Forever Living Products International, LLC, a Nevada Limited Liability Company, and Aloe Vera of America, Inc., a Texas Corporation v. AV Europe GMBH, a German Limited Liability Company

REVERSE, RENDER, AND REMAND and Opinion Filed July 30, 2021

S In The
Court of Appeals
Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
No. 05-20-00558-CV

FOREVER LIVING PRODUCTS INTERNATIONAL, LLC, A NEVADA
LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY, AND ALOE VERA OF AMERICA,
INC., A TEXAS CORPORATION, Appellants
V.
AV EUROPE GMBH, A GERMAN LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY,
Appellee

On Appeal from the 191st Judicial District Court
Dallas County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. DC-19-00270

OPINION

Before Justices Myers, Partida-Kipness, and Garcia
Opinion by Justice Garcia

Appellants sued appellee AV Europe GmbH and two other defendants. The

trial court sustained AV Europe’s special appearance and dismissed the claims

against it for lack of personal jurisdiction. Appellants appeal this interlocutory

ruling. We reverse, concluding that AV Europe failed to show it is not subject to

general jurisdiction in Texas.
 I. Background

A. Factual Allegations

Unless otherwise noted, we draw these allegations from appellants’ original

petition, which was their live pleading when the trial court granted AV Europe’s

special appearance.

Appellant Forever Living Products International, LLC is the management

company for a marketing business (referred to as a whole as “FLP”) that sells aloe

vera products in many countries around the world. Appellant Aloe Vera of America,

Inc. (AVA) is FLP’s aloe refining and production entity.

Christopher Hardy was an AVA vice president and general manager. He was

terminated in 2013. After that, Hardy and other former FLP employees created an

aloe vera business called AloeVeritas. HW&B Enterprises, LLC is the holding

company and manufacturer for other AloeVeritas entities including AV Europe.

Hardy testified in deposition that AV Europe has always been wholly owned by

HW&B and that he is the manager of HW&B.

Appellants allege that Hardy attempted to poach one of FLP’s foreign

distribution entities, FLP Japan, for AloeVeritas. He did so by disclosing FLP’s

confidential information and “by sharing false/misleading ‘insider’ information”

with FLP Japan. This caused a dispute between FLP and one of FLP Japan’s owners

that in turn caused substantial damage to FLP.

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 FLP then sued Hardy in an arbitration proceeding pursuant to his FLP

employment agreement. FLP won a final arbitration award against Hardy for roughly

$920,000. The award was confirmed as a judgment in Arizona, and that judgment

has been domesticated in Texas.

B. Procedural History

Appellants filed this lawsuit against HW&B, Aloe Veritas Americas, LLC,

and AV Europe, alleging that they (through Hardy) tortiously interfered with

appellants’ relationship with FLP Japan. Appellants seek to hold defendants liable

for the same damages that have already been assessed against Hardy. They also seek

exemplary damages and injunctive relief.

AV Europe filed a special appearance challenging personal jurisdiction,

asserting that it is a German entity with no office or facility outside of Germany.

Appellants assert, and AV Europe does not dispute, that the abbreviation “GmbH”

signifies that AV Europe is the German equivalent of a limited liability company.

We accept that assertion for purposes of this appeal. See TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(g) (“In

a civil case, the court will accept as true the facts stated [in appellant’s brief] unless

another party contradicts them.”); see also Moore ex rel. Moore v. Elektro-Mobil

Technik GmbH, 874 S.W.2d 324, 326 n.1 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1994, writ denied)

(“In Germany, GmbH designates a closely held, limited liability company.”).

Appellants filed a response to AV Europe’s special appearance and attached

evidence thereto. AV Europe filed an amended special appearance and additional

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supporting evidence. AV Europe contended both that it lacked minimum contacts

with Texas and that forcing it to litigate in Texas would offend traditional notions of

fair play and substantial justice.

After a non-evidentiary hearing, the trial judge sustained AV Europe’s special

appearance and dismissed appellants’ claims against it.

Appellants timely filed this interlocutory appeal. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.

