In re R.C. CA2/4

Filed 9/2/21 In re R.C. CA2/4

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions
not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion
has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION FOUR

In re R.C., a Person Coming B308229
Under the Juvenile Court (Los Angeles County
Law. Super. Ct. Nos.
20CCJP00914,
20CCJP00914A)
LOS ANGELES COUNTY
DEPARTMENT OF
CHILDREN AND FAMILY
SERVICES,

Plaintiff and
Respondent,

v.

A.S.,

Defendant and
Appellant.

APPEAL from orders of the Superior Court of Los Angeles
County, Annabelle G. Cortez, Judge. Affirmed.
 Lori N. Siegel, under appointment by the Court of Appeal,
for Defendant and Appellant.
Rodrigo A. Castro Silva, County Counsel, Kim Nemoy,
Assistant County Counsel, William D. Thetford, Senior Deputy
County Counsel, for Plaintiff and Respondent.

The juvenile court sustained a Welfare and Institutions
Code section 3421 petition alleging that 12-year-old R.C. was at
substantial risk of serious physical harm due to mother April S.’s
failure to make an appropriate plan for his safety and well-being
and unwillingness and inability to provide him with ongoing care
and supervision. The court subsequently declared R.C. a
dependent of the court and removed him from mother’s care.
Mother contends the evidence was insufficient to support
the court’s jurisdictional findings, because R.C. was not at risk of
harm as a result of her conduct. She further contends the court
relied on the wrong statutory provision to remove R.C. from her
custody. We affirm.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
A. Family Background
R.C., the only child of mother and father J.C., was born in
2007. Days after R.C.’s birth, the juvenile court sustained a
section 300 petition alleging that he was at substantial risk of
physical harm due to mother’s and father’s substance abuse and
domestic violence. R.C. was placed with his maternal
grandmother in 2008. He lived there until early 2009, when the
court issued a home-of-parent order placing him with mother.
The dependency case was closed in late 2009, with an exit order

1All further statutory references are to the Welfare and
Institutions Code unless otherwise indicated.

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awarding mother full legal and physical custody of R.C. A
“Conciliation Court Agreement and Stipulated Order Re Custody
and Parenting Plan” filed April 18, 2012 provided that R.C. “shall
be in Mother’s care during all time not designated below as
Father’s time,” and father’s time was “up to 48 hours every week
with the Paternal Grandmother present.” The court took judicial
notice of “all court orders” and “contents of judicial file.”
At some point, mother left R.C. in the care of either or both
father and paternal grandmother and thereafter had virtually no
contact with him. According to father, mother left R.C. with him
when R.C. was four years old and father “never saw or heard
from her again.” R.C. similarly told a DCFS dependency
investigator (DI) that he had not had contact with mother “since
age 5.” On another occasion, however, R.C. told a Los Angeles
County Department of Children and Family Services (DCFS)
children’s social worker (CSW) that he had not spoken to mother
“in about 4-5 years,” which would mean he was about seven or
eight when mother left. Mother also stated that she left R.C.
with paternal grandmother when R.C. was seven years old, and
saw R.C. for the last time at his eighth birthday party.
B. Section 300 Petition Filed
R.C. came to the attention of DCFS again on February 11,
2020, when the Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department served
a search warrant at father’s residence. In addition to two loaded
guns, steroids, “numerous” Xanax pills, 50 grams of fentanyl, and
a pound of methamphetamines, the deputies found R.C. sleeping
in a bedroom. A CSW spoke privately with R.C., who was well-
dressed, appropriately groomed, and showed no signs of abuse or
neglect. R.C. told the CSW that he and father lived with father’s
friend, Jonathan. They moved there from Las Vegas about two or

3
three months ago, but father had not yet enrolled R.C. in school
despite R.C.’s weekly requests that he do so. R.C. stated that he
stayed at home watching television and playing video games.
R.C. believed that father, who did not otherwise work, was selling
drugs. R.C. told the CSW, “he has guns in the home and I think
those bags in his room are drugs and I know because I play a lot
of Grand Theft Auto and I do the same thing on games.” R.C.
also told the CSW that he had recently handled a loaded gun that
father kept under the kitchen sink.
The CSW spoke to father at the jail later in the day.
Father told the CSW that the guns and drugs found in the
apartment belonged to his roommate, Jonathan. When the CSW
asked about items that had been found in father’s bedroom,
father “put his head down and would not answer the questions.”
He also told the CSW, however, that “he had guns for protection
and has them out in the open so that his child can use them in
case of an emergency.” The CSW noted that father appeared to
be under the influence, based on “redness in his eyes, bad body
odor that resembled marijuana and was mumbling his words.”
The CSW asked R.C. and father about mother’s
whereabouts and contact information. They both told him that
they had not seen or heard from mother in years and did not have
contact information for her.
DCFS detained R.C. in shelter care and filed a dependency
petition under section 300, subdivision (b). The sole count, b-1,
alleged that father “established an endangering and detrimental
home environment” by possessing guns and illicit drugs that were
accessible to R.C., and that this “endangers the child’s physical
health and safety, placing the child at risk of suffering serious

