Brooklyn Ctr. for Indep. of the Disabled v. Metro. Transp. Auth.

20-1433
Brooklyn Ctr. for Indep. of the Disabled v. Metro. Transp. Auth.

United States Court of Appeals
for the Second Circuit

AUGUST TERM 2020
No. 20-1433

BROOKLYN CENTER FOR INDEPENDENCE OF THE DISABLED, A NONPROFIT
ORGANIZATION, BRONX INDEPENDENT LIVING SERVICES, A NONPROFIT
ORGANIZATION, HARLEM INDEPENDENT LIVING CENTER, A NONPROFIT
ORGANIZATION, CENTER FOR INDEPENDENCE OF THE DISABLED, NEW YORK A
NONPROFIT ORGANIZATION, DISABLED IN ACTION OF METROPOLITAN, NEW YORK A
NONPROFIT ORGANIZATION, NEW YORK STATEWIDE SENIOR ACTION COUNCIL, A
NONPROFIT ORGANIZATION, SASHA BLAIR-GOLDENSOHN, AN INDIVIDUAL, CHRIS
PANGILINAN, AN INDIVIDUAL, DUSTIN JONES, AN INDIVIDUAL, ON BEHALF OF
THEMSELVES AND ALL OTHERS SIMILARLY SITUATED,
Plaintiffs-Appellants,

v.

METROPOLITAN TRANSPORTATION AUTHORITY, A PUBLIC BENEFIT CORPORATION,
VERONIQUE HAKIM, IN HER OFFICIAL CAPACITY AS INTERIM EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR OF
THE METROPOLITAN TRANSPORTATION AUTHORITY, NEW YORK CITY TRANSIT
AUTHORITY, A PUBLIC BENEFIT CORPORATION, DARRYL C. IRICK, IN HIS OFFICIAL
CAPACITY AS ACTING PRESIDENT OF THE NEW YORK CITY TRANSIT AUTHORITY,
Defendants-Appellees,

THE CITY OF NEW YORK,
Defendants.

ARGUED: MAY 18, 2021
DECIDED: AUGUST 23, 2021
Before: JACOBS, CABRANES, MENASHI, Circuit Judges.

A certified class of individuals with disabilities, together with six

disability-rights organizations, sue the Metropolitan Transportation Authority

(“MTA”), the New York City Transit Authority (“NYCTA”), and their respective

executive director and president, alleging that the failure to adequately maintain

subway-station elevators violates the Americans with Disabilities Act (“ADA”),

the Rehabilitation Act (“RA”), and the New York City Human Rights Law

(“NYCHRL”). The district court for the Southern District of New York (Daniels,

J.) granted summary judgment to the defendants.

We conclude that there are genuine disputes of material fact as to whether

frequent and inconvenient elevator outages deprive at least some passengers

with disabilities of adequate access to the subway. However, summary

judgment would nonetheless be proper if it can be determined as a matter of law

that reasonable accommodations are provided during those outages. The district

court did not reach the issue of reasonable accommodations. It also did not

sufficiently consider the NYCHRL claim. Accordingly, we VACATE the

judgment of the district court and REMAND for further proceedings consistent

with this opinion.

2
__________________

STUART SEABORN, Disability Rights Advocates, Berkeley,
CA (Jelena Kolic, Disability Rights Advocates, Chicago,
IL; Emily Seelenfreund, Disability Rights Advocates,
New York, NY; Daniel L. Brown, Sheppard, Mullin,
Richter & Hampton, LLP, New York, NY; on the briefs),
for Plaintiffs-Appellants.

IRA J. LIPTON (Helene R. Hechtkopf, Miriam J. Manber,
Steven M. Silverberg, on the brief), Hoguet Newman
Regal & Kenney, LLP, New York, NY, for Defendants-
Appellees.

David J. Abrams, Julie R. Fischer, Deva Roberts, Kristine
B. Abrenica, Kasowitz Benson Torres LLP, New York,
NY, for Amicus Curiae CSY Ventures LLC, d/b/a Up-
Stand, in support of Plaintiffs-Appellants.

William A. Burck, Josef T. Ansorge, Stephen A. Broome,
Quinn Emanuel Urquhart & Sullivan LLP, Washington,
DC and New York, NY, for Amicus Curiae National
Disability Rights Network, in support of Plaintiffs-
Appellants.

