June 2019 and July 2019 notes.
R. at 367-68.
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medical opinions which support Dr. Hoskins’ conclusions. Thus, pursuant to
Cepero, the ALJ was permitted to disregard Dr. Hoskins’ opinion(s).
Stines’ medical history attached to his application for benefits makes
no mention whatsoever of having sought treatment for back pain at Grace Health.
Instead, that history refers only to his having sought treatment at Grace Health for
flu and high blood pressure. Consequently, the ALJ reasonably inferred that Stines
did not want to disclose his prior history of back pain.
Second, Stines’ argument to the contrary notwithstanding, Dr.
Hoskins’ conclusion that Stines had a dormant condition which was brought into
disabling reality by the March 2019 incident was not wholly unrebutted. Dr.
Banerjee found that Stines had a preexisting active back condition, and Dr. Lester
opined that Stines had a preexisting condition and “[h]is mechanism of injury does
not support the signs and symptoms he is currently exhibiting.” R. at 153. And,
after reviewing imaging, Dr. Suss found no evidence “of acute or traumatic
pathology or aggravation or of anything that can be attributed in reasonable
medical probability to events on a particular date such as March 19, 2019.” R. at
330. Consequently, even if Dr. Hoskins’ opinion(s) had not been fatally flawed,
the evidence would not compel a conclusion that Stines had a dormant condition
brought into disabling reality by the March 2019 incident at work.
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Finally, the issue of a dormant condition brought into disabling reality
is intertwined with Stines’ contention that the ALJ and Board misapplied the
burden of proof and failed to follow our decision in Finley v. DBM Technologies,
217 S.W.3d 261 (Ky. App. 2007). Of course, as the claimant, Stines “ha[d] the
burden of proving every element of his claim.” Wilkerson v. Kimball
International, Inc., 585 S.W.3d 231, 235 (Ky. 2019). For the reasons previously
discussed, the ALJ’s conclusion that Stines had not met his burden to show a
permanent compensable injury was supported by substantial evidence.
Which leads us to Stines’ argument that the ALJ and Board
misconstrued Finley. Our opinion in Finley was aimed at providing a framework
for analyzing situations when a worker’s preexisting condition is aroused by a
work-related incident. In Finley, the worker’s congenital scoliosis was dormant
but aroused into disabling reality by an incident at work. Finley, 217 S.W.3d at
262. The ALJ found ten percent of the worker’s impairment to be work-related
with the remainder being nonwork-related. Id. at 264. After the Board affirmed,
the worker filed a petition for review, asserting that “the permanent impairment
and medical expenses directly attributable to her congenital scoliosis are
compensable” because “her congenital scoliosis constitutes a pre-existing dormant
condition that was permanently aroused into a disabling reality by the work-related
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injury; thus, any permanent impairment or medical expense incurred as a result of
such arousal is compensable.” Id.
We began our analysis in Finley by noting that “[i]t is well-
established that the work-related arousal of a pre-existing dormant condition into
disabling reality is compensable.” Id. at 265. But, of course, an employer is not
responsible for benefits stemming from a preexisting, active nonwork-related
condition. See, e.g., McNutt Construction/First General Services v. Scott, 40
S.W.3d 854, 859 (Ky. 2001) (holding that “only those harmful changes which are
proximately caused by work-related trauma are compensable pursuant to Chapter
342.”). Thus, when a worker has a preexisting nonwork-related condition, it is
crucial to determine whether that condition was active or dormant at the time of the
work-related incident. Toward that end, in Finley we quoted with approval a
decision of the Board which held that “[t]o be characterized as active, an
underlying pre-existing condition must be symptomatic and impairment ratable
pursuant to the AMA Guides immediately prior to the occurrence of the work-
related injury. Moreover, the burden of proving the existence of a pre-existing
condition falls upon the employer.” Finley, 217 S.W.3d at 265.
We thus held that in situations involving a work-related injury to a
worker with preexisting nonwork-related conditions, the ALJ must find whether
the preexisting condition was dormant and was temporarily or permanently
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aroused by the work-related injury. Id. at 266. And placing the burden on the
employer to show that the worker had an active preexisting condition is proper
because the employer is not responsible for injuries wholly unrelated to work (i.e.,
impairment stemming from an active, nonwork-related condition).
With that background of Finley in mind, we return to the facts and
arguments at hand. Stines, as we construe it, makes a two-part argument. First, he
contends the ALJ failed to conduct a Finley analysis. Second, he contends the ALJ
failed to place the burden on CTA to show that at least some of Stines’ impairment
stemmed from an active, nonwork-related condition.
We disagree. The ALJ did not find that Stines had any permanent
impairment. Accordingly, the ALJ was not required to conduct a Finley analysis.
See Wetherby v. Amazon.com, 580 S.W.3d 521, 527 (Ky. 2019) (quoting Finley,
217 S.W.3d at 265) (emphasis added by Wetherby) (holding that “for a dormant
condition to produce a compensable claim ‘all of the employee’s permanent
impairment [must be] medically determined to have arisen after that event,’ i.e.,
the current work injury.”).8 Consequently, the burden never shifted to CTA to
8
The same core conclusion has been reached in multiple unpublished cases. We cite some of
those cases, only as an illustration. See, e.g., Preston v. Marco Indus. Tire Co., No. 2013-SC-
000488-WC, 2014 WL 4656815, at *3 (Ky. Sep. 18, 2014) (“Further, as held by the Board and
affirmed by the Court of Appeals, the ALJ did not need to apply Finley to Preston’s lumbar spine
condition. As stated above, Finley applies when a pre-existing dormant condition is aroused into
a disabling condition as a result of a work-related injury. 217 S.W.3d 265. Here the ALaJ [sic]
found that the work-related trauma Preston suffered was temporary and did not cause any
permanent damage to her lumbar spine. Thus, the ALaJ [sic] did not need to apply the law
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show that Stines had a preexisting active condition at the time of the March 2019
incident.
For the foregoing reasons, the opinion of the Workers’ Compensation
Board is affirmed.
ALL CONCUR.
BRIEF FOR APPELLANT: BRIEF FOR APPELLEE CTA
ACOUSTICS:
John F. Kelley, Jr.
London, Kentucky Felicia A. Snyder
Lexington, Kentucky
regarding pre-existing conditions, because he found her work-related falls had no permanent
disabling effect on that condition.”); Currens v. RJ Insulation, No. 2019-CA-000105-WC, 2020
WL 2790419, at *8 (Ky. App. May 29, 2020) (“As the Board correctly recognized, ‘a finding of
a temporary work-injury is not the equivalent to a finding of a pre-existing active condition and
does not necessitate an analysis under Finley.’”); Zoeller v. Amazon, No. 2018-CA-001511-WC,
2019 WL 2563168, at *6 (Ky. App. June 21, 2019) (“Under Finley, ‘When a pre-existing
dormant condition is aroused into disabling reality by a work-related injury, any impairment or
medical expense related solely to the pre-existing condition is compensable.’ Finley, 217
S.W.3d at 265. Here, the pre-existing condition analysis did not apply because the medical
evidence supported the ALJ's finding that Zoeller sustained only a temporary strain, with no
permanent harm to her degenerative cervical condition caused by the work incident . . . .
Accordingly, the ALJ did not need to engage in an analysis pursuant to Finley.”).
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