4
physical harm, damage and danger.” The court found a prima
facie case for detention on February 14, 2020.
C. Mother’s First Interview
Following the detention hearing, DCFS attempted to locate
mother and notify her of the proceedings. On March 31, 2020,
the DCFS worker who prepared DCFS’s due diligence report
notified the DI that mother left him a voicemail on March 26,
2020. The DI called and “left a detailed message” for mother.
DCFS later texted mother at the same number. DCFS filed a
last-minute information on June 26, 2020 stating that it had not
yet heard back from mother.
According to a last-minute information filed on July 29,
2020, mother left a voice mail message for a DCFS CSW on July
20, 2020. In the message, she stated that she had heard about
the pending case and had been trying to contact DCFS to find out
where R.C. was. The DI called mother back on July 23, 2020 and
“left a detailed message asking mother to return DI’s call.”
Mother called back the same day but “started screaming and
yelling” as soon as the DI answered the phone; the DI terminated
the call.
A different DCFS worker managed to speak to mother later
on July 23, 2020; mother “presented as upset, [but] with time, she
was able to calm down and provide relevant information.”
During that conversation, mother reported that R.C. was born
while she was “in detention,” and that “both parents had
tendencies to criminality and explosive personalities.” Mother
left R.C. with paternal grandmother “due to her [mother’s]
history of instability, father being aggressive towards her and a
need to stabilize her life in order to assess if she could be a good
mother to the child.” At that time, mother “did not have

5
immediate concerns that the child would have contact with his
father as the father was only aggressive towards her but he
clearly loved the child.” Mother recently learned that paternal
grandmother had passed away,2 but had not contacted father or
R.C. Instead, she reported that she “regularly checks on the
inmate locator system as she would expect for the father to have
law enforcement involvement.” Mother stated that she had not
had recent law enforcement involvement; she had a job, was
attending a cosmetology program, and was enrolled in
counseling. Mother also reported that she was married and had
stepchildren. Mother told DCFS that she was “not requesting
visitations [sic] or contact with [R.C.]”; she “acknowledged that
she has not been a mother figure in [R.C.]’s life and does not
expect to resurface in his life unless this is what he wants for
himself or would be to his benefit.” Mother stated that she “does
not want to push a relationship on the child, wants him to be
stable, believes he should receive therapy.”
D. Section 300 Petition Adjudication
DCFS filed a jurisdiction/disposition report on July 30,
2020. It included a summary of a March 19, 2020 video interview
with R.C., who stated that he had lived with father “all his life”
but had not had contact with mother “since age 5.” R.C. was not
bothered by the lack of contact with mother. He stated that he
did not want to live with mother or maternal relatives, because

2 R.C. also told a DI that his paternal grandmother was
deceased; he reported that when she was alive, she “took care of
me, she cooked, took me places, she took me to school and take
[sic] me out. My dad helped out. . . .” R.C.’s paternal uncle told
DCFS that paternal grandmother’s funeral was held in
approximately September 2019.

6
he did not believe they would let him see father, but said he was
willing to talk to maternal grandparents. With respect to the
allegations in the petition, R.C. denied that father used drugs or
alcohol. He further stated that the guns in the family’s home
belonged to Jonathan. R.C. also told the DI that father “was busy
and would fall asleep all the time,” including once while driving
with R.C. in the car.
When the DI and CSW spoke to father about the
allegations, his “speech was not clear and he was muttering,” he
was agitated, and he “appeared to be dozing off.” He denied
having a history of drug or alcohol use or possessing weapons. As
of the writing of the report in late March 2020, father refused to
drug test, was not enrolled in services, and had visited with R.C.
only once.
DCFS recommended that the petition be sustained and
R.C. removed from the custody of father and mother. It
recommended family reunification services for both parents.
The court adjudicated the section 300 petition on July 30,
2020. Mother was not present. The court acknowledged that she
recently had been located, however, and stated that it would “put
over disposition to allow counsel an opportunity as a friend of the
court to reach out to the mother.” The court sustained an
amended version of the petition, finding that father “established
an endangering and detrimental home environment for the child
in that on 02/11/2020 the father possessed 50 grams of fentanyl, a
pound of methamphetamine and 2 loaded handguns in the child’s
home within access of the child. On prior occasions the father
possessed and sold illicit drugs from the child’s home. On prior
occasions the father drove in a vehicle in which the child was a
passenger in the vehicle and the father possessed illicit drugs in

7
the vehicle within access of the child. Such an endangering and
detrimental situation established for the child by the father
endangers the child’s physical health and safety, placing the child
at risk of suffering serious physical harm, damage and danger.”
The court ordered DCFS to “fully interview mother for the
disposition along with the father and [R.C.] now that she’s been
located.”
E. Mother’s Second Interview
On August 18, 2020, DCFS filed a last-minute information
notifying the court that it had contacted mother on July 24,
August 8, and August 18 to notify her of the upcoming disposition
hearing. DCFS requested that mother contact the DI, but “[a]s of
the writing of this report” she had not yet done so. The court
held a progress report hearing on August 19, 2020, at which it
received a report from DCFS and appointed counsel for mother.
Mother’s counsel informed the court that “counsel’s efforts to
contact mother have been unsuccessful.” The court ordered
counsel to continue trying to contact mother, and ordered DCFS
to provide mother with counsel’s contact information.
On August 27, 2020, DCFS filed an amended section 300
petition. Count b-1 was the original allegation that had been
sustained as amended on July 30, 2020. New count b-2 alleged
that R.C. “is a victim of General Neglect by mother, . . . as she
has been in and out of her child’s life in the last 4 years. Mother
has not provided any care for child [R.C.] in the last 4 years.
Reportedly, mother left the child [R.C.] in the care of father and
paternal grandmother (Genie); however, when paternal
grandmother passed away, mother knew of father using
Methamphetamine and engaging in criminal activities and she
failed to take actions to ensure [R.C.]’s safety. The child’s mother