Darin P. McAtee, Cravath, Swaine & Moore LLP, New
York, NY, for Amicus Curiae TransitCenter, in support
of Plaintiffs-Appellants.

3
DENNIS JACOBS, Circuit Judge:

A certified class of people with impaired mobility who rely on elevators to

access the New York City subway system, along with six disability-rights

organizations, allege that the disrepair of subway-station elevators violates

Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act (“ADA”), 42 U.S.C. §§ 12131–50;

section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act (“RA”), 29 U.S.C. § 794; and the New York

City Human Rights Law (“NYCHRL”), N.Y.C. Code § 8-107(4). Defendants are

the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (“MTA”), the New York City Transit

Authority (“NYCTA”), and their respective executive director and president.

(The defendants are collectively referred to as “MTA,” except when

distinguishing between the MTA and NYCTA.) The district court (Daniels, J.)

granted summary judgment in favor of the MTA.

On appeal, the plaintiffs argue that: (1) genuine disputes of material fact

precluded summary judgment on the ADA and RA claims; (2) the district court

erroneously deemed their expert evidence and class-member testimony to be

immaterial; and (3) the district court applied an improper standard under the

NYCHRL.

4
 At the outset, we reject the MTA’s argument that this case is non-

justiciable. We also reject the MTA’s argument that we must consider the

accessibility of the transit system as a single unit that includes subways, buses

and paratransit.

The district court concluded that the subway system’s elevators afford

meaningful access for individuals with disabilities, and that the subway system

therefore complies with the ADA and RA as a matter of law. This was error. The

district court did not consider the plaintiffs’ evidence that individuals with

disabilities who rely on certain subway stations experience appreciable hardship

during elevator outages. However, summary judgment would nonetheless be

proper if reasonable accommodations are provided during elevator outages. The

district court did not reach the issue of reasonable accommodations. Nor did it

independently and liberally construe the NYCHRL, as is required.

Accordingly, the judgment of the district court is vacated, and we remand

for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

5
 I

Of the 472 subway stations in New York City, 98 are designated ADA-

accessible. Across those 98 stations, there are 272 elevators, which together

provide subway access to individuals with limited mobility.

The plaintiffs contend that the MTA’s maintenance practices are

inadequate to reduce unexpected elevator outages to a legally acceptable

frequency. An audit by the New York City Comptroller found that just one-fifth

of elevators and escalators had undergone all scheduled preventative

maintenance. Consultants found that a substantial number of elevators required

corrective maintenance within two weeks after a repair, and that the automated

system that monitors elevators for service disruptions—“LiftNet”—is outdated,

under-tested, and inadequately maintained. The plaintiffs also cite as evidence a

handful of elevator inspections, which identified problems including

uncleanliness, faulty doors, entrapments, and deficient record-keeping.

Still, system-wide, elevators are in working order an average of 96.5 to 98.7

percent of the time. This range is not disputed by the plaintiffs. Instead, the

plaintiffs submitted evidence that commuters who take high-traffic routes during

peak hours may encounter elevator outages 8 to 15 percent of the time—much

6
more frequently than the general availability range suggests. The inconvenience

of encountering an inoperable elevator is compounded because (1) at most

stations, each level is accessible by a single elevator; (2) access to a particular

platform often requires use of two to four elevators to travel across multiple

levels; (3) about three quarters of stations system-wide lack elevators to begin

with, and accessible stations are sparse in some areas; and (4) most elevator

outages are unplanned (i.e., not due to scheduled maintenance), making it

difficult to arrange alternative transportation in advance.

When an elevator malfunctions, a control desk is notified, either by LiftNet

or by station personnel. A crew is dispatched to make any necessary repairs.

The MTA submitted evidence showing that elevators are typically repaired

within three hours of an outage being reported, and that 95% of repairs are

completed within 24 hours.

A critical component of the MTA’s program of elevator access is the notice

of outages provided to elevator-dependent riders. The MTA reports elevator

status on its website and smartphone application (“app”). Customers may

subscribe to e-mail and text-message alerts of outages at their preferred subway

stations. The website and app include “TripPlanner+,” a feature that enables

7
customers to find alternate accessible routes. Permanent physical signs posted at

elevators also display alternate routing information.