CODE ANN. § 51.014(a)(7).

II. Issues Presented

Appellants raise two issues on appeal: (1) the trial judge erred by sustaining

AV Europe’s special appearance and (2) the trial judge erred by denying appellants’

request for leave to amend their petition to add an allegation of jurisdictional alter

ego.

III. Standard of Review and Burden of Proof

We review a ruling on a special appearance de novo. See Kelly v. Gen. Interior

Constr., Inc., 301 S.W.3d 653, 657 (Tex. 2010). If the trial judge does not issue

findings of fact and conclusions of law, the fact findings necessary to support the

ruling and supported by the evidence are implied. Id. Implied findings are not

conclusive and may be challenged on appeal for legal and factual sufficiency.

Lensing v. Card, 417 S.W.3d 152, 155 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2013, no pet.).

The plaintiff bears the initial burden of pleading sufficient facts to bring a

nonresident defendant within the reach of the Texas long-arm statute. Kelly, 301

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S.W.3d at 658. If the plaintiff pleads sufficient jurisdictional facts, the defendant

bears the burden to negate all alleged bases of personal jurisdiction. Id.

Alternatively, the defendant can prevail by showing that even if the plaintiff’s

allegations are true, the evidence is legally insufficient to establish that personal

jurisdiction over the defendant is proper. See id. at 659.

Although the trial judge acts as the factfinder and must resolve any factual

disputes in the special-appearance evidence, the judge must accept as true any clear,

direct, and positive evidence presented in an undisputed affidavit. N. Frac

Proppants, II, LLC v. 2011 NF Holdings, LLC, No. 05-16-00319-CV, 2017 WL

3275896, at *6 (Tex. App.—Dallas July 27, 2017, no pet.) (mem. op.); see also Smith

v. Patrick W.Y. Tam Trust, 296 S.W.3d 545, 547 (Tex. 2009) (discussing

circumstances under which evidence must be taken as true as a matter of law).

IV. Analysis

A. The Law of Personal Jurisdiction

Texas courts have personal jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant when

(1) the Texas long-arm statute authorizes it and (2) the exercise of jurisdiction is

consistent with due-process guarantees. Spir Star AG v. Kimich, 310 S.W.3d 868,

872 (Tex. 2010). Texas’s long-arm statute reaches as far as due process allows, id.,

so we focus solely on the due-process analysis.

The Fourteenth Amendment’s Due Process Clause limits a state court’s

authority to proceed against a nonresident defendant. See Goodyear Dunlop Tires

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Operations, S.A. v. Brown, 564 U.S. 915, 923 (2011). The exercise of personal

jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant is constitutional only if (1) the defendant

has established minimum contacts with the forum state and (2) the exercise of

jurisdiction comports with traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice. Spir

Star AG, 310 S.W.3d at 872. But see Daimler AG v. Bauman, 571 U.S. 117, 139 n.20

(2014) (second element is superfluous in some personal-jurisdiction cases).

The stringency of the minimum-contacts test varies depending on whether the

plaintiff’s claims arise out of or relate to the defendant’s forum contacts. See Ford

Motor Co. v. Mont. Eighth Judicial Dist. Court, 141 S. Ct. 1017, 1024–25 (2021).

If the plaintiff’s claims are unrelated to the defendant’s forum contacts, the

forum is said to be asserting general or all-purpose jurisdiction over the defendant.

Goodyear Dunlop, 564 U.S. at 919. A court may assert general jurisdiction over a

foreign corporation only if its affiliations with the state are so continuous and

systematic as to render the corporation essentially at home in the forum state. Id.

Limited liability companies like AV Europe are treated like corporations for general-

jurisdiction purposes. See Careington Int’l Corp. v. First Call Telemedicine, LLC,

No. 05-20-00841-CV, 2021 WL 1731753, at *5 (Tex. App.—Dallas May 3, 2021,

no pet.) (mem. op.).