8
has failed to provide the child with the basic necessities of life
including, but not limited to, food, clothing, shelter and medical
care. Further, the child [R.C.]’s mother, . . . has a history of
substance abuse and is a current abuser of methamphetamine,
which renders the mother incapable of providing the child with
regular care and supervision. Said inability to provide
appropriate parental care and supervision of the child by mother
endangers the child’s physical health and safety and places the
child at risk of serious physical harm and damage.”
DCFS filed a last-minute information August 28, 2020. It
reported that mother called the DI on August 27, after the DI
sent several text messages and left a detailed voicemail. During
the ensuing conversation, the DI informed mother that it was
important for her to contact the court. Mother “became upset”
and said she had been trying for six months, and “‘even judge is
upset that no one has tried to reach me.’” She also blamed DCFS
for not reaching out to her.
The DI reviewed the court orders and current case status
with mother. In response to the DI’s questions about mother’s
future plans and her ability to care for R.C., mother “sounded
defensive and stated, ‘I want to be available. I had custody of my
son, why do I need to go to reunification. We (referring to herself
and father) had no problem with my son to go to Genie (referring
to paternal grandmother who is deceased) when she was alive.’”
When the DI attempted to review the previous dependency case
with mother, she again “became defensive.” Mother stated,
“‘That’s not true, you have to get your facts straight, you don’t
know, I have full custody of my child.’” The DI stated that she
understood mother had reunified with R.C. but had subsequently
“made arrangements for child to live with paternal

9
grandmother.” The DI asked why mother had done that, and she
responded, “‘I had a place available. I am not living in a criminal
way, I am made sure [sic] my life is good, in case everyone failed
[R.C.].” The DI then asked again what mother’s plans were with
respect to R.C. Mother “became irritable” and stated, “‘I don’t
know, I have full custody of him. I am taking care of my father
who has cancer, my grandfather [sic] knows [R.C.], I don’t want
to lay that on [R.C.].’”
Mother told the DI she had last seen R.C. at his eighth
birthday party, at which she “‘gave him gifts and told him I loved
him.’” She continued, “‘I left him with his father, his father was
angry and I had to decide what’s best for [R.C.], it breaks my
heart not to be without [sic] him.’” Mother explained that she did
not reach out to R.C. after that, “‘because I don’t want to impose
my will.’” When the DI asked for clarification, mother stated, “‘It
is different [sic] for me to navigate, his father is a good person
and loves [R.C.].’” When the DI asked the same question later in
the conversation, mother added, “‘I was stable, but only as a
support.’”
Mother suggested that her stability had increased, telling
the DI, “‘I am not using drugs for 13 years, I am married to a Los
Angeles Public Defender.’” When the DI asked, again, what
mother’s plans for R.C. were, she responded, “‘I am willing to step
in regardless of what happens. [R.C.]’s father is in prison and he
will be part of his life. Genie (referring to paternal grandmother)
was a good woman, she helped me a lot. His father (referring to
[R.C.]’s father) physically abused me, my son does not need to
know it, [it] is none of his business. I go visit him in jail. I was
14 when I met him, he was 25. He is violent, jealous, there was
no co-parenting, it was hard. Just because we could not see eye to

10
eye, did not mean he was a bad father. When he was in jail I
made sure [R.C.] visited his dad in jail. I took care of [R.C.] until
he was 7 years old and then I just could not do it. I was a baby; I
was only 20 years old. I left [R.C.] to Genie (referring to PGM).’”
Mother said that she did not have concerns about R.C.’s
safety when he was in father’s care: “‘[h]e might have beaten me,
the way he loved his son is not the way he loved me.’” The DI
informed mother that DCFS had concerns that mother left R.C.
in father’s care despite being aware of his drug use and criminal
behaviors. Mother initially “became upset” and said, “‘I was
absolutely not aware, I was never using drugs when the police
came (she was referring to the prior dependency case).’” She then
stated, however, that father “‘gets high on Meth and he goes and
he steals it and it is a pattern for him. Genie was the only one
who could handle him, I could not navigate him.” When asked if
she wanted a relationship with R.C., mother stated, “‘I am
prepared, I am raising my step kids, I don’t know what he
(referring to [R.C.]) wants.’” When the DI told mother about the
upcoming hearing, mother added, “‘That’s a short notice, I can get
an apartment, I want what’s best for him.’”
The DI reported that she “found it difficult to engage
mother in reciprocal conversation” during the interaction. “If
mother did not like what she heard, she would become defensive
immediately.” The DI added that mother’s “answers and
thoughts appeared to be scattered,” and “[s]ome of her answers
did not make sense.” According to the DI, “[i]t appears that
mother wants to maintain some contact with child [R.C.];
however, she does not want to be fully responsible for him. When
DI discussed Department’s concerns, mother was not taking
responsibility and blamed Department for not locating her in a