However, the usefulness of these tools is disputed. The MTA claims that

“elevator outages first identified by the LiftNet remote monitoring system [are]

verified and thereafter posted to the MTA website within an average of 13.79

minutes after receiving the initial outage report.” App. at 683 ¶ 20. (The same

presumably goes for the app.) The plaintiffs assert that posting can take up to 45

minutes. While the plaintiffs’ higher number does not necessarily contradict the

MTA’s average figure, questions remain as to how long it takes for an “initial

outage report” to be received in the first place, id., and how long it takes to post

outages that are not detected by LiftNet at all. The plaintiffs also cite evidence

showing that the MTA’s website fails to report 20% of outages. And the

plaintiffs dispute the extent and clarity of the physical signs posted at elevators.

In addition to the subway, the MTA’s public transportation network

includes buses and paratransit. All buses are ADA-accessible, and every subway

station with an ADA elevator is near a bus stop. There are 326 bus routes and

more than 16,000 bus stops. The MTA’s paratransit service, Access-A-Ride, is

available by reservation, which must be made one to two days in advance.

8
 II

The complaint, filed in April 2017, alleges that, by failing to maintain

elevators and provide reasonable accommodations during outages, the MTA

violated Title II of the ADA, § 504 of the RA, and the NYCHRL. The district

court (Forrest, J.) certified a class of “all persons who use or seek to use the New

York City subway system, and have a disability that requires them to use an

elevator to access the subway system.” App. at 77–78. The parties cross-moved

for summary judgment. (The plaintiffs’ motion was for partial summary

judgment on liability.) Both parties had retained expert witnesses, and the

parties cross-moved in limine to exclude each other’s expert reports.

In March 2020, the district court (Daniels, J.) denied the plaintiffs’ motion

for partial summary judgment and granted summary judgment in favor of the

MTA. As to the federal claims, the district court reasoned that the plaintiffs

focused “on whether [the MTA’s] elevators are adequately maintained or

replaced to the extent that they would like” rather than articulating how the MTA

falls short under the ADA and RA standard. Ctr. for Indep. of the Disabled v.

Metro. Transp. Auth., 17 Civ. 2990, 2020 WL 1503454, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 30,

2020). As to the NYCHRL claim, the court ruled that “[p]laintiffs may not bring a

9
claim under the NYCHRL . . . simply on the basis of extended wait times, when

they have not been denied full access to the NYC Subway.” Id. at *7. The court

also denied both parties’ motions in limine, reasoning that “the evidence offered

by each of [the] parties’ experts would not affect th[e] Court’s analysis or

determinations as to the parties’ cross-motions for summary judgment,” so that a

decision as to admissibility was unnecessary. Id. at *3 n.4. The plaintiffs now

appeal the summary judgment entered in favor of the MTA.

III

We review de novo a dismissal on summary judgment. See Johnson v.

Killian, 680 F.3d 234, 236 (2d Cir. 2012) (per curiam). “Summary judgment is

warranted only upon a showing ‘that there is no genuine dispute as to any

material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.’” Id.

(quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a)). We must “resolve all ambiguities and draw all

permissible factual inferences in favor of the party against whom summary

judgment is sought.” Id. (quoting Terry v. Ashcroft, 336 F.3d 128, 137 (2d Cir.

2003)). “Summary judgment is appropriate ‘[w]here the record taken as a whole

could not lead a rational trier of fact to find for the non-moving party.’” Id.

10
(alteration in original) (quoting Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio

Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587 (1986)).

Title II of the ADA provides that “no qualified individual with a disability

shall, by reason of such disability, be excluded from participation in or be denied

the benefits of the services, programs, or activities of a public entity, or be

subjected to discrimination by any such entity.” 42 U.S.C. § 12132. Similarly,

§ 504 of the RA “‘prohibits programs and activities receiving federal financial

assistance from excluding, denying benefits to, or discriminating against

otherwise qualified’ individuals with a disability.” Disabled in Action v. Bd. of

Elections, 752 F.3d 189, 196 (2d Cir. 2014) (quoting McElwee v. County of

Orange, 700 F.3d 635, 640 (2d Cir. 2012)); 29 U.S.C. § 794(a). Mass transportation

programs receive federal financial assistance. See Dopico v. Goldschmidt, 687

F.2d 644, 647 n.1 (2d Cir. 1982). Because “the ‘standards adopted by [Title II and

§ 504] are nearly identical, we consider the merits of these claims together.’”

Disabled in Action, 752 F.3d at 196 (quoting McElwee, 700 F.3d at 641).

