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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No. 20-14186
Non-Argument Calendar
________________________
Agency No. A079-497-894
PETRONA TOMAS,
Petitioner,
versus
U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,
Respondent.
________________________
Petition for Review of a Decision of the
Board of Immigration Appeals
________________________
(September 1, 2021)
Before ROSENBAUM, LAGOA, and BRASHER, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
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In 2006, Petrona Tomas, a native and citizen of Guatemala, was ordered
removed in absentia after she failed to appear for her removal hearing. More than
thirteen years later, she filed a motion to reopen her removal proceedings and rescind
her removal order, based on lack of notice. An immigration judge (“IJ”) denied her
motion, and the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) affirmed. Tomas now
petitions this Court for review. After careful review, we agree with Tomas that the
agency failed to follow its own precedents without providing a reasoned explanation
for doing so. We therefore grant the petition for review.
I.
Tomas is a native and citizen of Guatemala who entered the United States at
an unknown place and time without being admitted or paroled. In September 2001,
before the initiation of removal proceedings, she applied for asylum and withholding
of removal, explaining that she left Guatemala because of severe poverty and high
unemployment and crime. She later failed to appear for her scheduled interview
with an asylum officer.
On April 25, 2005, the government issued Tomas a notice to appear, charging
her as removable under 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(6)(A)(i) and directing her to appear for
a removal hearing on April 19, 2006. The notice to appear was sent by regular mail
to Tomas at a post office box in Albany, Georgia, which was the last address she
provided the government in connection with her asylum application. Tomas did not
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appear for the removal hearing in April 2006, so the IJ entered an in absentia
removal order. The removal order was mailed to the same post office box.
In December 2019, Tomas filed a counseled motion to reopen her removal
proceedings and rescind the in absentia removal order for lack of proper notice.1
Tomas admitted that the post office box, which belonged to her brother, was her
“current address” at the time the notice to appear was sent, but she argued that she
lacked proper notice and that she had overcome the presumption of delivery that
applied to the notice to appear based on the factors set out in Matter of M-R-A-, 24
I. & N. Dec. 665 (BIA 2008), and applied in Matter of C-R-C-, 24 I. & N. Dec. 677
(BIA 2008).
In support of her motion, Tomas submitted a personal affidavit stating that she
first learned of the removal proceeding in 2013 while consulting with an immigration
attorney on another matter, though she was unable to afford pursuing relief at that
time. She also submitted an affidavit from her brother, who collected the mail from
the post office box for Tomas and several others but did not recall seeing any official
documents for Tomas. Her brother further stated that, after Tomas “moved to
another address,” he continued to receive her mail but “did not receive any notice or
any official documents.” Tomas also pointed to the lack of evidence showing that
1
Tomas’s motion also asserted that the removal order “was entered without statutory
authority” and that she presented “exceptional circumstances warranting sua sponte reopening.”
She has expressly abandoned those grounds on appeal.
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the documents were “actually mailed,” such as an envelope or cover letter. Finally,
Tomas noted that she had an incentive to appear for the removal hearing, given her
prior application for asylum and withholding of removal. The government opposed
reopening.
In January 2020, an IJ denied Tomas’s motion to reopen. The IJ explained
that a presumption of delivery applies when a properly addressed notice is sent by
regular mail through normal procedures, and it summarized Matter of M-R-A-’s list
of factors for rebutting that presumption. After reviewing Tomas’s evidence, the IJ
found that she had failed to rebut the presumption because the notice to appear was
properly sent to her last known address and there was “no evidence in the record that
any correspondence sent to this address was returned as undeliverable.” So,
according to the IJ, Tomas “or someone at the address provided” received the notice
to appear, which was sufficient to establish “proper notice” even if Tomas never saw
the notice to appear. In support of that conclusion, the IJ quoted the BIA’s statement
in Matter of G-Y-R-, 23 I. &. N. Dec. 181, 189 (BIA 2001), that a person can “be
properly charged with receiving notice, even though he or she did not personally see
the mailed document.”
Tomas appealed to the BIA, contending that the IJ failed to follow Matter of
M-R-A- and Matter of C-R-C-, that there was no evidence that the notice to appear
had in fact been mailed to the post office box, and that she met her burden of
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overcoming the presumption of delivery. Tomas further argued that, even if the
notice to appear had been received by her brother, it was not reasonable to charge
her with notice because the failure to receive notice was through no fault of her own.
On that latter point, she said that Matter of G-Y-R- was inapposite and that the BIA
should instead look to the reasoning of Matter of M-D-, 23 I. & N. Dec. 540, 547
(BIA 2002), which stated that a noncitizen can be charged with notice where he
“neglect[s] or refus[es] to collect his mail.”