11
timely manner. Although mother reported to be stable; [sic]
however, she did not appear to have a plan to reunify with child.
Mother stated to this DI that she had full custody of [R.C.] and
did not need reunification services.” The DI added that mother
“appears to lack insight” into the various losses R.C. had suffered
in his life, and expressed “concern regarding inconsistencies in
some of mother’s responses regarding father.” The DI
recommended that the court sustain the recently filed amended
section 300 petition and order mother to enroll in services
including individual counseling and parenting classes.
F. Section 342 Petition Filed
On August 31, 2020, DCFS filed a last-minute information
requesting a continuance to file a section 342 subsequent petition
“due to concerns regarding mother’s ability to safely have custody
of the child.” At a hearing on September 1, 2020, the court noted
that DCFS had filed “an amended 300” petition that “should have
been a 342 petition” and granted the request for continuance so
the appropriate petition could be filed. The court also ordered
DCFS to “do a full assessment with respect to mother,” with the
aim of gaining more information about family’s prior DCFS
history and mother’s “position regarding release” of R.C. to her
care. Mother’s counsel informed the court mother “would be
willing to have [R.C.] released to her care, but she is sensitive to
the fact that . . .she has not had contact with him in a while and
that release would be dependent on whether or not [R.C.] wants
to return to her care.”
On September 10, 2020, DCFS filed a section 342 petition
containing two allegations under section 300; it essentially
divided the allegation of the amended section 300 petition into
two. Count b-1 alleged that mother “failed to make an

12
appropriate plan for the child’s safety and well-being. The
mother left the child in the care of the paternal grandmother, . . .,
who is now deceased, knowing that the father, . . . resided in the
home and he had unresolved issues with substance abuse. Such
an inappropriate plan made by the mother endangers the child’s
physical and emotional health and well-being and places the
children [sic] at risk of physical harm, damage and danger.”
Count b-2 alleged that mother “is unwilling and unable to provide
the child with ongoing care and supervision. The mother is not
requesting visitation or contact with the child. The child does not
want contact with the mother. Such inability and unwillingness
on the part of the mother to provide the child with ongoing care
and supervision endangers the child’s physical health and safety
and places the child at risk of serious physical harm, damage and
danger.”
DCFS filed a “non detained” section 342 report
concurrently with the petition. Summaries of DCFS’s July 23,
2020 and August 27, 2020 conversations with mother that were
previously provided in last-minute informations were duplicated
in the report; it does not appear that DCFS had additional
contact with mother. The report included summaries of two more
recent conversations with R.C., however. On June 5, 2020, R.C.
told a CSW that he recalled living with mother, mother’s
boyfriend, and the boyfriend’s two children. He stated that at
that time he “slept on a mattress with no sheets.” On September
1, 2020, R.C. told a CSW that he was “not ready to begin contact
with his mother.” He stated, “‘I despise that idea. I don’t want to
go live with her, I only have bad memories of when I was with
her.’” DCFS asserted that it had identified two “safety and risk
factors” that would place R.C. “at immediate risk of harm if

13
released to the care of his mother:” (1) “[t]he mother has not
maintained regular visitation with the child and has not
established a bond with the child”; and (2) “[t]he mother left the
child under a verbal care agreement, knowing that the father
would have full access to the child. The mother failed to make an
appropriate care arrangement. Mother was well aware of father’s
unstable home environment which involved substance use,
emotional instability and law enforcement involvement.” DCFS
recommended that the court detain R.C. from mother.
The court held a detention hearing on the section 342
petition on September 15, 2020. Mother attended the hearing
telephonically. Mother’s counsel submitted on the detention and
requested visitation. The court found a prima facie case for
detention. It ordered DCFS to “follow up” with visitation
schedules for mother and father, who remained incarcerated.
The court set October 6, 2020 for a combined disposition hearing
on the section 300 petition and an adjudication and disposition
hearing on the section 342 petition.
G. Section 342 Petition Adjudication and Disposition
DCFS filed a jurisdiction/disposition report regarding the
section 342 petition on September 28, 2020. DCFS reported that
it had been unable to make additional contact with R.C. or
mother and again reproduced the information from its previous
interviews with them. DCFS was able to speak with R.C.’s
caregiver, who reported that R.C. was “doing okay” and “does not
talk much about his mother” aside from mentioning that “he does
not want to go back to his mother and the relatives on his
mother’s side.” DCFS reported that, as of the writing of the
report, mother had not contacted DCFS to request visitation with

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R.C. DCFS recommended that the court sustain both allegations
and remove R.C. from mother’s and father’s custody.
At the October 6, 2020 hearing, the court admitted into
evidence the section 342 petition and 10 reports and last-minute
informations prepared by DCFS. At DCFS’s request, it also took
judicial notice of “all sustained petition [sic], all court ordered
case plans, all court orders and findings, and contents of judicial
file for this case.” No other parties introduced any evidence or
testimony.
The court addressed the section 342 petition first. R.C.’s
counsel argued that the petition should be sustained. With
respect to count b-1, she pointed to mother’s failure to “make
plans” for R.C. after paternal grandmother’s death, even though
mother believed paternal grandmother was the only one who
could “handle” father. With respect to count b-2, R.C.’s counsel
cited mother’s stated inability to care for R.C. after he was seven
years old and her failure to contact R.C. for four years. Counsel
for DCFS joined these arguments “in full.” With respect to count
b-1, he added that “mother has been M.I.A. from the minor’s life
and she has not had regular contact with him since the age of
six,” was not requesting visitation, and “gave no affirmative
indication that she wants to reunify.” He further asserted that
there “is no bond between” mother and R.C., and “she seems
preoccupied with raising her stepchildren.” With respect to count
b-2, DCFS counsel argued that mother “was well aware” or, “[a]t
a minimum, . . . should have known,” of father’s substance abuse,
criminal activity, and unstable home environment when she “left
the child under a verbal care arrangement knowing that the
father would have full access of [sic] the child.” He also
contended that mother’s purported unawareness of paternal