A plaintiff claiming violation of Title II or § 504 must show, in relevant

part, that the plaintiff “was denied the opportunity to participate in or benefit

from the defendant’s services, programs, or activities, or was otherwise

11
discriminated against by the defendant because of [the plaintiff’s] disability.” Id.

at 196–97 (quoting McElwee, 700 F.3d at 640). “A public entity discriminates

against a[n] . . . individual with a disability when it fails to provide ‘meaningful

access’ to its benefits, programs, or services.” Id. at 197 (quoting McElwee, 700

F.3d at 641); accord Henrietta D. v. Bloomberg, 331 F.3d 261, 282 (2d Cir. 2003).

To ensure “meaningful access” a public entity must make “reasonable

accommodations in [its] program or benefit.” Alexander v. Choate, 469 U.S. 287,

301 (1985); see also Disabled in Action, 752 F.3d at 197 (quoting Henrietta D., 331

F.3d at 273). To determine whether a public entity has failed to make reasonable

accommodation, we assess “whether a plaintiff with disabilities ‘as a practical

matter’ was denied ‘meaningful access’ to services, programs or activities to

which he or she was ‘legally entitled.’” Wright v. N.Y. Dep’t of Corr., 831 F.3d

64, 72 (2d Cir. 2016) (quoting Henrietta D., 331 F.3d at 273). An “accommodation

must overcome structural impediments and non-trivial temporal delays that

limit access to programs, services, and activities.” Id. at 73.

“[T]he ‘reasonableness of an accommodation is a fact-specific question that

often must be resolved by a factfinder.’” Id. at 72–73 (alteration omitted)

(quoting Noll v. Int’l Bus. Machs. Corp., 787 F.3d 89, 94 (2d Cir. 2015)). “A

12
defendant is ‘entitled to summary judgment only if the undisputed record

reveals that the plaintiff was accorded a plainly reasonable accommodation.’”

Id. at 73 (quoting Dean v. Univ. at Buffalo School of Med. & Biomed. Scis., 804

F.3d 178, 189 (2d Cir. 2015)).

Under Title II, a public transportation “program or activity” must be

“readily accessible to and usable by individuals with disabilities.” 42 U.S.C.

§ 12148(a)(1); 49 C.F.R. § 37.61(a). Department of Transportation (“DOT”)

regulations, promulgated to implement Title II, see 49 C.F.R. § 37.1, et seq.,

require that the provider of a transportation service must “maintain in operative

condition those features of facilities . . . that are required to make the . . . facilities

readily accessible to and usable by individuals with disabilities. These features

include, but are not limited to, lifts and other means of access to vehicles, . . .

elevators, [and] signage,” id. § 37.161(a).

When an “accessibility feature” is out of order, it must “be repaired

promptly,” and “reasonable steps” must be taken “to accommodate individuals

with disabilities who would otherwise use the feature.” Id. § 37.161(b). At the

same time, it is permissible to have “isolated or temporary interruptions in

service or access due to maintenance or repairs.” Id. § 37.161(c). DOT

13
regulations implementing § 504, see 49 C.F.R. § 27.1, et seq., similarly prohibit

discrimination based on disability “under any program or activity that receives

[f]ederal financial assistance administered by the [DOT],” id. § 27.7(a).

IV

The MTA raises two threshold arguments. First, the MTA contends that

this case is non-justiciable because it would be “inappropriate” for the court to

“become an elevator-repair watchdog.” Appellees’ Br. at 47. The observation is

inarguable as far as it goes but falls beside the point. Federal courts can properly

identify conditions that violate federal law. See Disabled in Action, 752 F.3d at

202 (“[T]he undisputed facts demonstrate that [the Board of Elections] fails to

provide individuals with meaningful access to its voting program.”). It is “in

curing unlawful conditions” where federal courts owe “restraint and initial

deference to state institutional authorities,” as “federal courts lack the facilities or

expertise to administer plans designed to assure that a state will provide

acceptable services.” Id. at 204 (emphasis added and alterations and omissions

omitted) (quoting Dean v. Coughlin, 804 F.2d 207, 213–14 (2d Cir. 1986)). Still,

the district court may conceive of remedies that do not embroil the court in the

running of elevators or the subway.