The BIA affirmed the denial of the motion to reopen “[f]or the reasons
articulated” by the IJ. The BIA did not otherwise address Tomas’s arguments that
the IJ’s reasoning was inconsistent with Matter of M-R-A- and Matter of C-R-C- or
that Matter of G-Y-R- did not apply. Tomas timely petitions this Court for review,
raising essentially the same arguments that she presented to the BIA.
II.
Where, as here, the BIA expressly adopts the IJ’s decision, we review both
decisions. Jeune v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 810 F.3d 792, 799 (11th Cir. 2016). We review
the denial of a motion to reopen for an abuse of discretion. Lonyem v. U.S. Att’y
Gen., 352 F.3d 1338, 1340 (11th Cir. 2003). The BIA can abuse its discretion by
misapplying the law or “by not following its own precedents without providing a
reasoned explanation for doing so.” Ferreira v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 714 F.3d 1240,
1243 (11th Cir. 2013); Cisneros v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 514 F.3d 1224, 1226 (11th Cir.
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2008) (“[T]he BIA’s failure to follow its own precedents without providing a
reasoned explanation for doing so can constitute an abuse of discretion.”)
A noncitizen who fails to attend her removal proceeding is subject to removal
in absentia so long as she is removable and was provided with written notice of the
proceeding. 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(b)(5)(A). The noncitizen may seek rescission of the
in absentia removal order by filing a motion to reopen “at any time” and
demonstrating that she “did not receive notice” through either a notice to appear or
a subsequent notice of hearing. Id. § 1229a(b)(5)(C)(ii).
When a noncitizen moves to reopen her removal proceedings based on “a
claim that notice sent by regular mail was not received, the question to be determined
is whether the respondent has presented sufficient evidence to overcome the
presumption of delivery attached to notices sent by regular mail, which is weaker
than the presumption applied to delivery by certified mail.” Matter of C-R-C-, 24 I.
& N. Dec. at 679. “[A]ll relevant evidence must be considered in making the
determination.” Id. (emphasis added). Relevant evidence includes (a) affidavits
from the noncitizen and other parties with knowledge of whether the notice was
received; (b) evidence “that the respondent had an incentive to appear,” such as a
prior affirmative application for relief; (c) the noncitizen’s diligence or lack thereof
upon learning of the in absentia removal order; and (d) “any other circumstances or
evidence indicating possible nonreceipt of notice.” Matter of M-R-A-, 24 I. & N.
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Dec. at 674. None of these factors are either necessary or sufficient; rather, “[e]ach
case must be evaluated based on its own particular circumstances and evidence.” Id.
Importantly, however, the BIA has held that a noncitizen “can, in certain
circumstances, be properly charged with receiving notice, even though he or she did
not personally see the mailed document.” Matter of M-D-, 23 I. & N. Dec. at 545
(citing Matter of G-Y-R, 23 I. & N. Dec. at 189). For example, if the notice to appear
“reaches the correct address but does not reach the alien through some failure in the
internal workings of the household, the alien can be charged with receiving proper
notice, and proper notice will have been effected.” Id.
Insofar as Tomas claims that the notice to appear, though properly delivered
to the post office box, her current address at the time, may have been taken
inadvertently by another person who used that same address or simply not given to
her by her brother, that would not defeat proper notice under BIA precedent.2 See
id. Resisting this conclusion, Tomas claims that the IJ and BIA should have applied
Matter of M-D-, which concerned a motion to reopen, instead of Matter of G-Y-R-,
which did not. But Matter of M-D- is not “directly on point,” as she claims, nor did
2
To be sure, if Tomas had begun receiving mail at another address but failed to notify the
government of her change of address, it appears that she could not be charged with receiving notice
under BIA precedent. See Matter of Anyelo, 25 I. & N. Dec. 337, 339 (BIA 2010) (holding a
noncitizen could not be charged with receiving notice where the notice to appear was sent to his
last known address and he failed to update the government with his current mailing address).
Although Tomas’s brother’s affidavit indicates that Tomas began receiving mail at another address
at some point, Tomas conceded in her motion to reopen and rescind that the post office box was
her “current address” at the time the notice to appear was sent.
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it hold that a noncitizen can be charged with notice only where she was at fault for
the failure to receive notice.
Matter of M-D- addressed a situation where notice by certified mail sent to
the correct address was returned unclaimed. Id. at 547. Although no delivery
occurred, the BIA held that the noncitizen could be charged with notice because “[i]t
is not reasonable to allow the respondent to defeat service by neglecting or refusing
to collect his mail.” Id. The BIA characterized this situation as covered by Matter
of G-Y-R-, reiterating that “if the Notice to Appear reaches the correct address but
does not reach the alien through some failure in the internal workings of the
household, the alien can be charged with receiving proper notice.” Id. (quotation
marks omitted). Thus, Matter of M-D- clearly establishes that Matter of G-Y-R-
applies in the context of motions to reopen, so it was no abuse of discretion to apply
it to her motion to reopen. 3 And the possibility that her brother simply failed to give
her the notice to appear—a “failure in the internal workings of a household”—is not
enough to warrant reopening. See id.