In Daimler, the Supreme Court said that there are two paradigmatic bases for

general jurisdiction over a corporation: its state of incorporation and the state of its

principal place of business. Daimler AG, 571 U.S. at 137. The Daimler Court did

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not define the term “principal place of business,” but only a few years before

Daimler the Court held that the phrase “principal place of business” means the place

where a corporation’s officers direct, control, and coordinate the corporation’s

activities. See Hertz Corp. v. Friend, 559 U.S. 77, 92–93 (2010) (construing the

federal diversity-jurisdiction statute). Courts often refer to this as the company’s

“nerve center,” and in practice it should normally be the place of the company’s

headquarters—if that is the company’s actual center of direction, control, and

coordination. Hertz Corp., 559 U.S. at 93. Although Hertz was not a personal-

jurisdiction case, courts have applied its definition of “principal place of business”

in personal-jurisdiction cases. E.g., Ascentium Capital LLC v. Hi-Tech the Sch. of

Cosmetology Corp., 558 S.W.3d 824, 829 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2018,

no pet.); see also Flynn v. Hovensa, LLC, No. 3:14-43, 2014 WL 3375238, at *2

(W.D. Pa. July 3, 2014); Jovanovich v. Ind. Harbor Belt R.R. Co., No. 1-19-2550,

2020 WL 5843957, at *6–7 (Ill. App. Ct. Sept. 30, 2020). We agree with those courts

and conclude that the Hertz nerve-center test applies in the general-jurisdiction

context.

The minimum-contacts test is less stringent if the plaintiff’s claims arise from

or relate to the defendant’s forum contacts. See Ford Motor Co., 141 S. Ct. at 1024–

25. This kind of personal jurisdiction is called specific or case-linked jurisdiction.

Id. at 1024. Specific-jurisdiction minimum contacts are present if the defendant

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purposefully availed itself of the privilege of conducting activities in the forum state.

Id. at 1024–25.

B. The Pleaded Bases of Jurisdiction in This Case

Appellants’ live petition contains two jurisdictional allegations against AV

Europe. It alleges that AV Europe “is a German limited liability company operating

in Dallas County, Texas.” It also alleges that “[v]enue is proper in Dallas County . .

. because all or a substantial part of the events or omissions giving rise to the claim

occurred in Dallas County and Defendants’ principal offices in the State of Texas

and [sic] are all located in Dallas County.”

Given Texas’s liberal notice-pleading standards, we conclude that appellants’

petition sufficed to allege that AV Europe is subject to general jurisdiction in Texas.

The petition asserts that each defendant’s principal office in Texas is in Dallas

County, which suggests that general jurisdiction is proper. Additionally, the

allegation that AV Europe is “operating in Dallas County” is broad enough to

encompass the premise that AV Europe’s nerve center is in Texas. AV Europe’s

special appearance shows that AV Europe understood the petition to allege general

jurisdiction because the special appearance averred that AV Europe did not have

continuous or systematic contacts with Texas, was not a “resident business

organization,” and had never been such an organization.

Thus, AV Europe bore the burden to negate general jurisdiction in Texas. See

Kelly, 301 S.W.3d at 658.

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C. The Implied Findings and the Evidence in This Case

As to general jurisdiction, the trial court implicitly found both that AV Europe

was not organized in Texas and that its principal place of business was not in Texas

when suit was filed. See Daimler AG, 571 U.S. at 137. Appellants attack the second

implied finding.

The special-appearance evidence, which consists principally of Hardy’s

declaration and excerpts from Hardy’s deposition, supports the following facts:

AV Europe was formed as a German company on or about July 21, 2016. AV

Europe’s parent company is and always has been HW&B, a Texas limited liability

company with its principal place of business in Texas. Hardy is HW&B’s manager.

HW&B’s only involvement with AV Europe was to sell and ship products to AV

Europe for resale.

From July 2016 to the fall of 2017, AV Europe’s managing director was

Thomas Reichert,1 who lived in Germany and was entirely responsible for AV

Europe’s operation. AV Europe’s first headquarters was Reichert’s home in

Germany. Then it moved its headquarters to a converted airplane hangar in

Germany. All of AV Europe’s operations were conducted from those two locations.