14
 Second, the MTA argues that we must consider whether the transportation

system as a whole—including subways, buses and paratransit—is accessible,

rather than considering the subway in itself as the system in question. But we

need not resolve this question in the abstract because the MTA has committed to

making key subway stations accessible. See 49 C.F.R. § 37.53(a)(1) (codifying a

settlement agreement to make key subway stations in New York City accessible).

The MTA therefore must maintain subway accessibility to the extent that this

agreement requires, and it cannot be excused from that obligation because the

transportation system as a whole is accessible.

V

Still, the access afforded need not be total so long as it is “meaningful.” Id.

at 197 (quoting McElwee, 700 F.3d at 641). As explained below, the subway

system considered as a whole provides meaningful access as a matter of law.

However, the plaintiffs’ argument is that to consider the subway system as a

whole is to miss the point: they claim that elevator outages are

disproportionately frequent at especially inconvenient stations (usually, the

busiest), at especially inconvenient times (usually, rush hour). With this framing

15
in mind, there are genuine disputes of material fact as to whether the subway

system presents barriers to meaningful access.

A.

The MTA’s expert, Dr. Alan Salzberg, found that ADA elevators were

available—that is, experiencing no outage—an average of 96.5 to 98.7 percent of

the time. 1 The plaintiffs’ main critique of Dr. Salzberg’s analysis is the omission

of elevators that were out of service for “long-term overhaul[s].” App. at 307 ¶ 5.

But this critique is a poor fit with their claims. Since plaintiffs complain that

failure to conduct adequate maintenance is the chief cause of outage, the

inevitable outages for maintenance are not a ground for attacking the sufficiency

of service. The plaintiffs otherwise accept Dr. Salzberg’s figures as sound, and

they do not argue that an overall uptime of 96.5 to 98.7 percent is less than

meaningful service. Accordingly, there is no genuine dispute of material fact

with respect to the subway system considered as a whole, which (as the district

1 Dr. Salzberg calculated the median and mean elevator availability on both
around-the-clock and weekday bases. These calculations generated four key
figures: 98.7% (median weekday), 98% (median around-the-clock), 97% (mean
weekday), and 96.5% (mean around-the-clock).

16
court concluded) affords access that is meaningful as a matter of law. But

averages can obscure variability, so the analysis does not end here.

B.

Plaintiffs’ expert Andrew Schwarz assumed arguendo that Dr. Salzberg’s

calculations were correct, without offering competing figures. Instead, he

focused exclusively on high-usage subway routes during rush hours and found

that elevator outages resulted in “failed” trips approximately 8 to 15 percent of

the time. App. at 848 ¶ 23. The failed-trip rate is expressed as a range because

Schwarz used multiple definitions of “failure.” The 15% rate includes any period

of elevator outage during a given hour. The 8% rate assumes that, for a trip to

“fail,” an elevator outage would have to last for one hour.

Schwarz concluded that “Dr. Salzberg can be 100% correct in his

calculations, as I have assumed, and yet it can still be the case that morning

commuters from Jamaica Center to Canal Street may have experienced an out-of-

service elevator on more than half of their commutes into Manhattan over a year

of usage.” Id. at 850 ¶ 26. Class member Chris Pangilinan’s experience aligns

with Schwarz’s findings. Over approximately four years, he logged every

17
elevator outage that he encountered, and he calculated an outage rate of 14.9% of

his subway trips—on average, 8.9 outages per month.

Relatedly, plaintiffs’ expert David Rishel explained that because access to

any particular platform often requires two to four elevators, a passenger with a

disability may need 40 to 80 elevators over a five-day workweek, and “would be

unlikely to experience a week of commuting without encountering one or more

inoperable elevators.” Id. at 732. Moreover, the NYCTA’s Director of Operations

Analysis conceded that, at about 88 of the 98 stations designated ADA-accessible,

each level or platform is served by a single elevator. Taking these facts together,

certain travelers are more likely to encounter elevator outages because of the

number of elevators they use per week; and the inconvenience of any single

elevator outage can be heightened if there is no other way to access a particular

platform.

To illustrate, class member Monica Bartley described taking one elevator to

a station’s mezzanine only to find that the next elevator she needed was

inoperable; she then had to exit the subway station and take a bus. Bartley

estimated that she encounters two to three broken elevators per five trips.

18
Similarly, class member April Coughlin described encountering at least five

broken elevators per week.

Since fewer than a quarter of subway stations have elevators to begin with,

there are limited alternative subway options when an elevator at any particular

station is inoperable. Options are of course nonexistent in neighborhoods with

no accessible stations—which is the case in 51% of neighborhoods across the

Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, and Queens.