15
grandmother’s death was “not really an excuse because she
should have known about her son’s caregiver dying and she
should have immediately and promptly followed up to make
appropriate arrangements.” Father’s counsel also argued that
the petition should be sustained.
Mother’s counsel asked the court to dismiss the section 342
petition. With respect to count b-1, she asserted that mother
“picked the most responsible person she could find to take care
of” R.C. when she left him with paternal grandmother, and acted
with R.C.’s best interests at heart. Counsel emphasized that
“until the paternal grandmother passed away in 2019, there had
been no referrals, no hints of abuse or neglect. . . .” Counsel
further asserted there was “no indication” that mother knew
“father was continuing with his criminal history,” or that she
knew R.C. “had been living with father for months on end after
paternal grandmother’s passing or that she looked away in any
way.” She contended that mother acted promptly to “reach out
and make appropriate arrangements” for R.C. after she learned
of paternal grandmother’s death, “but the department did not
reach out back [sic] to her.” With respect to count b-2, counsel
asserted that mother’s acknowledgment that she had not been a
mother figure to R.C. “doesn’t mean that she’s not willing or
unable to provide ongoing supervision.” To the contrary, counsel
contended, mother “kept herself clean and sober so that in case
there’s ever a time where the appropriate plan that she made was
no longer viable, she would be there as a support for [R.C.].”
Counsel conceded that “mother’s idea of parenting is not
conventional,” but noted that “there are grandparents who take
care of their grandchildren all across the world.” Counsel further
argued that mother was “sensitive” to R.C.’s needs and was “not

16
about to force herself on” him, “but she’s not about to walk away
from him either.”
The juvenile court “adopt[ed] by reference the facts noted
on the record by” R.C.’s counsel and sustained the section 342
petition in its entirety. The court explained: “The mother’s
position in this case seems to present several conflicts. On the
one hand, there is the indication that she did not know about the
father having access to [R.C.] while he was with the paternal
grandmother, that there were no prior referrals as to the
paternal grandmother, that there was no indication that she
knew that father was continuing with the criminal activity while
[R.C.] was with the grandmother. She had no indication of the
paternal grandmother passing. [¶] So on the one hand, there is
an argument that she was not aware of all this information. At
the most basic level that cuts against having an appropriate plan
and being able to at least follow up with caregiver to make sure
your child is doing well. [¶] However, the record does not support
the contention that she was not aware of all the concerns that are
raised with respect to the 342. Some of these were raised by
[R.C.’s counsel] and indicated on the record by [her]. . . . [¶]
Mother specifically indicates that she did not have immediate
concerns that the child would have contact with his father as the
father was only aggressive towards her, but he clearly loved the
child. So, clearly, it’s not supported by the record that mother did
not know that [R.C.] would have contact with the father, but,
rather, with a plan with the paternal grandmother she was in a
better position to address the concerns that were raised by the
father. [¶] Also, with respect to the contention that she did not
know that the paternal grandmother died and that thereafter
father assumed the full responsibility for [R.C.]. . .had mother

17
been keeping in touch with the paternal grandmother. . . just to
make sure that [R.C.] was doing okay, she would have known of
paternal grandmother’s passing. . . . [¶] . . . Mother provides a
vivid description of the father and her awareness of the concerns
regarding the father. And these are addressed in the report. . . .
And the department does indicate that [R.C.] was left under a
verbal care arrangement knowing that [father] would have full
access to the child while the mother also knew the concerns that
she stated she had about the father which ultimately led to the
filing of the petition based on what was sustained by the court.
[¶] Based on the totality of the facts in the record, the court’s
finding that the department met its burden.”
The court then heard argument on the disposition of both
the section 300 and section 342 petitions. DCFS’s counsel
recommended that R.C. remain suitably placed, with a case plan
that included family reunification services to both parents. R.C.’s
counsel submitted on placement but asked the court to add to
mother’s case plan conjoint counseling with R.C. “when deemed
appropriate by [R.C.]’s therapist.” Mother’s counsel “submitt[ed]
on suitable placement and family reunification services,” but
objected to certain aspects of mother’s case plan. Father’s
counsel was “not opposed to the case plan as proposed.”
The court declared R.C. a dependent under both petitions.
It continued, “understanding that the burden for disposition is
higher, the court finds by clear and convincing evidence that
there is a substantial danger if [R.C.] were returned to the
parents or placed with the parents. The court’s also making
these findings under [sections] 245.5, 361(a), 361(c), 361(d), and
362(a). [¶] There are no reasonable means by which to protect
him without removing him. [¶] Reasonable efforts were made to

18
prevent or eliminate the need for removal. [¶] Family
reunification services for the parents.” The court ordered mother
to participate in individual counseling to address case issues,
conjoint therapy with R.C., and drug testing “upon reasonable
suspicion.” It ordered monitored visitation for mother, and gave
DCFS discretion to liberalize.
Mother timely appealed.
DISCUSSION
A. The Appeal is Justiciable
DCFS contends that mother’s appeal should be dismissed
as nonjusticiable. Because father has not challenged the court’s
exercise of jurisdiction over R.C. in connection with the section
300 petition, DCFS contends, “the reversal mother seeks would
be without practical effect and the appeal should be dismissed.”
Mother disagrees, arguing that we may reach the merits of her
appeal because the jurisdictional findings on the section 342
petition serve as the basis for the court’s dispositional order,
which she is also challenging. We agree with mother.
It is well settled that juvenile court jurisdiction attaches to
children, not their parents. (See In re I.A. (2011) 201 Cal.App.4th
1484, 1491.) “As a result of this focus on the child, it is necessary
only for the court to find that one parent’s conduct has created
circumstances triggering section 300 for the court to assert
jurisdiction over the child.” (Ibid.) “A jurisdictional finding
involving the conduct of a particular parent is not necessary for
the court to enter orders binding on that parent, once dependency
jurisdiction has been established.” (Id. at p. 1492.) “As a result,
it is commonly said that a jurisdictional finding involving one
parent is “‘good against both. More accurately, the minor is a
dependent if the actions of either parent bring [him] within one of