3
In the alternative, Tomas maintains that the IJ and BIA misinterpreted 8 U.S.C.
§ 1229a(b)(5)(C)(ii) by concluding that she could be charged with notice if the notice to appear
was received by her brother. She did not raise this statutory-interpretation argument to the IJ or
the BIA, however. Where the BIA has the power to review a claim and provide a remedy,
exhaustion of that claim is required before we can consider it. See Bing Quan Lin v. U.S. Att’y
Gen., 881 F.3d 860, 868 (11th Cir. 2018). Not only does the BIA have the power to revisit its
interpretations, it “must consider varying interpretations and the wisdom of its policy on a
continuing basis.” See Nat’l Cable & Telecomms. Ass’n v. Brand X Internet Servs., 545 U.S. 967,
981 (2005). In other words, because the BIA could remedy Tomas’s claim, she was required to
exhaust it there. See Bing Quan Lin, 881 F.3d at 868. Because she did not, we cannot consider it.
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Instead, Tomas bears the burden of rebutting the presumption that the notice
to appear was delivered to the post office box. See Matter of M-R-A-, 24 I. & N.
Dec. at 674. To meet that burden, Tomas provided a sworn affidavit stating that she
did not receive the notice to appear informing her of the date of her removal hearing.
That statement was corroborated by an affidavit from her brother, who stated that he
either did not receive or did not recall receiving any official documents for Tomas
at the post office box. And there is no indication that any subsequent notice or
document was sent to the post office box before the removal order. Also, Tomas
had submitted a prior affirmative action for relief, which suggests she “had an
incentive to appear.” Id.
Although the IJ cited the factors from Matter of M-R-A-, the IJ concluded that
Tomas had not overcome the presumption solely because there was “no evidence in
the record that any correspondence sent to this address was returned as
undeliverable,” so the IJ was “left to conclude that [Tomas], or someone at the
address provided, was in receipt of the [notice to appear].” The BIA likewise
adopted that conclusion. But in both Matter of C-R-C- and Matter of M-R-A-, the
BIA concluded that the presumption had been rebutted despite there being no
indication that any mail was returned undelivered. See Matter of C-R-C-, 24 I. & N.
Dec. at 679–80; Matter of M-R-A-, 24 I. & N. Dec. at 675–76. That is not surprising,
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since mail is sometimes lost or misdelivered, so the conclusion that the notice was
received does not necessarily follow the fact that the notice was not returned.
While we agree with the government that “if the mail was not returned, it
supports the presumption of delivery,” that fact alone does not relieve the agency of
its obligation to consider “all relevant evidence.” Matter of C-R-C-, 24 I. & N. Dec.
at 679. And here, the IJ and BIA did not explain why Tomas’s evidence, which
addressed several of the Matter of M-R-A- factors, was not sufficient to overcome
the “weaker” presumption of delivery applicable to notices sent by regular mail.
Neither the IJ nor the BIA discounted the affidavits from Tomas or her brother, nor
did they discuss or weigh Tomas’s prior affirmative application for relief. By basing
the denial of Tomas’s motion to reopen solely on one non-dispositive factor, the IJ
and BIA, without any reasoned explanation, failed to apply BIA precedent requiring
consideration of “all relevant evidence” of the “particular circumstances.” 4 Matter
of C-R-C-, 24 I. & N. Dec. at 679; Matter of M-R-A-, 24 I. & N. Dec. at 674.
Accordingly, the agency abused its discretion in denying Tomas’s motion to
reopen. See Ferreira, 714 F.3d at 1244 (holding that the BIA abused its discretion
by “limiting its analysis” to one factor and failing to “articulate or weigh” all relevant
4
The government supplies additional reasoning for the denial of the motion to reopen, such
as Tomas’s alleged lack of diligence, but we are limited to the explanation given by the agency.
Neither the IJ nor BIA found that any lack of diligence undermined her claim that she lacked notice
of the notice to appear, and “[w]e may not supply a reasoned basis for the agency’s action that the
agency itself has not given.” Black Warrior Riverkeeper, Inc. v. U.S. Army Corps of Eng’rs, 833
F.3d 1274, 1285 (11th Cir. 2016) (quotation marks omitted).
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factors “as required by the BIA’s own precedent”). We therefore grant Tomas’s
petition for review, vacate the denial of her motion to reopen, and remand for further
proceedings consistent with this opinion.
PETITION GRANTED; VACATED AND REMANDED.
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