In sum, the plaintiffs focus on (i) commuters on high-trafficked routes

during peak hours, and (ii) riders who need multiple elevators per trip. The

district court erred by declining to separately consider such riders. If “there is

any evidence in the record from which a reasonable inference could be drawn in

favor of the [plaintiffs], summary judgment is improper.” Gummo v. Village of

Depew, 75 F.3d 98, 107 (2d Cir. 1996). Here, the plaintiffs raise a reasonable

inference that, for some, access is not meaningful (assuming no

accommodations). Likewise, it is reasonable to infer that the MTA is in violation

of DOT regulations because, for some, elevator outages go beyond the “isolated

or temporary.” 49 C.F.R. § 37.161(c).

19
 The plaintiffs’ expert evidence therefore contains facts “which might affect

the outcome of the suit under the governing law.” Wagner v. Chiari & Ilecki,

LLP, 973 F.3d 154, 164 (2d Cir. 2020) (quoting Coppola v. Bear Stearns & Co., 499

F.3d 144, 148 (2d Cir. 2007)). The district court’s dismissal of the expert evidence

as immaterial led to the erroneous conclusion that meaningful access was

afforded as a matter of law.

However, at this stage, we cannot conclude that summary judgment is

unavailable to the MTA in this case. Although there is a genuine dispute of

material fact as to whether at least some passengers with disabilities experience

barriers to meaningful access, reasonable accommodations can render access

meaningful. See id. at 197 (quoting Henrietta D., 331 F.3d at 273). The district

court did not decide whether the MTA provides reasonable accommodation

during elevator outages. If it can be determined that reasonable accommodation

is provided, then access is meaningful as a matter of law. Accordingly, we go on

to consider the accommodations provided during elevator outages.

VI

“A defendant is ‘entitled to summary judgment only if the undisputed

record reveals that the plaintiff was accorded a plainly reasonable

20
accommodation.’” Wright, 831 F.3d at 73 (quoting Dean, 804 F.3d at 188–89).

The district court reasoned that it did not need to reach the issue of reasonable

accommodation because the plaintiffs failed to identify “an issue with the NYC

Subway that reaches the level of a violation of the ADA or RA.” Ctr. for Indep.

of the Disabled, 2020 WL 1503454, at *6. Although the court did not rule on the

issue, it stated that the bus system “does not seem to be an ‘accommodation’ in

the classic sense” because the bus is “an entirely different mode of

transportation.” Id. We have a different view.

It is undisputed that, as of 2019, the MTA Bus Company and NYCTA’s

Department of Buses operated 326 bus routes with more than 16,000 stops, that

all buses were ADA accessible, and that every subway station with an ADA

elevator was proximate to a bus stop. The plaintiffs contend that buses offer

“limited and continuously diminishing service coverage,” Appellants’ Reply Br.

at 23, and cite a document explaining that the MTA Bus Company reduced its

service in 2010. But publicly available maps of New York City bus routes—of

which we take judicial notice, see Fed. R. Evid. 201(b); Mirlis v. Greer, 952 F.3d

51, 63 n.11 (2d Cir. 2020)—illustrate the extensive and ramified bus system 2, and

2Bus maps can be accessed at the following website: MTA, Maps,
https://new.mta.info/maps (last visited Aug. 3, 2021).
21
the plaintiffs fail to raise a genuine dispute as to the (post-2019) service coverage.

Moreover, the plaintiffs’ data covers only the MTA Bus Company; but accessible

bus routes are also operated by the NYCTA’s Department of Buses. The

plaintiffs further argue that the bus is intended “primarily” for intra-borough

transit, while the subway is better suited for inter-borough transit. Appellants’

Reply Br. at 23 (citing App. at 492). This argument might resonate if the bus

were proffered as a substitute for the subway rather than an accommodation and

backstop. In any event, buses cross the bridges.

Accordingly, buses should be considered as an accommodation. Although

the MTA must provide meaningful access to the subway system itself, it may

perform that duty by timely directing passengers to nearby bus stops when an

elevator needed for access is out of service. Unlike a theater, a hospital, or a

workplace, the New York City subway is not a destination; it is a means of

getting from here to there. When a broken elevator prevents subway access, the

bus allows passengers to get to the destination.