19
the statutory definitions of a dependent.”’ [Citation.]” (Ibid.)
Thus, if there is a single valid—or merely unchallenged—basis
for exerting dependency jurisdiction over a child, a challenge to
other jurisdictional bases will likely have no effect on the juvenile
court’s order. (See ibid.; see also In re Joshua G. (2005) 129
Cal.App.4th 189, 202; In re Alexis E. (2009) 171 Cal.App.4th 438,
451.) In such cases, we need not address whether sufficient
evidence supports other jurisdictional finding, because no relief
we could grant would have any practical, tangible impact on the
proceedings. (In re I.A., supra, 201 Cal.App.4th at p. 1492.)
Nevertheless, “we may exercise our discretion to reach the
merits of the other parent’s jurisdictional challenge in three
situations: (1) the jurisdictional finding serves as the basis for
dispositional orders that are also challenged on appeal; (2) the
findings could be prejudicial to the appellant or could impact the
current or any future dependency proceedings; and (3) the finding
could have consequences for the appellant beyond jurisdiction.”
(In re A.R. (2014) 228 Cal.App.4th 1146, 1150.) DCFS contends
none of these circumstances is present here, because mother
“does not raise any independent issue with respect to a
disposition order,” challenge her case plan, seek custody of R.C.,
or “show how either jurisdictional finding could be prejudicial in
this or any future dependency or family law proceedings.”
However, mother expressly challenges the court’s removal of
R.C., a dispositional order tied directly to the court’s exercise of
jurisdiction in the section 342 petition. We accordingly conclude
mother’s appeal is justiciable and proceed to the merits.

20
B. The Jurisdictional Findings are Supported by
Substantial Evidence
Mother contends that the court’s jurisdictional findings
under section 342 were not supported by substantial evidence.
We disagree.
1. Legal Principles
Section 342, subdivision (a) provides, “[i]n any case in
which a minor has been found to be a person described by Section
300 and the petitioner alleges new facts or circumstances, other
than those under which the original petition was sustained,
sufficient to state that the minor is a person described in Section
300, the petitioner shall file a subsequent petition.” (§ 342, subd.
(a).) A child is described by section 300, subdivision (b)(1) if he or
she “has suffered, or there is a substantial risk that the child will
suffer, serious physical harm or illness, as a result of the failure
or inability of his or her parent or guardian to adequately
supervise or protect the child. . . .” (§ 300, subd. (b)(1) [as alleged
here].) To support jurisdiction under section 300, subdivision
(b)(1), there must be (1) conduct by the parent or guardian as
described in the statute; (2) causation; and (3) serious physical
harm or illness, or a substantial risk thereof, to the child. (See In
re Jesus M. (2015) 235 Cal.App.4th 104, 111.) The parent’s
conduct need not be blameworthy for jurisdiction to lie. (In re
R.T. (2017) 3 Cal.5th 622, 624, 634.) “Although section 300
generally requires proof the child is subject to the defined risk of
harm at the time of the jurisdiction hearing [citations], the court
need not wait until a child is seriously abused or injured to
assume jurisdiction and take steps necessary to protect the
child.” (In re Christopher R. (2014) 225 Cal.App.4th 1210, 1215-
1216.) “The court may consider past events in deciding whether a

21
child presently needs the court’s protection. [Citation.] A
parent’s ‘“[p]ast conduct may be probative of current conditions”
if there is reason to believe that the conduct will continue.’
[Citation.]” (Id. at p. 1216.)
We review the juvenile court’s jurisdictional findings under
the substantial evidence standard. (In re I.J. (2013) 56 Cal.4th
766, 773.) In doing so, we determine whether substantial
evidence, contradicted or uncontradicted, supports the findings.
We examine the record in the light most favorable to the court’s
determinations, drawing all reasonable inferences in support of
the findings. We do not reweigh the evidence or exercise
independent judgment; issues of fact and credibility are properly
resolved in the juvenile court. We affirm the findings if the
record includes substantial evidence from which a reasonable
trier of fact could find jurisdiction. (Ibid.)
2. Analysis
The court sustained count b-1 of the section 342 petition,
which alleged that mother failed to make an appropriate plan for
R.C.’s safety when she left him with paternal grandmother and
father with knowledge of father’s unresolved substance abuse
issues. Mother contends that the evidence does not support this
finding because mother “reasonably believed she left her son in
the care of the paternal grandmother, who Mother trusted could
handle Father,” any risk was eliminated after father was
incarcerated, and mother “was not a threat” to R.C.3 We
disagree.