While AV Europe was operating, it had eight or nine employees, all of whom were

located in Germany.

1
In the appellate record, this person’s name appears as both “Reichert” and “Reichart.”

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 In fall 2017, Reichert was terminated for cause. Sean Higgins, who was a

United Kingdom resident living in England, assumed the role of managing director

for about a month.

On November 20, 2017, Hardy became AV Europe’s managing director, and

he remained managing director at the time of this litigation. Hardy moved to Texas

in 2005 and has maintained a residence in Texas since then. He lived in New York

for a time but resumed living in Texas full-time in July 2018. He testified in his

deposition that he “was a resident of New York for a period of time,” but then he

answered, “No,” when asked if he “ever bec[a]me a New York resident.”

In approximately June 2018, AV Europe stopped conducting business. It later

shipped all unsold products back to HW&B. It now has no employees. According to

Hardy’s declaration, AV Europe (1) never had a principal place of business in Texas,

(2) never engaged in business in Texas other than buying products from HW&B for

resale in Europe, (3) does not own any real estate in Texas, (4) maintains no bank

accounts or other accounts with financial institutions in Texas, and (5) “has been

winding down, but has not been formally dissolved.”

Hardy testified in his deposition that HW&B employees searched through

HW&B’s records in Texas to find documents responsive to discovery requests sent

to AV Europe. He also testified that AV Europe still has a post-office box for

receiving mail, but when asked where it was he replied, “I don’t know offhand if it’s

Munich—a Munich or—address. Again, there’s no—there’s no operations

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whatsoever being conducted there. Nothing.” To Hardy’s knowledge, no one checks

AV Europe’s post-office box for mail.

D. AV Europe’s evidence was legally insufficient to negate general-
jurisdiction minimum contacts.

AV Europe bore the burden to prove that AV Europe’s principal place of

business—i.e., its nerve center—was not in Texas in January 2019 when suit was

filed. We conclude that its evidence was legally insufficient to prove this fact.

Accordingly, AV Europe did not carry its burden to negate general-jurisdiction

minimum contacts in Texas.

1. The Nerve-Center Evidence

Under the nerve-center test, we inquire where AV Europe’s officers directed,

controlled, and coordinated the company’s activities as of January 2019, when suit

was filed. See Ascentium Capital LLC, 558 S.W.3d at 829, 831.

There is evidence to support implied findings that AV Europe’s managing

director was Thomas Reichert, a German resident, from July 2016 until September

or October 2017, and then Sean Higgins, a United Kingdom resident, until

November 2017.

But in November 2017, Hardy became AV Europe’s managing director, and

he remained managing director when suit was filed in January 2019. The evidence

about the location of AV Europe’s nerve center during this critical time period is

scant.

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 First, we consider the time period from November 2017 to June 2018, when

AV Europe ceased operations:

• We see no evidence showing where AV Europe’s headquarters,
if any, was during this time period.

• Hardy testified that his responsibilities were to oversee
operations and ensure compliance with the German government.

• Although Hardy twice went to Germany on AV Europe business,
we see no evidence that Germany was the place from which he
or any other officers directed, controlled, and coordinated AV
Europe’s activities.

• Hardy testified that in around May or June 2018 “we made the
decision” to wind down AV Europe, but we see no evidence
showing who else was involved in this decision or, more
importantly, where the decision was made.

• Hardy testified that he moved to Texas in 2005, maintained a
residence in Texas from 2005 to 2018, was a New York resident
for an unspecified “period of time,” and began living in Texas
full-time in July 2018. This evidence does not support a
reasonable inference that from November 2017 to June 2018
Hardy controlled AV Europe’s operations from any particular
location, much less one outside of Texas.

We conclude that the evidence is legally insufficient to show that AV Europe’s nerve

center was outside of Texas from November 2017 to June 2018.

As to the remaining time period, June 2018 until the filing of suit in January

2019, the trial court could credit Hardy’s declaration testimony that “AV Europe has

conducted no business since approximately June 2018 and has no employees.”