Still, we cannot determine as a matter of law that the bus system is a

reasonable accommodation. An “accommodation must overcome . . . non-trivial

temporal delays that limit access to programs, services, and activities.” Wright,

22
831 F.3d at 73. There is evidence that delays encountered by class members are

non-trivial. As one example out of several in the record, class member Bartley

described riding the subway to Grand Central station, where she unexpectedly

encountered an elevator outage that prevented her from exiting the station; she

had to ride the subway in the opposite direction back to her starting point, where

she boarded a bus to her destination. Further, absent adequate notice of an

elevator outage, a traveler who requires two or more elevators per trip may use

one elevator only to find that a second is broken. It can be seriously burdensome

to then ride the first elevator back to street level and proceed to a bus stop.

Accordingly, the adequacy of buses as a reasonable accommodation depends, at

least in part, on whether a passenger gets prompt notice to go to a bus stop

instead of a subway station, or to find a bus if an outage arises in the course of

travel.

The MTA does provide notice, but whether that notice is “plainly

reasonable” is debated, and in any event was not decided by the district court.

Id. (quoting Dean, 804 F.3d at 189). The MTA reports elevator outages on its

website and app, and riders may subscribe to e-mail and text-message alerts.

Riders may also consult the website or the app for alternative accessible routes.

23
The MTA cites evidence that, on average, elevator outages that are “first

identified” by LiftNet are posted to the MTA’s website within 13.79 minutes after

the “initial outage report” is received. App. at 683 ¶ 20. However, the number of

minutes it takes to receive the initial report is not provided, and the plaintiffs cite

evidence of LiftNet deficiencies that could add delay.

Therefore, there are factual issues, and the record might need further

development or explication. True, the plaintiffs do not dispute the 14-minute

average delay; instead, they cite evidence that “most outages are verified and

posted to the MTA website within 45 minutes of receipt of notification of an

outage.” Id. at 576. But there is no arithmetical contradiction between an

average delay of 14 minutes and a maximum delay of 45 minutes. And posting a

notice of delay before the outage is confirmed (and confirmed to require repair)

can disrupt a trip unnecessarily, or needlessly send a passenger to pursue

alternatives. Still, we cannot decide in the first instance whether advance notice

that lags by 45 minutes—and perhaps even by 14 minutes (plus however long it

takes the MTA to become aware of the outage)—is adequate to enable

meaningful access, especially in the absence of evidence as to how long the

whole process takes from outage to notification. Moreover, the

24
comprehensiveness of the MTA website is disputed. The record contains

evidence that the website under-reports outages by 20 percent. Of course, it

could be that the outages are not reported if they are brief or quickly fixed; this is

also unclear from the record.

Permanent physical signs, posted near elevators and displaying reasonable

alternative routes (including via bus), may be part of an accommodation scheme.

Although permanent signs do not provide advance or current notice of any

particular elevator outage, a permanent sign posted near an elevator can give

notice of alternative routing information for passengers who encounter an

inoperative elevator en route.

However, the adequacy of the permanent signage in place is disputed. As

of 2018, the defendants planned to post permanent signs at each of the 235

NYCTA-owned ADA elevators. The MTA submitted evidence that, by

September 2019, permanent signs were installed at 159 elevators. At oral

argument, the MTA represented to us that every elevator has a permanent sign.

The plaintiffs dispute the adequacy and clarity of these signs, citing evidence that

some signs are missing and that some lack alternative routing information.

Further, the subway system contains 37 elevators “on the ADA path of travel”

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that are not owned or maintained by the NYCTA and may not be included in the

plan to post permanent signs. App. at 291 ¶ 25. The extent of the permanent

signage is thus unclear.

Adequate notice may enable the use of paratransit as a reasonable

accommodation in some circumstances. The MTA’s paratransit service, Access-

A-Ride, must be reserved one to two days in advance; so it is sometimes

impractical. Cf. Wright, 831 F.3d at 74 (considering the requirement that a

prisoner with disabilities must request a mobility aide in advance and

concluding that it “prevents [the prisoner] from effectively moving about the

facility and discourages him from participating in prison activities”). Then

again, the plaintiffs complain primarily of difficulty commuting, and it may be

practical for commuters—who generally report to work at the same time and

place every weekday—to make advance reservations to cope with a prolonged

outage.

In short, it is not clear on the record whether any accommodations

provided are “plainly reasonable.” Id. at 73 (quoting Dean, 804 F.3d at 189).