3 DCFS asserts that mother has forfeited her arguments by
failing to “challenge the legal sufficiency of the section 342
petition below.” However, mother is not challenging the legal

22
 As mother acknowledges, “it can be argued that Mother
should have been aware of Father’s drug use and criminal
activity, which arguably placed [R.C.] at risk of harm.” Mother’s
own statements to DCFS support the conclusion that mother was,
in fact, aware of father’s issues. She stated that father had an
“explosive” personality, she regularly checked the state inmate
locator system because she “expect[ed] . . . father to have law
enforcement involvement,” and she knew that father “gets high
on Meth and he goes and he steals it and it is a pattern for him.”
She nevertheless left R.C. in a situation in which father would
have unfettered access to him. Even if mother believed paternal
grandmother could “handle” father when mother initially left
R.C. with her, mother entirely failed “to at least follow up” with
paternal grandmother to ensure that remained the case over the
next several years. Indeed, mother was unaware that paternal
grandmother had died, and, after learning of her passing, made
no effort to contact R.C. or father despite her knowledge of
father’s substance abuse and criminal issues and her inability to
“navigate” them. The court reasonably concluded this was not an
appropriate plan for R.C.’s care.
Mother asserts that neither she nor father was “a threat to”
R.C. at the time of the jurisdictional hearing, because father was
incarcerated and she had stabilized her life in recent years and
therefore was “fully capable, prepared and able to make
appropriate parenting choices for [R.C.].” Father’s conduct is not
directly at issue here. Even if it were, there is no evidence in the

sufficiency of the petition, but rather the sufficiency of the
evidence supporting the court’s jurisdictional findings. The
forfeiture argument accordingly is misplaced; we reach the merits
of mother’s claims.

23
record that mother made any effort to ensure that R.C. was cared
for after father was incarcerated. To the contrary, the record
reflects that mother failed to respond to DCFS’s messages and
notices for months at a time. Even after speaking with DCFS,
mother made no efforts to make appropriate parenting choices for
R.C. despite her acknowledgement that she still had legal
custody over him. Instead, she told DCFS that she “has not been
a mother figure” in R.C.’s life, did not “expect to resurface in his
life,” and did not “want to push a relationship on” him. Mother
may have been caring for herself and her stepchildren, but she
made it clear that she was not interested in caring for R.C. on a
day-to-day basis. Her continued indifference, even if well-
intentioned, supports the court’s finding that mother failed to
appropriately plan for R.C.’s care, and, despite her assertion to
the contrary, that she was likely to make the same choice again.
The cases on which mother relies are inapposite. In In re
X.S. (2010) 190 Cal.App.4th 1154, a father who did not know he
was an infant child’s biological father made no effort to care for
the child until after paternity was established. (In re X.S., supra,
190 Cal.App.4th at p. 1160.) Before that time, “the child was well
cared for in the home of his maternal grandmother,” and after the
child was detained, father immediately requested a paternity
test, “represented that he would ‘step up’ if he were determined
to be the child’s biological father,” and in fact assumed
responsibility for the child after his paternity was established.
(Id. at p. 1161.) Here, mother was well aware of her biological
relationship to R.C. and made no efforts to ensure he was
properly cared for even after learning that his caregiver had died.
Mother asserts that her “failure to know when the paternal
grandmother died and to know [R.C.] was left in the care of

24
Father did not cause [R.C.] any harm,” but this assertion is belied
by the record: while in father’s care, R.C. had access to drugs and
firearms and was, as the court found in sustaining the section
300 petition, at substantial risk of harm.
Mother also points to In re Janet T. (2001) 93 Cal.App.4th
377, 388-389. There, the court found that a mother’s mental
health issues and consequent failure to ensure that her children
attended school regularly did not place them at risk of serious
physical harm. However, father’s failure to enroll R.C. in school
was not at issue in the section 342 petition or cited as a basis to
support jurisdiction thereunder. Mother’s reliance on In re
Alysha S. (1996) 51 Cal.App.4th 393 is also misplaced. There, the
court found that substantial evidence did not support a finding
that the child was at risk of serious physical harm where there
was no indication that the child witnessed mother and father’s
domestic violence and mother promptly obtained a restraining
order, and there was no evidence that a single incidence of
questionable touching was likely to recur. Here, in contrast,
mother continued to demonstrate an unwillingness to provide
regular care for R.C. This continued unwillingness, even in the
face of knowledge that R.C.’s previous caregiver was deceased,
also distinguishes the instant case from In re Antonio F. (1978)
78 Cal.App.3d 440 and In re Andrew S. (2016) 2 Cal.App.5th 536.
Because we conclude that substantial evidence supported
the court’s jurisdictional findings on count b-1, we need not and
do not consider mother’s argument that the court’s jurisdictional
findings on count b-2 were not supported by the record. “When a
dependency petition alleges multiple grounds for its assertion
that a minor comes within the dependency court’s jurisdiction, a
reviewing court can affirm the juvenile court's finding of

25
jurisdiction over the minor if any one of the statutory bases for
jurisdiction that are enumerated in the petition is supported by
substantial evidence. In such a case, the reviewing court need
not consider whether any or all of the other alleged statutory
grounds for jurisdiction are supported by the evidence.” (In re
Alexis E., supra, 171 Cal.App.4th at p. 451.)
C. The Disposition Order was Proper
Mother contends the court erred by ordering R.C. removed
from her custody “without first considering whether [R.C.]
resided with both parents at the time the petition was initiated.”
She argues that the court improperly relied upon section 361,
subdivision (c), “which applies only to a custodial parent,” and
further asserts the court erred in considering removal in any
event because she did not seek custody of R.C. We are not
persuaded.
“A removal order is proper if based on proof of parental
inability to provide proper care for the child and proof of a
potential detriment to the child if he or she remains with the
parent.” (In re N.M. (2011) 197 Cal.App.4th 159, 169.) The
juvenile court may consider both present circumstances as well as
the parent’s past conduct in determining whether removal is
appropriate. (See id. at p. 170.) “Before the court issues a
removal order, it must find the child’s welfare requires removal
because of a substantial danger, or risk of danger, to the child’s
physical health if he or she is returned home, and there are no
reasonable alternatives to protect the child.” (Ibid.) While the
court has broad discretion to determine what is in the child's best
interests and to fashion a dispositional order, there must be
“clear and convincing evidence that removal is the only way to
protect the child.” (Id. at pp. 170-171; see also Conservatorship of