However, Hardy’s declaration and deposition also established the following

additional facts:

• Hardy is still AV Europe’s managing director.
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 • Hardy has lived in Texas full-time since July 2018.

• “Following the cessation of its business, AV Europe shipped to
HW&B and HW&B received all unsold product and credited AV
Europe’s account receivable for returned product.” (Hardy
declaration.)

• AV Europe “has been winding down.” (Hardy declaration.)

• AV Europe has not been formally dissolved.

Thus, AV Europe’s own evidence shows that its managing director has lived in

Texas full-time since July 2018. It also shows that since June 2018 AV Europe “has

been winding down,” which implies some level of activity, and that its activities

have included at least the return of unsold products to HW&B. We see no evidence

showing the location from which Hardy or any other AV Europe officer (if any)

controlled these activities. We therefore conclude that the evidence was legally

insufficient to show that AV Europe’s nerve center was outside of Texas from June

2018 until the filing of suit in January 2019.

2. AV Europe’s Arguments

AV Europe cites the statement in Hardy’s declaration that “AV Europe does

not [have] and has never had a principal place of business in Texas.” However, this

statement is conclusory and, thus, not probative evidence unless supported by

additional facts. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 120a(3) (affidavits “shall set forth specific facts

as would be admissible in evidence”); Ennis v. Loiseau, 164 S.W.3d 698, 703–04

(Tex. App.—Austin 2005, no pet.) (statements such as “[a]s an individual, I do not

have any continuing or systematic contacts with Texas” were conclusory); see also

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Rogers v. Zanetti, 517 S.W.3d 123, 130 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2015) (conclusory

testimony is no evidence), aff’d, 518 S.W.3d 394 (Tex. 2017). We conclude that

Hardy’s declaration does not contain the facts necessary to make his assertion non-

conclusory.

Hardy’s declaration focuses on the absence of general business activity in

Texas, but under the nerve-center test the relevant fact is where the company’s

officers exercise their control over the company—not where the company’s business

activity occurs. Hardy’s declaration does not show that AV Europe was not

controlled from Texas after Hardy became managing director. Indeed, his

declaration specifies only that he had no managerial role in AV Europe while his

two predecessors served as managing director: “While [AV Europe] was operating

and during the time Reichert and Higgins served as Geschäftsführer (Managing

Director), neither me personally nor HW&B Enterprises had any managerial role

with respect to AV Europe.” He acknowledged in his deposition that AV Europe

still had operations “[f]or a very brief time” after he became managing director, but

he did not specify where he carried out his role. Thus, Hardy’s statement that AV

Europe has never had a principal place of business in Texas is conclusory and not

probative.

AV Europe also points out that appellants’ brief includes a statement that

“[b]y June 2018, AV Europe did little more than maintain its records.” But this is

not a concession that AV Europe had no activities after June 2018—only that those

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activities were minimal. And appellants’ brief also asserts that “AV Europe’s

management and operation have been conducted from Texas” since the collapse of

its business in Germany. The place of management, not operation, is what matters

in a nerve-center analysis.

AV Europe also argues that “the nerve center test does not apply to defunct

companies like AV Europe.” But as discussed above, AV Europe has not shown

itself to be defunct; the evidence shows that it exists, has a managing director, has

been “winding down,” and has conducted activities at least to the extent of shipping

products to HW&B even after ceasing business operations. Thus, AV Europe’s

proposition regarding defunct companies does not apply to the facts of this case even

if it is a correct statement of the law.

AV Europe also points to Hardy’s deposition testimony, given after suit was

filed, that his managing-director position currently has no responsibilities because

“AV Europe no longer has operations.” But as discussed above, the relevant time

period is the time leading up to the filing of suit, and the evidence (1) shows that AV

Europe engaged in some activities after Hardy became managing director in

November 2017 and (2) does not show where Hardy or any other officer controlled

AV Europe’s activities during the critical November 2017–January 2019 time

period. Thus, Hardy’s deposition testimony does not defeat general jurisdiction.