“[T]he ‘reasonableness of an accommodation is a fact-specific question that often

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must be resolved by a factfinder.’” Id. at 72–73 (alteration omitted) (quoting

Noll, 787 F.3d at 94).

Because the district court did not reach the issue of reasonable

accommodation, remand for further consideration (and perhaps further

development of the record) is appropriate. If the district court concludes that, on

the undisputed record, reasonable accommodations are afforded to the class—

including those members who experience more frequent and inconvenient

elevator outages—then summary judgment is proper.

The expert evidence proffered by the parties has likely bearing on the

analysis, assuming of course that evidence is admissible—that is, reliable and

relevant. See Gen. Elec. Co. v. Joiner, 522 U.S. 136, 142 (1997) (“[T]he trial judge

must ensure that any and all scientific testimony or evidence admitted is not only

relevant, but reliable.” (quoting Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharms., Inc., 509 U.S.

579, 589 (1993))). We presume that such arguments were advanced in the cross-

motions in limine, which the district court summarily denied. Reconsideration

of those motions may therefore be a preliminary step on remand. See Raskin v.

Wyatt Co., 125 F.3d 55, 66 (2d Cir. 1997) (“[O]nly admissible evidence need be

considered by the trial court in ruling on a motion for summary judgment. . . .

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[A]n expert’s report is not a talisman against summary judgment.” (citing Beyene

v. Coleman Sec. Servs., Inc., 854 F.2d 1179, 1181 (9th Cir. 1988))). In any event,

the proceedings in the district court will be conducted in accordance with the

broad discretion of the district judge.

VII

The district court granted summary judgment in favor of the MTA on the

NYCHRL claim, reasoning that the plaintiffs were not “denied full access” to the

subway. Ctr. for Indep. of the Disabled, 2020 WL 1503454, at *7. The court relied

on Lowell v. Lyft, Inc., 352 F. Supp. 3d 248 (S.D.N.Y. 2018), in which plaintiffs

claimed that they experienced “extended wait times” for wheelchair-accessible

rideshare vehicles, id. at 263. Lowell was dismissed for failure to state a claim

because “[w]hile it is a NYCHRL violation to entirely exclude a person with a

disability from accessing a public accommodation, that [was] not the situation

before the [c]ourt.” Id. (emphasis added) (internal citation omitted). Here, the

district court similarly reasoned that, to support an NYCHRL claim, the plaintiffs

must have been entirely excluded from the subway—that is, they must have had

no access at all.

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 Under the NYCHRL, providers of public accommodations may not,

“[b]ecause of any person’s . . . disability, . . . refuse, withhold from or deny to

such person the full and equal enjoyment, on equal terms and conditions, of any

of the accommodations, advantages, services, facilities or privileges of the place

or provider of public accommodation.” NYCHRL § 8-107(4)(1)(a). The NYCHRL

is “construed liberally for the accomplishment of [its] uniquely broad and

remedial purposes thereof.” Ya-Chen Chen v. City Univ. of N.Y., 805 F.3d 59, 75

(2d Cir. 2015) (quoting Mihalik v. Credit Agricole Cheuvreux N. Am., Inc., 715

F.3d 102, 109 (2d Cir. 2013)). “[F]ederal civil rights statutes can serve only as a

floor below which the [NYCHRL] cannot fall.” Id. (alteration in original)

(quoting Mihalik, 715 F.3d at 109). Accordingly, “courts must analyze NYCHRL

claims separately and independently from any federal and state law claims,

construing [the NYCHRL’s] provisions broadly in favor of discrimination

plaintiffs to the extent that such a construction is reasonably possible.” Id.

(quoting Mihalik, 715 F.3d at 109). In short, conduct that does not violate federal

law may violate the NYCHRL. See Mihalik, 715 F.3d at 109.

It follows that we must vacate summary judgment on the NYCHRL claim

at least to the same extent as on the federal claims. On remand, some

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independent analysis under the NYCHRL is required, and we “leave it to the

district court to interpret any specific, applicable provisions in the first instance.”

Loeffler v. Staten Island Univ. Hosp., 582 F.3d 268, 279 (2d Cir. 2009).

CONCLUSION

We have considered all other arguments advanced by the parties and

determined that they are without merit. Accordingly, the judgment of the

district court is vacated, and the case is remanded for further proceedings

consistent with this opinion.

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