26
O.B. (2020) 9 Cal.5th 989, 995-996 [clear and convincing evidence
standard applies on appeal].)
Mother does not dispute in her opening brief that
substantial evidence supported the removal.4 Rather, she asserts
the court relied on the wrong statutory provision, section 361,
subdivision (c). That statute provides that “[a] dependent child
shall not be taken from the physical custody of his or her parents
. . . with whom the child resides at the time the petition was
initiated, unless the juvenile court finds by clear and convincing
evidence . . . [that t]here is or would be a substantial danger to
the physical health, safety, protection, or physical or emotional
well-being of the minor if the minor were returned home, and
there are no reasonable means by which the minor’s physical
health can be protected without removing the minor from the
minor’s parent’s. . . physical custody.” (§ 361, subd. (c)(1).)

4 Mother does assert, in a single sentence in her reply brief,
that “a detriment finding cannot be based solely on a parent’s
absence from a child’s life or on a child’s wishes not to reside with
the parent.” To the extent we consider this assertion, belatedly
raised for the first time in the reply brief, we are not persuaded.
The cases on which mother relies “stand[ ] for the principle that
where a child has a fit parent who is willing to assume custody,
there is no need for state involvement unless placement with that
parent would create a substantial risk of detriment to the child.
(§ 361.2, subd. (a).) When the parent is competent, the standard
of detriment is very high. [Citation.]” (In re Patrick S. (2013) 218
Cal.App.4th 1254, 1262, citing In re John M. (2006) 141
Cal.App.4th 1564.) R.C. did not have a fit parent willing to
assume custody, and the court’s finding by clear and convincing
evidence that R.C. would face substantial danger if returned to
mother’s care was supported by more than mother’s absence or
R.C.’s wishes.

27
Mother asserts that section 361, subdivision (c)(1) applies only to
custodial parents, and R.C. “had not resided in her custody for
more than four years, and was not residing with Mother at the
time the dependency petition was initiated following Father’s
arrest.”
The court indeed cited section 361, subdivision (c)(1) when
making removal findings during the disposition hearing.
However, mother ignores that the disposition hearing and
findings applied to both the section 300 petition involving
father—with whom R.C. lived when the petition was initiated—
as well as the section 342 petition involving her. Nothing in the
record suggests the court was referring to mother when it
invoked section 361, subdivision (c).
Mother also ignores the court’s explicit invocation of section
361, subdivision (d), a virtually identically worded provision
which governs removal when a child does not reside with the
parent at issue, in this case mother. Section 361, subdivision (d)
provides that a child may be removed from the physical custody
of a parent “with whom the child did not reside at the time the
petition was initiated” if the juvenile court finds by clear and
convincing evidence that there would be a substantial danger to
the child’s physical health or safety and there are no reasonable
means by which to protect the child absent removal. (§ 361, subd.
(d).) The court thus properly cited section 361, subdivision (d) as
authority to remove R.C. from mother.
Mother also argues that the court erred in removing R.C.
from her custody because she did not request custody of him. She
asserts, “[i]t was improper for the court to order [R.C.] removed
from Mother’s physical custody unless Mother was found to have
been a custodial parent. If Mother was a noncustodial parent, it

28
was error for the court to make a detriment finding because
Mother did not request [R.C.] to be placed in her custody. It is
the noncustodial parent’s request for custody that triggers
application of section 361.2, subdivision (a); where the
noncustodial parent makes no such request, the statute is not
applicable.” There is no citation in the record to section 361.2,
subdivision (a), however. Instead, the court found, using the
express language of section 361, subdivision (d), that “there is a
substantial danger if [R.C.] were returned to the parents or
placed with the parents.” (Compare § 361, subd. (d) [placement
with the parent would create “substantial danger to the physical
health, safety, protection, or physical or emotional well-being of
the child”] with § 361.2, subd. (a) [placement with parent would
be “detrimental to the safety, protection, or physical or emotional
well-being of the child”].)
Even if the court did apply section 361.2, subdivision (a),
mother has not demonstrated that the error was prejudicial. (See
In re D’Anthony D. (2016) 230 Cal.App.4th 292, 303.) “[W]e can
neither ignore the similarity between these statutes’ mandatory
findings, nor disregard the evidence supporting the court’s
‘substantial danger’ finding concerning placement with [mother].”
(Ibid. [discussing similarity between section 361, subdivision (c)
and section 361.2, subdivision (a)].) As noted above, mother does
not dispute the evidentiary support for the court’s finding under
section 361, subdivision (d) in her opening brief. Instead, she
asserts, for the first time in her reply, that an erroneous
detriment finding “could have foreseeable prejudicial
consequences for Mother in future dependency proceedings
involving her step-children (who are currently in Mother’s
custody), as well as for [R.C.] in subsequent proceedings should

29
this case proceed to a section 366.26 hearing to terminate
parental rights.” This argument accordingly is forfeited. In
addition, this assertion does not establish a reasonable
probability that the result would have been more favorable to
mother absent the alleged erroneous reliance on section 361.2,
subdivision (a). (See In re D’Anthony D., supra, 230 Cal.App.4th
at p. 303.)
DISPOSITION
The jurisdictional and dispositional orders of the juvenile
court are affirmed.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS

COLLINS, J.

We concur:

WILLHITE, ACTING P.J.

CURREY, J.

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