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 3. Conclusion

We hold that AV Europe produced legally insufficient evidence to negate

general-jurisdiction minimum contacts with Texas.

E. AV Europe failed to establish that the exercise of personal jurisdiction
over it would offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial
justice.

Appellants also argue that the exercise of personal jurisdiction over AV

Europe will not offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice.

Although the Supreme Court recently indicated that the “fair play and substantial

justice” test need not be met if general-jurisdiction minimum contacts are present,

see Daimler AG, 571 U.S. at 139 n.20, appellants do not make this argument, so we

do not consider it, see State Bar of Tex. v. Evans, 774 S.W.2d 656, 658 n.5 (Tex.

1989) (per curiam). Nevertheless, we agree with appellants’ argument as presented.

AV Europe bore the burden of presenting a compelling case that the

circumstances make the exercise of jurisdiction over it unreasonable. See Spir Star

AG v. Kimich, 310 S.W.3d 868, 878–79 (Tex. 2010). For an international defendant

such as AV Europe, we consider factors such as (1) the burden on the defendant,

(2) the forum’s interest in adjudicating the dispute, (3) the plaintiff’s interest in

obtaining convenient and effective relief, (4) the international judicial system’s

interest in obtaining the most efficient resolution of controversies, and (5) the several

nations’ shared interest in furthering fundamental substantive social policies. See id.

at 878.

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 We see no evidence that defending this case will place any unusual burden on

AV Europe. See id. at 879 (noting that distance alone cannot ordinarily defeat

jurisdiction). AV Europe does not dispute appellants’ allegation that one plaintiff is

a Texas corporation with its principal place of business in Texas; thus, Texas has

some interest in adjudicating this dispute. See id. Appellants have an interest in

trying their claims against all defendants in a single lawsuit rather than piecemeal,

and the international judicial system has a similar interest in avoiding unnecessarily

multiplying lawsuits. See id. (it is more efficient to adjudicate an entire case in the

same place). The last fair-play factor, regarding substantive social policies, has no

obvious application here.

We conclude that AV Europe has not presented a compelling case that the

circumstances make the exercise of jurisdiction over it unreasonable.

F. Conclusion: We sustain appellants’ first issue.

For the foregoing reasons, we sustain appellants’ first issue and conclude that

the trial court erred by sustaining AV Europe’s special appearance. We need not

decide whether AV Europe successfully negated specific-jurisdiction minimum

contacts or whether the trial court erred by not allowing appellants to amend their

pleadings.

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 V. Disposition

We reverse the trial court’s order sustaining AV Europe’s special appearance,

render judgment denying AV Europe’s special appearance, and remand the case to

the trial court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

/Dennise Garcia/
DENNISE GARCIA
JUSTICE

200558F.P05

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 S
Court of Appeals
Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
JUDGMENT

FOREVER LIVING PRODUCTS On Appeal from the 191st Judicial
INTERNATIONAL, LLC, A District Court, Dallas County, Texas
NEVADA LIMITED LIABILITY Trial Court Cause No. DC-19-00270.
COMPANY, AND ALOE VERA OF Opinion delivered by Justice Garcia.
AMERICA, INC., A TEXAS Justices Myers and Partida-Kipness
CORPORATION, Appellants participating.

No. 05-20-00558-CV V.

AV EUROPE GMBH, A GERMAN
LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY,
Appellee

In accordance with this Court’s opinion of this date, the trial court’s “Order
Sustaining AV Europe GmbH’s Objection to Jurisdiction [sic]” is REVERSED
and judgment is RENDERED denying AV Europe GmbH’s First Amended
Special Appearance to Present Motion Objecting to Jurisdiction. We REMAND
the case for further proceedings consistent with the opinion.

It is ORDERED that appellants Forever Living Products International, LLC,
A Nevada Limited Liability Company, and Aloe Vera Of America, Inc., A Texas
Corporation recover their costs of this appeal from appellee AV Europe GmbH, A
German Limited Liability Company.

Judgment entered July 30, 2021

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